Polarization Switching Bistability and Dynamics in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser under Orthogonal Optical Injection

Bistability as well as dynamics associated to polarization switching in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) submitted to orthogonal optical injection from an external master laser are investigated. Intensity-polarization switching bistability is studied by increasing and decreasing the intensity of the injected beam and for a fixed frequency detuning, i.e. the frequency offset between master and the free running VCSEL. Depending on the frequency detuning, bistable switching is experimentally found to occur with or without injection locking of the fundamental mode to the master laser frequency. For large positive detuning, injection locking of the first-order transverse mode with a strong depression of the fundamental mode has been observed. The case of frequency – polarization switching bistability, i.e. when the frequency detuning is first decreased and then increased for a fixed injected power, has also been theoretically analyzed. Qualitative comparison with previous experimental work is presented for the dependence of the width of the bistable switching region on the injection strength level. Finally we show an experimental result of complicated dynamics including period doubling route to chaos that accompany polarization switching and which motivates future theoretical investigations.     

Selective polarization mode excitation in InGaAs/GaAs microtubes

We report on selective polarization mode excitation in InGaAs/GaAs rolled-up microtubes. The microtubes are fabricated by selectively releasing a coherently strained InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot layer from its host GaAs substrate. An optical fiber abrupt taper is used to pick up the microtube, while an adiabatically tapered optical fiber is used to couple light into the resonant optical modes of the microtube. By varying the polarization of the light in the adiabatically tapered fiber both transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes are observed in the microtube. We also show that the microtube can be used as a red (0.6?μm) to infrared light (1.5?μm) optical-optical modulator taking advantage of the thermal-optical effect.     

Single-mode lasing in a coupled twin circular-side-octagon microcavity

We demonstrate the curvature of coupled twin circular-side-octagon microcavity (TCOM) lasers as the degree of freedom to realize manipulation of mode quality ($Q$) factor and lasing characteristics. Numerical simulation results indicate that mode $Q$ factors varying from 10$^{4 }$ to 10$^{8}$, wavelength intervals of different transverse modes, and mode numbers for four-bounce modes can be manipulated for five different deformations. Global mode distributes throughout coupled microcavity with mode $Q$ factor around the order of 10$^{4 }$ or 10$^{5}$. Four-bounce modes lase with injection currents applied single microcavity. By pumping both microcavities simultaneously, single-mode lasing for global modes with side mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) of 30, 32, 32, 31, and 36 dB is achieved at the deformation of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 with four-bounce modes suppressed, respectively. Moreover, the linewidths less than 11 MHz for the single mode are obtained with the deformation of 2. The results show that the lasing modes can be efficiently manipulated considering variable curvature for TCOM lasers, which can promote practical applications of microcavity lasers.     

猫眼腔激光器的横模变换与频率分裂

为了产生多种激光横模,以前的系统相对比较复杂,而且一般只能产生基横模和低阶横模,很难产生高阶横模,同时也很难观察到模竞争中一个频率抑制另一个频率的变化过程。基于猫眼谐振腔激光器和频率分裂技术,提出了一种新型的激光原理综合实验系统。该系统利用猫眼逆向器作为He-Ne激光器的一个腔镜,通过调节猫眼逆向器中两镜片间距可输出包括基横模、低阶横模、高阶横模在内的十余种典型横模,并可完成纵模、偏振、出光带宽等多种激光基本特性的实验。同时在基横模状态下,利用谐振腔内加入的石英晶体片可实现激光频率分裂及其频差调节。在此基础上又可实现完整的模竞争过程的观察。     

光反馈诱发长波长垂直腔面发射激光器低功耗偏振开关

基于扩展的自旋反转模型,对光反馈诱发下长波长垂直腔面发射激光器中的低功耗偏振开关进行了理论研究.研究表明:长波长垂直腔面发射激光器在自由运行下未能获得的偏振开关现象,可以通过引入中等强度的偏振旋转光反馈来实现.对比强弱两种不同的线性色散效应,发现了一些有趣的现象:弱线性色散条件下更易于在低注入电流下获得偏振开关,并且产生偏振开关所需的反馈强度具有更大的调控范围;强色散效应中未能始终获得偏振开关,会出现两模共存区,并且偏振开关出现的注入电流值较高.同时,观察到的偏振模跳变和多偏振开关现象类似于短波长垂直腔面发射激光器,因而证实这两类激光器在偏振开关的本质规律上是相似的.此外,还对长波长垂直腔面发射激光器不易在低注入电流下获得偏振开关的原因进行了分析,并给出了合理的解释.     

