Brillouin gain analysis for fibers with different refractive indices

We studied an anomalous result in the measured stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold for single-mode optical fibers with different refractive index profiles and effective areas. It was found that, in addition to the optical effective area, the refractive-index-dependent interaction between the optical and the acoustic fields must be considered in order to account for the differences in the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold between fiber types. A detailed analytical formalism describing the acousto-optic interaction was derived to accommodate the influence of the index profile design on Brillouin scattering.     

OCT图像法测量折射率

基于光程匹配原理提出了一种用光学相干断层成像(OCT)系统获得的图像测量样品折射率的方法。通过分析光程匹配原理,给出用OCT图像法测量样品折射率的原理及过程。以玻璃载波片和黄瓜组织为样品进行实验。实验结果表明,用OCT图像法获得的载玻片和黄瓜组织的折射率测量值分别为1.499和1.353,与发表或已知的折射率结果相吻合,测试结果的随机误差可小于0.01。另外,使用OCT图像法通过短时间所采集的两幅图像可对横向扫描任意位置的折射率同时进行测量。该方法进一步简化了基于光程匹配原理的折射率测量法的过程,缩短了测量时间,是一种快速测量样品折射率的实用方法。     

Study of optical fibre structures by atomic force microscopy

A novel method using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study optical fibre structures at the fibre end-face has been successfully developed. The doping concentration profiles of fibres revealed by differential etching speeds in a saturated solution of ammonium bifluoride at room temperature (25°C) were obtained from AFM topographic images. The superior spatial resolution of AFM made it possible to resolve concentric structures a hundred times smaller than the feature, due to the difference in the known refractive index (n) of 1×10^-3. Fibres with small core diameters and anisotropic structures, such as polarization-maintaining fibres, were studied with ease.     

Incoherent convergence of diffraction free fields

We describe a method for the synthesis of diffraction free fields by means of an ensemble of optical fields mutually incoherent. The constituent optical fields are generated by controlling the angular correlation function between two points distributed on a circle in the frequency space. The angular position and the separation between the points are considered as random variables. The implicit probability density function allows us to generate diffraction free beams with easily tunable profiles. Inverse problems are also analyzed, which consists in finding the joint probability density function for a known irradiance distribution. Experimental and computational results are shown.     

Quantitative phase-contrast imaging of cells with phase-sensitive optical coherence microscopy

We describe a method for en face phase-contrast imaging of cells with a fiber-based differential phase-contrast optical coherence microscopy system. Recorded en face images are quantitative phase-contrast maps of cells due to spatial variation of the refractive index and (or) thickness of various cellular components. Quantitative phase-contrast images of human epithelial cheek cells obtained with the fiber-based differential phase-contrast optical coherence microscopy system are presented.     

任意折射率分布平板波导与圆光纤的差分法分析

给出一种差分析，用以求解任意折射率剖面的平板波导及圆光纤的本征方程。本法编程十分简单，不涉及特殊函数的繁复计算，有普适性，可精确求得色散曲线、截止频率与模场分布。     

Generalized expression for optical source fields

A generalized optical beam expression is developed that presents the majority of the existing optical source fields such as Bessel, Laguerre–Gaussian, dark hollow, bottle, super Gaussian, Lorentz, super-Lorentz, flat-topped, Hermite–sinusoidal-Gaussian, sinusoidal-Gaussian, annular, Gauss–Legendre, vortex, also their higher order modes with their truncated, elegant and elliptical versions. Source intensity profiles derived from the generalized optical source beam fields are checked to match the intensity profiles of many individual known beam types. Source intensities for several interesting beam combinations are presented. Our generalized optical source beam field expression can be used to examine both the source characteristics and the propagation properties of many different optical beams in a single formulation.     

白光在LiNbO3∶Fe晶体中写入的任意折射率分布光波导

在理论分析LiNbO3∶Fe晶体中光致折射率变化分布与写入光的强度分布之间关系的基础上，提出了一种在该晶体中写入具有任意折射率分布光波导的新方法.利用由白光经电寻址空间光调制器得到的强度分布不同的片光辐照晶体，分别写入了折射率呈误差函数分布和平方律分布的光波导结构.采用干涉法测量了晶体中的光致折射率变化，并用推导出的折射率变化分布解析表达式很好地拟合了测量数据.实验结果表明，该方法是可行的.利用白光光源结合高分辨率的空间光调制器有望在多种光折变材料中制备出具有任意折射率分布的高质量光波导.     

