Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of Echinodermata. I. ClassOphiuroidea

The phospholipid compositions of five species of marine ophiuroids belonging to the classOphiuroidea have been investigated. It has been shown that the phosphatidylethanolamines contain almost solely ether bonds in the first position of the glycerophospholipids. The amount of the plasmalogen form in the phosphatidylethanolamines averages 89.8% (82.3–96.2%) and the amount of the alkyl form 9.8% (3.8–17.7%). The compositions of the fatty acids, fatty aldehydes, and alkyl ethers in the two main classes of phospholipids — phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine — have been studied. The main acids found were eicosatetraenoic and eicosapentaenoic, the total amount of which was 53%. It has been shown that the ophiuroids can be used as promising objects for the investigation of the metabolism of alkoxylipids and for their preparative isolation.Volga Basin Ecological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Tol'yatti. Translated from Khimya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 547–551, September–October, 1986.     

Phospholipid and fatty acid composiiton of echinodermata. II. The class Asteroidea

The phospholipid composition of starfish belonging to the class Asteroidea has been investigated. It has been shown that starfish may be promising objects for the study of the metabolism of alkoxylipids and a source for the preparative isolation of these compounds.Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin, USSR Academy of Sciences, Togliatti. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 353–357. May–June, 1988.     

Proximate composition,amino acid and fatty acid composition of fish maws

Fish maws are commonly recommended and consumed in Asia over many centuries because it is believed to have some traditional medical properties. This study highlights and provides new information on the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition of fish maws of Cynoscion acoupa, Congresox talabonoides and Sciades proops. The results indicated that fish maws were excellent protein sources and low in fat content. The proteins in fish maws were rich in functional amino acids (FAAs) and the ratio of FAAs and total amino acids in fish maws ranged from 0.68 to 0.69. Among species, croaker C. acoupa contained the most polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapntemacnioc acid, showing the lowest value of index of atherogenicity and index of thrombogenicity, showing the highest value of hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio, which is the most desirable.     

Determination of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of human adipose tissue.

The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue was studied in a population in western Andalusia with a diet in which the fat contribution is mainly from olive oil. The lipid composition of adipose tissue, including the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols, was examined by capillary gas chromatography. Thirty-five peaks were resolved, ranging in chain length from 12 to 24 carbon atoms, including geometric and positional isomers. The major triacylglycerol was POO, followed by PLO and OOO.     

Determination of phospholipid fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of rat caecal mucosa.

The lipid composition of rat caecal mucosa, including the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols, has been examined by capillary gas chromatography. Thirty-seven peaks were resolved, ranging in chain length from 12 to 24 carbon atoms. Preliminary identification of fatty acids by comparison with authentic standards was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using electron-impact ionization. The neutral and polar components were examined. Fatty acid methyl esters were quantified in absolute amounts with respect to the percentage of total phospholipid and triacylglycerols. The results show significantly higher levels of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1(n-9), 18:1(n-7), 18:2(n-6) and 20:4(n-6) in phospholipids, and higher levels of 16:0, 18:1(n-9) and 18:2(n-6) in triacylglycerols. On the other hand, analysis of caecal triacylglycerols revealed sn-glycerol-palmitate-oleate-palmitate, sn-glycerol-palmitate-linoleate-palmitate and sn-glycerol-palmitate-linoleate-oleate as major components.     

鳗鱼油的脂肪酸组成分析

鳗鱼加工下脚料（头、骨等）所得鱼油经甲酯化处理后，用GC和GC-MS进行了脂肪酸的组成分析，共签定出27个组分，它们占色谱峰总面积的97．9％。其主组分为油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸，并含有廿碳五烯酸、廿二碳六烯酸，与鳗鱼肉中油的化学组成类似，具有开发利用的价值。     

Lipid content and fatty acid composition in lemon wax

Lipids were extracted from lemon wax and fractionated into four classes on a silicic acid glass packed column by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The free fatty acids, the fatty acid composition and the amount of each separated lipids were determined by capillary column gas chromatography (GC). Total lipids (TL) were 60 mg per 100 g raw weight and the ratio of nonpolar lipids (NPLs): glycolipids (GLs): phospholipids (PLs) was about 47:2:2. The main free fatty acids in lemon wax were hexadecanoic acid, cis-9-octadecenoic acid and cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, while in the lipid fractions the main fatty acids were hexadecanoic acid in all the fractions, cis-cis-9,12-octadecadienoic and decanoic acids in triglyceride (TG) fraction, dodecanoic and cis-9-octadecenoic acids in diglyceride (DG) fraction and tetradecanoic, octadecanoic and cis-9-octadecenoic acids in GL and PL fractions. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids showed a remarkable difference among these four lipid fractions. In PL and GL fractions this ratio was similar, 47.7% and 47.1% respectively, and in TG fraction it was 42.4% while in DG fraction this value was 23.5%.     