On the production of flat electron bunches for laser wakefield acceleration

We suggest a novel method for the injection of electrons into the acceleration phase of particle accelerators, producing low-emittance beams appropriate even for the demanding high-energy linear collider specifications. We discuss the injection mechanism into the acceleration phase of the wakefield in a plasma behind a high-intensity laser pulse, which takes advantage of the laser polarization and focusing. The scheme uses the structurally stable regime of transverse wakewave breaking, when the electron trajectory self-intersection leads to the formation of a flat electron bunch. As shown in three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of the interaction of a laser pulse elongated in the transverse direction with an underdense plasma, the electrons injected via the transverse wakewave breaking and accelerated by the wakewave perform betatron oscillations with different amplitudes and frequencies along the two transverse coordinates. The polarization and focusing geometry lead to a way to produce relativistic electron bunches with an asymmetric emittance (flat beam). An approach for generating flat laser-accelerated ion beams is briefly discussed. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Locking bandwidth and birefringence effects for polarized optical injection in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of external optical injection taking account of polarization and electron spin properties in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). Using external polarized injection we seek the locked phases and amplitudes of specific polarized fields in terms of injection level and frequency detuning, taking account of two kinds of distinguishable carrier density (spin-up and spin-down). For the conventional form of optical injection without taking account of spin-polarized fields there are three fundamental equations describing the carrier density, field amplitude and phase. However, by using the spin flip model (SFM), the combined effect of polarized fields along two perpendicular crystal axes and electron spin properties results in six equations. We analyse the conditions for stable locking and also the influence of birefringence effects on the stability map of detuning versus optical injection for both cases of injection polarized parallel and perpendicular to the lasing mode of the solitary VCSEL. For given values of pumping and spin relaxation rate there is a minimum birefringence rate for orthogonal injection. Above this value three regions of elliptical polarization are found in the stability map, namely “quasi-stability” (QS), “coupled limit cycle” (CLC) and “coupled chaos” (CC). The three regions of linear polarization, namely chaos, limit cycle and stability, are reduced in area compared to the case of parallel injection. For orthogonal injection it is found that increased birefringence or reduced spin relaxation rate causes the stable locking region to begin at higher injected power and frequency detuning.     

短外腔偏振旋转光反馈下1550nm垂直腔面发射激光器的动力学特性研究

基于扩展的自旋反转模型,对短外腔偏振旋转光反馈下1550 nm垂直腔面发射激光器的动力学特性进行了数值仿真和理论分析.研究结果表明:增加反馈强度会导致多个偏振开关现象出现,中等反馈强度下呈现丰富的动力学状态,譬如单周期、倍周期、准周期及混沌态,增加注入电流使Y方向线偏振模的工作区域被压缩;随着反馈延迟时间的增加,在弱光反馈时,偏振模跳变现象将会以特定的频率发生,施加中等的反馈强度将会导致模式跳变的频率增加,并且出现各种新的动力学状态,包括拍频单周期、拍频脉冲包络、拍频准周期和拍频混沌态.新动力学行为的出现是由于短外腔区激光器的动力学特性对相位变化非常敏感,从而使外腔模式间的拍频效应发挥了关键作用.此外还发现各种动力学状态之间会伴随模式间的跳变而发生相互跳变.     

多横模垂直腔面发射激光器及其波长特性

基于氧化限制型内腔接触垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL) 结构设计, 研究了VCSEL的多横模分布及其模式波长分裂特性与氧化孔径尺寸、形状的关系. 在实验基础上, 通过建立有效折射率模型, 并利用标量亥姆霍兹方程的迭代算法理论, 分别对椭圆形氧化孔径和圆形氧化孔径VCSEL的横向模式特性进行模拟研究, 计算得到不同形状孔径的多横模光场分布情况, 同时测量得到高阶横模多频输出光谱. 研究发现, 椭圆氧化孔形状不仅影响横模分布特性, 还会导致每个模式的波长产生分裂, 分裂值可达0.037 nm. 同时, 随着氧化孔径的增大, 波长分裂影响会逐渐减小, 直至趋近于圆形氧化孔径的分布特性. 研究结果为进一步实现氧化限制型VCSEL的多横模锁定提供了有益参考和借鉴.     