白光在LiNbO_3∶Fe晶体中写入的任意折射率分布光波导

在理论分析Li NbO3∶Fe晶体中光致折射率变化分布与写入光的强度分布之间关系的基础上,提出了一种在该晶体中写入具有任意折射率分布光波导的新方法.利用由白光经电寻址空间光调制器得到的强度分布不同的片光辐照晶体,分别写入了折射率呈误差函数分布和平方律分布的光波导结构.采用干涉法测量了晶体中的光致折射率变化,并用推导出的折射率变化分布解析表达式很好地拟合了测量数据.实验结果表明,该方法是可行的.利用白光光源结合高分辨率的空间光调制器有望在多种光折变材料中制备出具有任意折射率分布的高质量光波导.     

A numerical technique for solving the scalar wave equation for Gaussian and smoothed-out profiles

A numerical technique, based on transforming the scalar wave equation to a finite interval before discretization is applied, is proposed for the solution of the scalar wave equation defining the modal fields and propagation constants of optical fibres. It is used to compute the propagation constants and modal fields of weakly guiding fibres of circular cross-section when the refractive index profile has a Gaussian or smoothed-out form. The smoothed-out profiles are studied because they vary continuously from the Gaussian to the step profile. Results are compared with and shown to be accurately approximated by simply explicit functions, dependent only on the fibre parameter.     

Characterizing changes in MR images with color-coded Jacobians

Image registration is the process of establishing spatial correspondence between two images or between two image volumes. Registration can be achieved by rigid, elastic, or a combination of rigid and elastic transforms that attempt to bring the two images into coincidence. A rigid transform accounts for differences in positioning and an elastic transform describes deformations due to differences in tissue properties, temporal changes due to growth or atrophy, or differences between individuals. Deformation-based morphometry uses the resulting deformation fields from these transforms to evaluate differences between the images being registered. Three methods of registration were evaluated: rigid (affine) transformation, elastic optical flow transformation, and elastic spline transformation. All three methods produce vector deformation fields that map each point in one image to a point in the other image. A 12-color map of the transformation Jacobian was used to represent local volume changes. Using the three registration methods, color-mapped Jacobians were determined using a simulated three-dimensional block with known translation, rotation, expansion, contraction, and intensity modulations. Color-coded Jacobians were also generated for experimentally measured magnetic resonance image volumes of water-filled balloons and 7-year-old twin boys. Color-coded Jacobians overlaid on anatomical images provide a convenient method to identify regional tissue expansion and contraction.     

Nonperturbing measurements of spatially distributed underwater acoustic fields using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer

Localized changes in the density of water induced by the presence of an acoustic field cause perturbations in the localized refractive index. This relationship has given rise to a number of nonperturbing optical metrology techniques for recording measurement parameters from underwater acoustic fields. A method that has been recently developed involves the use of a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) targeted at a fixed, nonvibrating, plate through an underwater acoustic field. Measurements of the rate of change of optical pathlength along a line section enable the identification of the temporal and frequency characteristics of the acoustic wave front. This approach has been extended through the use of a scanning LDV, which facilitates the measurement of a range of spatially distributed parameters. A mathematical model is presented that relates the distribution of pressure amplitude and phase in a planar wave front with the rate of change of optical pathlength measured by the LDV along a specifically orientated laser line section. Measurements of a 1 MHz acoustic tone burst generated by a focused transducer are described and the results presented. Graphical depictions of the acoustic power and phase distribution recorded by the LDV are shown, together with images representing time history during the acoustic wave propagation.     

