Soot particulate size characterization in a heavy-duty diesel engine for different engine loads by laser-induced incandescence

Time-resolved laser-induced incandescence was used to estimate primary particle size distributions inside the combustion chamber of a heavy-duty diesel engine as a function of the crank angle, for two different engine loads at two different probe locations. Assuming a log-normal particle size distribution, an increase of the mean primary particle size was seen during the first stages of the combustion cycle, followed by a decrease later on during the combustion process.     

Nitric oxide detection inside the cylinder of an SI engine by direct UV absorption spectroscopy

The present work is a first step for the implementation and the development of a rapid and quantitative measurement technique using the UV broadband-lamp absorption spectroscopy. This technique is applied to detect nitric oxide molecules inside the combustion chamber of a methane-fueled spark-ignition engine. The ability of this technique to detect NO in very harsh thermodynamic conditions is proved under certain engine operating conditions. In spite of the broadband absorption, mainly due to the hot CO₂ and H₂O, clear NO absorption γ-bands are observed when the engine is skip-fired or when NO is added at the intake port. It was however, not possible to detect any nitric oxide absorption during the combustion time when each cycle was ignited and no nitric oxide was added. Finally, using the skip-ignition mode, the acquired NO absorption spectra allowed to conclude that evacuation of the in-cylinder residual gases can be complete at the end of the sixth cycle.     

Experimental evaluation of strategies for quantitative laser-induced-fluorescence imaging of nitric oxide in high-pressure flames (1-60 bar)

Nitric oxide laser-induced-fluorescence (NO-LIF) 2-D imaging measurements using a new multi-spectral detection strategy are reported for high-pressure flames (1-60 bar). This work builds on previous research that identified interference LIF from O₂ and CO₂ in high-pressure flames and optimized the choice of excitation strategies as a function of application conditions. In this study, design rules are presented to optimize the LIF detection wavelengths for quantitative 2-D NO-LIF measurements over a wide range of pressures (1-60 bar) and temperatures. Simultaneous detection of LIF in multiple wavelength regions enables correction of the NO signal for interference from O₂ and CO₂ and allows simultaneous imaging of all three species. New experiments of wavelength-resolved 1-D LIF in slightly lean (? = 0.9) and slightly rich (? = 1.1) methane/air flames are used to evaluate the design rules and estimate the NO detection limits for a wide range of flame conditions. The quantitative 2-D measurements of NO in the burnt gas are compared with model calculations (using GRI-Mech 3.0) versus pressure for slightly lean and slightly rich flames. The discussions and demonstrations reported in this study provide a practical guideline for application of instantaneous 1-D or 2-D NO-LIF imaging strategies in high-pressure combustion systems.     

The laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of TiF in the ultraviolet region

The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum of jet-cooled ⁴⁸TiF has been obtained in the wavelength region of 245-270 nm for the first time. Six pairs of vibronic bands were observed and assigned to two new transitions [37.8]⁴Φ-X⁴Φ and ⁴Δ-X⁴Φ. Rotational analysis was carried out for the (ν′ = 0-3 to ν″ = 0) vibrational bands of the [37.8]⁴Φ_3/2-X⁴Φ_3/2 and [37.8]⁴Φ_5/2-X⁴Φ_5/2 subbands, and also, the (ν′, 0) and (ν′+1, 0) vibrational bands of the ⁴Δ_1/2-X⁴Φ_3/2 and ⁴Δ_3/2-X⁴Φ_5/2 subbands. The effective equilibrium molecular constants for the [37.8]⁴Φ_3/2 and [37.8]⁴Φ_3/2 upper states were determined. In addition, lifetime measurements were carried out for all of the observed bands under collision-free conditions. On the basis of the spectroscopic constants and lifetime measurements, the electronic transitions involved in the observed high-lying electronic states are discussed.     

The laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of CoF in the ultra violet region

The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum of jet-cooled CoF has been obtained in the wavelength region of 260-290 nm for the first time. Seventeen vibronic bands were observed and assigned to three types of transition from the ground state to upper states Ω′ = 3, 4, 5 by rotational analysis. A new vibrational transition with the 0-0 band at 34697.22 cm⁻¹ has been assigned as the [34.7]³Γ₅-X³Φ₄ transition and effective equilibrium molecular constants for the upper state have been determined. In addition, lifetime measurements have been carried out for most of the bands under collision-free conditions. On the basis of the spectroscopic data and lifetime measurements, the electronic structures of these possible high-lying electronic states are discussed.     

Experimental study and calculations of nitric oxide absorption in the γ(0,0) and γ(1,0) bands for strong temperature conditions

Absorption spectra of nitric oxide in the γ(0,0) and γ(1,0) bands have been measured for hard temperature conditions up to 1700 K in order to validate a model for the simulation of these two bands. The good agreement between experiments and calculations (relative errors of 2–5% for the γ(0,0) band and 10–15% for the γ(1,0) band) consolidates the two important assumptions concerning the intermediate Hund's case between (a) and (b) for the X²Π state of the γ(0,0) and γ(1,0) absorption bands and the use of collisional broadening parameters of γ(0,0) to simulate the γ(1,0) band. Using this simulation, a study of the Beer–Lambert law behavior at high temperature has been carried out. With the instrument resolution used for these experiments, it was shown that a correction of the Beer–Lambert law is necessary. To apply this technique for the measurements of NO concentrations inside the combustion chamber of an optical SI engine, a new formulation of the Beer–Lambert law has been introduced, since the modified form proposed in the literature is no longer applicable in the total column range of interest.     

Attenuation corrections for in-cylinder NO LIF measurements in a heavy-duty Diesel engine

Quantification of the nitric oxide (NO) concentration inside the cylinder of a Diesel engine by means of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements requires, amongst others, knowledge of the attenuation of the ultraviolet radiation involved. We present a number of laser diagnostic techniques to assess this attenuation, enabling a correction for laser intensity and detection efficiency of the raw NO LIF data. Methods discussed include overall laser beam transmission, bidirectional laser scattering (bidirectional LIF), spectrally resolved fluorescence imaging, and Raman scattering by N₂. A combination of techniques is necessary to obtain the complete attenuation of laser beam and NO fluorescence. The overall laser beam transmission measurements and bidirectional LIF measurements (the latter yielding spatially resolved transmission) provide evidence of a non-uniform attenuation distribution, with predominant attenuation within or near the piston bowl. Fluorescence imaging of multiple vibrational bands through a spectrograph is shown to be a powerful method for obtaining spatially resolved data on the transmission losses of fluorescence. Special attention is paid to the role of CO₂ and O₂ as UV light absorbers, and the consequences to different excitation-detection schemes for NO. PACS 82.33.Vx; 42.62.Fi; 33.20.t     

Comparison of laser-induced and planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in a high-pressure, swirl-stabilized, spray flame

We report spatially resolved linear laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of nitric oxide (NO) in a pre-heated, high-pressure (4.27 atm), lean direct-injection (LDI) spray flame. The feasibility of using PLIF in lieu of LIF is assessed with respect to measuring NO concentrations in high-pressure LDI spray flames. NO is excited via the resonant Q₂(26.5) transition of the γ(0,0) band while a non-resonant wavelength is employed to subtract background interferences. LIF detection is performed in a 2-nm region centered on the γ(0,1) band. PLIF detection is performed in a 68-nm window that captures fluorescence from several vibrational bands. An in situ NO doping scheme for fluorescence calibration is successfully employed to quantify the LIF signals. However, a similar calibration scheme for the reduction of PLIF images to quantitative field measurements is plagued by the laser-excited background. Excitation scans and calibration comparisons have been performed to assess the background contribution for PLIF detection. Quantitative radial NO profiles measured by LIF are presented and analyzed so as to correct the PLIF measurements to within the accuracy bars of the LIF measurements via a single-point scaling of the PLIF image. Received: 23 November 1999 / Revised version: 17 January 2000 / Published online: 27 April 2000     