基于双光反馈垂直腔面发射激光器的双信道混沌同步通信

利用双光反馈垂直腔面发射半导体激光器(VCSELs) 两个正交偏振模式输出的两个混沌信号作为混沌载波, 构建了一个双信道的混沌保密通信系统, 并对该系统的通信性能进行了数值仿真研究.研究结果表明: 通过合理的选取反馈参量, 双光反馈VCSELs两个偏振模式输出的混沌信号能很好地隐藏外腔反馈延时特性; 双光反馈VCSEL两个偏振模式输出的混沌信号通过偏振保持注入到接收VCSEL中, 在强注入锁定条件下可以实现很好的混沌同步, 同步性能对频率失谐的容忍性随着注入强度的增加而加强; 在附加混沌调制加密方式下, 500 Mbit/s的信号在传输过程中能够得到很好的隐藏, 同时在接收端可以成功解调; 随着通信速率的增加, Q因子呈现下降的趋势, 但对于 6 Gbit/s的信息, Q因子仍大于6. 关键词： 垂直腔面发射激光器 双光反馈 双信道 混沌通信     

Using polarization properties to enhance performance of chaos synchronization communication between vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Enhanced chaos synchronization communication between vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is investigated numerically, by adopting a polarization communication protocol where one polarization mode is used as the chaotic carrier and the orthogonal polarization mode is used as the disturbed signal. The chaos synchronization quality for the receiver laser (RL) and attacker laser (AL) are analyzed in terms of the cross-correlation coefficient. There are two distinct regions of good synchronization quality in the injection parameters space. In the first region, good synchronization quality can be ensured for both the RL and AL. In the second region, only the RL can realize chaos synchronization. We further discuss the security enhancement by comparing the communication performance between RL and AL for injection parameters within the second region. The results show that successful and robust decoding is only achievable for the RL.     

Power-induced polarization switching and bistability characteristics in 1550-nm VCSELs subjected to orthogonal optical injection

The polarization switching(PS) and polarization bistability(PB) characteristics of a 1550-nm vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser(VCSEL) subjected to orthogonal optical injection are systematically investigated.The simulated results show that the PS and polarization-resolved nonlinear dynamical states of the VCSEL are critically dependent on the changing paths of the injected power.The polarization dynamics for different scanning directions of the injected power is presented to explain the polarization evolution during the formation of PS.In the case of forward scanning injected power,with the increase of frequency detuning level between the VCSEL and the injected light,the injected power required for PS gradually increases for negative frequency detuning but exhibits fluctuations for positive frequency detuning.In the case of reversely scanning injected power,the injected power required for PS displays fluctuant changes within the whole frequency detuning range.Specifically,PS may disappear under certain negative frequency detuning and large bias current.Furthermore,the hysteresis width as a function of the frequency detuning is calculated,and the regions for the appearance and disappearance of PB have been determined in the parameter space of the bias current and frequency detuning.     

基于1550 nm垂直腔面发射激光器的长距离双向双信道光纤混沌保密通信研究

基于同一混沌信号光注入下两个1550 nm垂直腔面发射激光器 (VCSELs) 中两对应线性偏振模式之间的混沌同步, 提出了一种可实现信息的长距离双向双信道光纤混沌保密通信的系统模型, 并对该系统的同步、双向双信道通信以及光纤信道对信息传输的影响等性能进行了相关仿真研究. 结果表明: 在由驱动混沌激光器所产生的同一混沌光注入下, 两响应激光器中对应的两线偏振模式之间均可实现高质量的等时混沌同步, 且驱动激光器与两响应激光器间的同步系数较低; 基于两响应激光器之间对应线偏振模式的高质量混沌同步, 可实现双向双信道混沌通信; 采用单模保偏光纤 (或色散位移保偏光纤) 作为通信信道, 2.5 Gbit/s信息在传输60 km (或200 km) 后解调信息的Q因子能保持在6以上. 关键词： 垂直腔面发射激光器 (VCSELs) 双向双信道 混沌通信 光纤     

Very large mode area optical fiber with complex ring cores

A novel kind of single-mode large-mode-area optical fiber is presented in this paper. The proposed fiber core is composed of high-index central rod and the surrounding multilayer rings. The mode characteristics are discussed considering the fiber structure parameters. The calculation results show that the proposed fiber possesses extreme large mode area of 2975 μm² with single mode operation at the wavelength of 1.08 μm. Even larger mode area of the complex ring core fiber with single mode output can be achieved by coiling the fiber, due to the significant difference of bending loss between the fundamental mode and the higher-order transverse modes. Such fibers are expected to find applications in the field of fiber lasers and amplifiers.     