Diagram method for exact solution of the problem of scanning near-field microscopy

A method is presented for calculating near-field images of nanoobjects from the intensity distributions measured using the scanning near-field optical microscopy technique. The method is based on a formally exact solution of the self-consistent local-field equation, which was derived using the diagram technique for summation of infinite series. It is shown that the self-consistent fields calculated with and without considering the dielectric substrate differ significantly. Near-field images of simple geometric objects—parallelepipeds with various side ratios—are calculated.     

一种实现共焦显微镜空间微分成像的新方法

提出了一种实现共焦显微镜空间微分成像的新方法。为了获得空间微分图像,首先利用时间分辨技术结合互补调制技术,获得两束相位相反的调制光,然后利用这两束相位相反的调制光结合共焦扫描技术,实现共焦显微镜的空间微分成像。实验表明:这种空间微分技术可以准确实现共焦显微镜的空间微分成像,从而获得成像物体的边缘轮廓和实现边缘增强。     

Amplitude ambiguities in second-harmonic generation frequency-resolved optical gating

We construct field shapes with distinct amplitude profiles that have nearly identical second-harmonic generation frequency-resolved optical gating (SHG FROG) traces. Although such fields are not true mathematical ambiguities, they result in experimentally indistinguishable FROG traces. These fields are neither time-reversed copies nor pulselets with a mere relative phase difference, which are well known nontrivial ambiguities for SHG FROG. We also show that for certain example fields, second-order interferometric autocorrelation is more sensitive to the pulse shape than is SHG FROG.     

金属表面特性对差动式视觉测量的影响实验

介绍了一种全面的金属表面反射模型,从理论上论证差动式视觉测量的可行性。在平行光照明下,测量不同级别粗糙度比较样块在入射面内的反射亮度,在大量数据的基础上总结分布规律,以寻求事实依据。搭建视觉测量系统,采集金属工件的明、暗域图像,并对图像差分融合,进行实验验证。结果表明,工件表面的缺陷信息得到了大幅增强,杂乱的背景信息被有效抑制。基于金属表面反射特性提出的差动式视觉测量系统,在提高图像对比度和增强边缘方面显示了其优越性。     

基于1stOpt求解光学玻璃折射率温度系数经验公式常量的方法

为了解决ZEMAX软件拟合计算折射率温度系数经验公式常量时,参量回归计算的折射率和折射率温度系数与实验值存在较大偏差的问题,用1stOpt差分进化法求解折射率温度系数经验公式常量.以氟冕D-FK61和特种火石H-TF3A光学玻璃为例,用该方法求解的λtk常量与其通用数值范围0.08~0.33相吻合,参量回归计算的折射率和折射率温度系数与实测值的偏差分别小于1×10~(-5)、2×10~(-7)/℃.该方法作为ZEMAX软件计算光学玻璃折射率温度系数的有效补充,计算的准确性高,可为热补偿光学系统设计提供准确的光学参量保障.     

Influence of temperature on the optical and structural properties along the diameter of optical fibres

Multiple-beam Fizeau fringes technique with an opto-thermal device is used to study the effect of temperature on the optical properties of Philips graded-index optical fibres. The refractive index profile of the optical fibre is measured at different temperatures. From these profiles the opto-thermal coefficient, the profile shape parameter α, the cladding/core maximum refractive index difference Δn and some guidance parameters of the optical fibre that play an important role in communication are determined. The variation of oscillation and dispersion energies along the diameter of the optical fibre (energy profile) are calculated at different temperatures. An empirical formula of the energy profile is obtained. Microinterferograms are given for illustrations.     

Simulation and visualization of the refraction effects in the thermal boundary layer near a heated horizontal down-facing disk

The simulation and optical visualization of the refraction effects in an axisymmetric temperature field was undertaken in the case of free convection from a heated horizontal down-facing disk. Temperature and related refractive index fields have been calculated using a mathematical model based on the coupled flow and heat transfer equations. To avoid the complex and time-consuming computation of ray trajectory using the differential ray equation, we developed a simple method based on the application of the standard Snell law at each surface isotherm in the medium. Using this technique, we plotted the trajectory of rays bundle traveling in the medium and calculated the deflection angle. Comparison with shadowgraph images showed a good agreement with the simulation and explained the existence of a caustic induced by the thermal boundary layer acting as a schlieren lens.