Temperature measurements in sooting counterflow diffusion flames using laser-induced fluorescence of flame-produced nitric oxide

Laser-based diagnostic methods are often used for non-intrusive studies of delicate processes of soot formation. When soot particles are heated by the laser pulse, their size distribution can be estimated from the cooling rate, provided that the local gas temperature is known. However, strong light absorption, scattering and fluorescence in sooting environment hinder non-intrusive laser-based temperature measurements. Methods based on fitting of laser-induced fluorescence spectra work well in stationary flames but usually require temperature tracer seeded into the flame. We have shown that in counterflow diffusion flames, often used for soot-formation studies, enough nitric oxide is produced for two-dimensional temperature imaging. Measured temperature profiles agree very well with chemical kinetic calculations for a variety of fuels if laser intensity is reduced to keep NO excitation in the linear regime. Gas composition affects line shapes at temperatures below 600 K and should be taken into account for accurate measurements.     

基于迭代逼近算法的土壤中机油和柴油混合物荧光信号重叠特性研究（英文）

随着我国经济的迅速发展,石油制品需求量与日俱增,伴随着工农业生产活动,大量石油制品进入土壤,造成严重的土壤石油污染。土壤中的石油污染物会对植物生长产生危害,并通过食物链威胁人类健康,因此需对土壤中的石油污染物进行现场、快速检测。激光诱导荧光技术(Laser-Induced fluorescence, LIF)具有检测速度快、灵敏度高、可现场检测等优点,但在检测土壤中有机污染物时,面临着荧光光谱重叠严重等问题。为了研究土壤中机油和柴油混合物荧光信号的重叠特性,制备了10种含有不同浓度机油、柴油混合物的土壤样品。通过搭建LIF实验系统,获取不同混合浓度的机油和柴油的荧光光谱,对油类荧光光谱进行了最大值归一化处理,建立土壤中机油、柴油混合光谱的反演关系,以最小残差平方和为指标,使用迭代逼近算法计算出土壤荧光光谱中柴油和机油样品的荧光贡献率。分别使用了全谱法和截取特征光谱两种方法计算机油和柴油的荧光贡献率。全谱法是在混合油样的全波段光谱(200~600 nm)范围进行迭代逼近,截取特征光谱方法是在截取油样光谱(330~460 nm)段进行迭代逼近。(330~460 nm)范围内包含了混合油样的所有光谱特征。用计算出的机油的荧光贡献率与机油样品浓度做线性拟合时发现,截取特征光谱法的拟合系数R为0.989,优于全谱法的0.923。分别用全谱法、截取特征光谱法计算出的荧光贡献率以及归一化机油、柴油光谱合成混合油归一化光谱,与实际归一化混合光谱比较,截取特征光谱法计算的平均相对误差为3.38%,优于全谱的8.79%,其原因是全谱法比截取特征光谱法引入了更多的噪声信号,所以在计算油类荧光贡献率时产生了较大的误差。选取机油和柴油归一化光谱上300, 350, 400, 450和500 nm等5个位置的荧光强度与归一化混合油光谱做多元线性回归拟合,计算出平均相对误差为10.31%。结果表明截取特征光谱方法优于多元线性回归方法;土壤中机油和柴油的荧光贡献率与自身的浓度之间成良好的线性关系,说明在土壤中机油和柴油混合后各自的化学性质保持稳定,在土壤中的荧光信号重叠特性是线性叠加的。这种这种方法同样可以用于其他石油类混合物的解离。通过该研究提高了LIF技术在土壤中石油烃类污染物定性与定量检测的准确性。为土壤中石油烃现场快速检测提供了方法支撑。     

Gas phase electronic spectrum of the HSCCS radical by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy

In a discharged supersonic jet of a CS₂ and C₂H₂ mixture, a vibronic band system of a new radical species was observed in the energy region 21 800-23 000 cm⁻¹ by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. The LIF excitation spectrum shows progressions with 490 and 80 cm⁻¹ separations. The vibronic structure of a dispersed fluorescence (DF) spectrum, obtained by tuning a probe laser to the vibronic origin band, also consists of progressions with 520 and 100 cm⁻¹ separations. A high-resolution laser scan provided a rotationally resolved LIF excitation spectrum for the vibronic origin band, showing the rotational structure of a-type transitions of a near-prolate top. Several chemical tests indicate that the spectral carrier contains sulfur atom(s), one hydrogen atom and more than one carbon atoms. Electronic transition energy, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants of this species are similar to those of SCCS⁻ [M. Nakajima, Y. Yoneda, Y. Sumiyoshi, T. Nagata, Y. Endo, J. Chem. Phys. 119(2003)7805-7813.], and the spectral carrier was assigned as an isoelectronic radical, bent HSCCS. Ab initio geometrical optimizations supported the spectral carrier to be HSCCS. The observed electronic transition was assigned to be the transition, which corresponds to the Π-Π transition in the limit of linear geometry. The observed vibrations in the excitation and DF spectra were assigned as the symmetric CS stretching (ν₅) and SCC bending (ν₇) modes by comparing the results of theoretical calculations.     

The laser-induced fluorescence spectrum of CoS between 15 200 and 19 000 cm-1

测量了在15200～19000 cm^-1的超声射流冷却的CoS自由基的激光诱导荧光激发谱. 观测到[15.58]⁴Δ_7/2～X⁴Δ_7/2, [16.02]⁴Δ_7/2～X⁴Δ_7/2, [16.50]⁴Δ_7/2～X⁴Δ_7/2, [17.80]⁴П_5/2～X⁴Δ_7/2和[18.00]⁴Δ_7/2～X⁴Δ_7/2五个电子跃迁序列. 此外,还测量到了大多数观察的振动带的寿命. 并讨论了这些新的电子态的电子构型.     

LIF-based imaging of preferential evaporation of a multi-component gasoline surrogate in a direct-injection engine

In direct-injection engines, fuel components of different volatility can segregate in the transient evaporating spray. The resulting spatial mixture inhomogeneities may impact ignition and combustion. The technique presented here images the effect of preferential evaporation of a multi-component gasoline surrogate fuel in an optically-accessible direct-injection engine motored on nitrogen. It is based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of two aromatic tracers with different volatilities, 1,4-difluorobenzene (representing light to medium components) and 1-methylnaphthalene (heavy component) added to a base-fuel of n-pentane, iso-octane, and n-undecane. LIF from the two tracers is spectrally separated and detected on two cameras, with channel crosstalk corrected in post-processing. Consistent with previous measurements in a high-pressure vessel, the light components are preferentially found downstream, towards the front of the evaporated fuel jet. Throughout large regions of the field of view, about 20% surplus of 1-methylnaphthalene is found, and throughout smaller ones about 40% of 1,4-difluorobenzene. To better assess the impact of the (unknown) local temperature on the measurement accuracy, two-color thermometry based on LIF of anisole (methoxybenzene) is performed in separate experiments. In the relevant range of crank-angles the local temperature is found to be 25 K lower in regions of high fuel concentration than in the rest of the charge, implying a systematic temperature-induced error in the fuel-tracer ratio of 0.11.     

Simultaneous laser-induced fluorescence and sub-Doppler polarization spectroscopy of the CH radical

The first application of polarization spectroscopy (PS) to the CH radical is demonstrated. In particular, we report on the simultaneous application of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and sub-Doppler PS to CH. The conventional experimental setup for PS was supplemented with a second detection system in order to collect the LIF emission. At the same time a Fabry–Perot etalon and molecular iodine were utilized to obtain a precise relative and absolute frequency scale, respectively. CH was investigated in a low pressure methane–oxygen flame. The R₂(5) transition of the B–X (0, 0) band corresponding to a wavelength around 387.3 nm was scanned while fluorescence emission was collected in the spectral region around 431 nm from the B–X (0, 1), A–X (1, 1) and A–X (0, 0) bands. The saturation behavior of both techniques is investigated as well as line broadening effects due to the pump laser pulse energy or rather fluence. Saturation fluence for LIF was found to be more than one order of magnitude higher as compared to PS.     