注入电流引起质子轰击VCSEL中的模式竞争

为了分析质子轰击垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)中注入电流引起的激光模式竞争过程,在三维空间中对VCSEL激射后光电热进行了研究。给出仿真光电热的方程之后,在室温连续工作条件下,对电流孔半径r为4μm、阈值电流Ith为4.5 m A的VCSEL进行自洽求解。当注入电流Iin分别为5.0,5.5,6.0 m A时,得到了对应的外加电压和输出光功率,并绘制了VCSEL的电势、注入电流、载流子、光场和热场的空间分布,给出了连续工作下输出光功率随注入电流变化的曲线。仿真结果表明:随着注入VCSEL中的电流增加,电流密度增大,激光的横向基模和横向一阶模式同时增强。横向一阶模式增加的强度及扩展的范围大于横向基模,激光输出能量逐渐向横向一阶模式过渡,横向模式竞争的同时产生载流子空间烧孔,因此在电流孔半径r≥4μm的VCSEL中,连续工作激光模式不稳定。     

Quantum state of an injected TROPO above threshold: purity,Glauber function and photon number distribution

In this paper, we investigate several properties of the full signal-idler-pump mode quantum state generated by a triply resonant non-degenerate Optical Parametric Oscillator operating above threshold, with an injected wave on the signal and idler modes in order to lock the phase diffusion process. We determine and discuss the spectral purity of this state, which turns out not to be always equal to 1 even though the three interacting modes have been taken into account at the quantum level. We have seen that the purity is essentially dependent on the weak intensity of the injected light and on an asymmetry of the synchronization. We then derive the expression of its total three-mode Glauber P-function, and calculate the joint signal-idler photon number probability distribution and investigate their dependence on the injection.     

Polarization mode coupling in long single-mode fibres

In this paper we look at the polarization state evolution of light propagating in long, birefringent, single-mode fibres in the presence of mode coupling. We show first that there always exist two orthogonal linear input polarizations which lead to linear output polarization for monochromatic light. The applicability of the coupled power equations is discussed and it is shown that they cannot be used with only two propagating modes. A more detailed analysis is then carried out for a uniform coupling and the effect of the spectral width of the source is investigated. Some insight into the time-dependent propagation is also given. Experimental results illustrate the theoretical considerations.     

混沌光注入垂直腔面发射激光器混沌输出的时延和带宽特性

提出并仿真论证了利用一个双光反馈垂直腔面发射激光器(定义为主VCSEL,M-VCSEL)产生的混沌光平行单向注入到另一个VCSEL(定义为副VCSEL,S-VCSEL)使所产生的混沌信号的延时特征(TDS)和带宽特性得以优化的技术方案.首先,基于VCSELs自旋反转模型,结合自相关分析方法,通过对系统参量进行优化,可使双光反馈M-VCSEL的X偏振分量(X-PC)和Y偏振分量(Y-PC)均输出混沌信号,且两路混沌信号的平均强度相当、TDS均较弱;在此基础上,将双光反馈M-VCSEL在优化条件下得到的混沌信号平行单向注入到S-VCSEL中,以获得两路TDS得到抑制、带宽更宽的混沌信号.通过考察两个偏振分量输出混沌信号的TDS以及混沌带宽在注入强度和频率失谐构成的参数空间的演化规律,确定了系统获取两路TDS被抑制、宽带宽的混沌信号所需的注入参数范围.     

基于掩埋光栅一级分布反馈结构的太赫兹量子级联激光器

结合理论和实验研究了掩埋光栅一级分布反馈太赫兹量子级联激光器中的模式竞争和功率特性。理论计算得到掩埋光栅腐蚀深度与两个带边模式的波导损耗、光学限制因子、辐射损耗以及辐射效率的关系。理论计算表明,掩埋光栅分布反馈结构可以通过改变腐蚀深度,保证激光器稳定单模工作在高频带边模式的同时,调节激光器的阈值增益以及辐射效率。实验和测试结果表明,激光器辐射波长和掩埋光栅的周期成正比,激光器可以在整个动力学范围内稳定单模工作。单模激光器的波长范围可覆盖86.2~91.7μm的范围,边模抑制比可达25 dB,最大输出功率为9.1 mW。该工作有助于高性能单模太赫兹激光器及锁相耦合激光器阵列的研制。     

理论研究电流注入对垂直腔面发射激光器多横模行为的影响

从包含时空变量的速率方程出发,针对弱折射率导引垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSELs),利用空间积分法分析了典型电注入参数对VCSELs多横模行为的影响,在不降低模型准确性的前提下提高了仿真效率。仿真结果表明,注入盘孔径和注入环越小、注入强度越低以及电流扩散越弱时,VCSELs更易实现单横模工作;反之,VCSELs高阶横模开始出现并呈现较强的模式竞争,引发了载流子空间烧孔效应,并导致基模强度降低。进一步得出,在环形注入方式下,高阶模式更容易出现且彼此间的竞争较盘形注入时强。