柽柳实脂肪酸成分的分析

本文研究维药柽柳实中脂肪酸的化学成分。采用石油醚和乙醚两种溶剂提取柽柳实中的脂肪酸,经甲酯化后,使用气质联用技术对脂肪酸的组成及含量进行检测。结果表明,两种方法分别鉴定出18种和17种脂肪酸成分,占提取成分总峰面积的99.33%和89.65%,两者所包含的成分基本一致,但含量有一定的差异。石油醚和乙醚提取物中分别鉴定出棕榈酸(35.61%和32.77%),亚油酸(27.26%和18.76%)和油酸(11.33%和9.15%)等脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量分别占总脂肪酸含量的38.59%和27.91%。维药柽柳实中富含不饱和脂肪酸,具有很好的开发利用价值。     

Triacylglycerol determination based on fatty acid composition using chemometrics

Multivariate statistics were applied to analyse the relationships between fatty acids and triacylglycerols in virgin olive oil. The chemical significance of factors obtained by applying principal components analysis to both sets of variables was established, and this method is proposed as a useful tool for obtaining information about the biosynthetic route of fatty acids and its regulation. Finally, because both sets of data present the same latent structure, multiple regression analysis is proposed for determining the triacylglycerol composition of an oil according to its fatty acid composition.     

The fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of cottonseed oil

Summary 1. The phospholipids of cottonseed oil contain ten fatty acids.2. The positions of the double bonds in the aliphatic chain in the newly discovered unsaturated fatty acids — palmitlinoleic, palmitlinolenic, linolenic, and eicosadienic — have been established by the method of gas-liquid chromatography: they are present at the 6, 9; 6, 9, 12; 9, 12, 15; and 11, 14 carbon atoms, respectively, counting from the carboxyl end of the chain. A saturated fatty acid (myristic) has been found in the phospholipids of cottonseed oil for the first time.Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 199–201, 1965     

Rapid discrimination of fatty acid composition in fats and oils by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Fatty acids in 42 types of saponified vegetable and animal oils were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for the development of their rapid discrimination. The compositions were compared with those analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a more conventional method used in the discrimination of fats and oils. Fatty acids extracted with 2-propanol were-detected as deprotonated molecular ions ([M-H]-) in the ESI-MS spectra of the negative-ion mode. The composition obtained by ESI-MS corresponded to the data of the total ion chromatograms by GC-MS. The ESI-MS analysis discriminated the fats and oils within only one minute after starting the measurement. The detection limit for the analysis was approximately 10(-10) g as a sample amount analyzed for one minute. This result showed that the ESI-MS analysis discriminated the fats and oils much more rapidly and sensitively than the GC-MS analysis, which requires several tens of minutes and approximately 10(-9) g. Accordingly, the ESI-MS analysis was found to be suitable for a screening procedure for the discrimination of fats and oils.     

Empirical calculation of fatty acid and glycerol composition in evaluating drug quality

Based on empirical indices of the composition and quality of drugs prepared from oil-bearing plant material, an algorithm for calculation of the fatty acid and glycerol composition is developed that can be used for screening evaluation of potential counterfeits and identification of poor-quality products.     

Thermal behaviour or thallium(I) fatty acid salts,I

We have studied the thermal behaviours of the fatty acid (C₁-C₉, C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₆ and C₁₈) thallium(I) salts.Investigating the dependence of the thermal decomposition reactions on the experimental conditions, we established that they decompose differently depending on the atmosphere, and on the shape and material of the sample holders.We also determined the heat-stable temperature ranges of the compounds in which they can be investigated without any thermal decomposition.The temperatures and enthalpy changes of the polymorphic and phase changes were measured and the corresponding entropy changes were calculated.

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Zusammenfassung Das thermische Verhalten der Thallium(I)-Salze der Fettsäuren mit C₁ bis C₉, C₁₂, C₁₄ und C₁₈ wurden untersucht. Die Temperaturen und Enthalpien der einzelnen polymorphen und Phasenänderungen, sowie die thermische Stabilität der Verbindungen wurden bestimmt. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die zu Ketonen und Gemischt-Ketonen führende thermische Zersetzung in der Schmelzphase von Destillationsprozessen begleitet wird, welche von der Molekülstruktur und von zahlreichen Versuchsbedingungen abhängig sind.

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Résumé Etude du comportement thermique des sels de thallium(I) d'acides gras (de C₁ à C₉, C₁₂, C₁₄ et C₁₈). L'étude de la décomposition thermique en fonction des conditions expérimentales a permis d'établir que les sels étudiés se décomposent différemment suivant l'atmosphère utilisée, ainsi que suivant la forme et la nature des supports échantillons. Détermination des domaines de température où ces composés restent thermiquement stables. Mesure des températures et des variations d'enthalpie des transitions de phase et des transitions polymorphiques et calcul des variations d'entropie correspondantes.

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(I) C₁-C₉, C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₆, C₁₈. , . , , , .