Quantitative measurements of OH concentration fields by two-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence

Received: 7 May 1996/Revised version: 21 October 1996     

Spectroscopic,calibration and RET issues for linear laser-induced fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in high-pressure diffusion flames

Two different strategies are compared for linear laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements of nitric oxide concentration ([NO]) in counter-flow diffusion flames at high pressures via the A-X(0,0) system. Excitation of NO via a rovibronic transition at 226.03 nm is found to be slightly better compared to a previously utilized excitation wavelength of 225.58 nm. An indirect approach based on the computed spectral overlap fraction is verified and applied to calibrate [NO] measurements in counter-flow diffusion flames at high pressures. A five-level model for NO molecular dynamics is presented and utilized to investigate the effects of rotational energy transfer (RET) on linear LIF measurements of [NO] at pressures up to 15 atm. The results indicate that rotational relaxation effects are essentially negligible under high-pressure conditions at low laser fluences, and thus they need not be accounted for when measuring [NO] using linear LIF. The calibration technique is validated by direct comparisons to [NO] measurements made at pressures up to 5 atm via another calibration method, based on doping NO in counter-flow premixed flames at the same pressure. Using this calibration technique, LIF measurements of [NO] are obtained in a series of counter-flow diffusion flames at pressures up to 15 atm. These measurements are found to be in excellent agreement with previously reported measurements of [NO] in similar flames. PACS 07.35.+k; 33.20.Sn; 42.62.Fi     

机油类产品激光诱导荧光时间特性的研究

介绍了一种由三倍频Nd∶YAG激光器、单色仪、光电倍增管以及信号采集处理系统构成的激光荧光谱寿命测量系统及其测量原理和方法,讨论了如何去除激发光脉冲宽度和探测系统响应速度对测量结果的影响,并实际测量了一种应用广泛的燕山机油的荧光谱寿命.本系统具有简便、快捷、准确以及成本低等优点,适合用于未来实用化机载水面监测激光荧光雷达遥感系统中 关键词： 激光诱导荧光 荧光寿命 Nd∶YAG激光器 光电倍增管     

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of FeS in the visible region

The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra of jet-cooled FeS molecules have been recorded in the energy range of 18 900-21 600 cm⁻¹, in which four parallel and one perpendicular transitions were identified for the first time. Spectroscopic constants of the observed excited states of FeS were determined by analyzing their rotationally resolved spectra. In addition, the lifetimes of most observed bands were also measured.     

Investigation of four carbon monoxide isotopomers in natural abundance by laser-induced fluorescence in a supersonic jet

The four carbon monoxide (CO) isotopomers ¹²C¹⁶O, ¹³C¹⁶O, ¹²C¹⁸O and ¹²C¹⁷O have been detected simultaneously in a CO gas sample of natural isotopic abundance by measuring rovibronic excitation spectra of six vibronic bands in the Fourth Positive System. The CO sample was flow cooled by adiabatic expansion in a pulsed supersonic jet. The rovibronic excitation spectra were obtained using a novel pulsed laser source (pulse duration ∼25 ns, spectral bandwidth ∼5 GHz) continuously tunable in the 139-155 nm vacuum ultraviolet wavelength region for excitation and recording the total fluorescence. In the present paper we report on the spectroscopic results obtained, including transition wavelengths of three forbidden rovibronic bands (e³Σ⁻ −  X¹Σ⁺(1, 0), d³Δ  − X¹Σ⁺(5, 0), a′³Σ⁺ −  X¹Σ⁺(14, 0)) of ¹²C¹⁶O and band origins of six rovibronic bands (A¹Π(v′ = 0-5) −  X¹Σ⁺(v″ = 0)) of the rare isotopomer ¹²C¹⁷O, and on the experimental conditions facilitating the high sensitivity of the measurements. The exceptional sensitivity demonstrated by the results has been achieved by fine tuning experimental conditions including the conditions in the supersonic expansion, the jet pulse duration and the laser pulse timing.