Enhanced corrosion resistance of mild steel in molar hydrochloric acid solution by 1,4-bis(2-pyridyl)-5H-pyridazino[4,5-b]indole: Electrochemical, theoretical and XPS studies

The inhibition effect of the new pyridazine derivative, namely 1,4-bis(2-pyridyl)-5H-pyridazino[4,5-b]indole (PPI) against mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl solutions was evaluated using weigh loss and electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic polarisation curves and impedance spectroscopy). The experimental results suggest that PPI is a good corrosion inhibitor and the inhibition efficiency increased with the increase of PPI concentration, while the adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and theoretical calculation of electronic density were carried out to establish the mechanism of corrosion inhibition of mild steel with PPI in 1 M HCl medium. The inhibition action of this compound was, assumed to occur via adsorption on the steel surface through the active centres contained of the molecule. The corrosion inhibition is due to the formation of a chemisorbed film on the steel surface.     

The inhibitive effect of bipyrazolic derivatives on the corrosion of steel in hydrochloric acid solution

The effect of two pyrazole-type organic compounds, namely ethyl 5,5′-dimethyl-1′H-1,3′-bipyrazole-3 carboxylate (P1) and 3,5,5′-trimethyl-1′H-1,3′-bipyrazole (P2) on the corrosion behaviour of steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution is investigated at 308 K by weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarisation and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from cathodic Tafel plots, gravimetric and EIS methods are in good agreement. Results obtained show that the compound P2 is the best inhibitor and its efficiency reaches 84% at 10⁻³ M. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies show that pyrazolic derivatives are cathodic-type inhibitors and these compounds act on the cathodic reaction without changing the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The inhibition efficiency of P2 is temperature-dependent in the range from 308 to 353 K and the associated activation energy has been determined. P2 adsorbs on the steel surface according to Langmuir adsorption model. The calculation of the total partial charge of inhibitor atoms is computed.     

The inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution in the presence of benzyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide

Benzyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide (BTPPB) has been evaluated as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in aerated 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution by galvanostatic polarization and potentiostatic polarization methods. The effect of BTPPB on the corrosion current is measured at various temperatures and concentrations. The inhibitor efficiencies, effective activation energies and heat of adsorption have been calculated. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in inhibitor concentration to reach 99.3% for 10⁻² M. The nature of adsorption of BTPPB on the metal surface has also been examined. Probable mode of adsorption on the metal surface has been proposed using infrared spectroscopic studies. The electrochemical results have also been supplemented by surface morphological studies and quantum chemical analysis.     

Synergistic effect between 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcin and chloride ion on the corrosion of cold rolled steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid

The corrosion inhibition of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAR) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) was studied using weight loss method and potentiodynamic polarization method. Results obtained revealed that together with chloride ion, PAR is an effective corrosion inhibitor for steel corrosion in sulfuric acid. It was found that for steel corrosion inhibition in the presence of single PAR in sulfuric acid the Temkin adsorption isotherm may be used to explain the adsorption phenomenon. For the mixture of PAR and NaCl used as corrosion inhibitor, however, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm can be used to satisfactorily elucidate the adsorption of mixture of PAR and NaCl. Potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that single PAR mainly acts as a cathodic inhibitor for the corrosion of steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid. The mixture of PAR and chloride ion, however, acts as a mixed type inhibitor that mainly inhibits cathodic reaction of the steel corrosion in sulfuric acid. By means of electrochemical polarization tests, a desorption potential at ca. −370 mV was observed for the adsorption of mixture of PAR and chloride ion, when potential reaches this value, adsorbed inhibitor molecule heavily departs from the steel surface. For the mixture of PAR and chloride ion, thermodynamic parameters such as adsorption heat, adsorption entropy and adsorption free energy were obtained from experimental data of the temperature studies of the inhibition process at four temperatures ranging from 30 to 45 °C, the kinetic data such as apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors at different concentrations of the inhibitor were calculated, and the effect of the apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors on the corrosion rates of cold rolled steel was discussed. The most suitable range of inhibitor concentration was discussed. The inhibitive action was satisfactorily explained by using both thermodynamic and kinetic models. Synergism between chloride ion and PAR was proposed. The results obtained from weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization were in good agreement.     

Inhibition of steel corrosion in 2 M H3PO4 by artemisia oil

Artemisia oil (Ar) is extracted from artemisia herba alba collected in Ain es-sefra-Algeria, and tested as corrosion inhibitor of steel in 2 M H₃PO₄ using weight loss measurements, electrochemical polarisation and EIS methods. The naturally oil reduces the corrosion rate. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with oil content to attain 79% at 6 g/l. Ar acts as a cathodic inhibitor. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of steel indicates that inhibition efficiency of the natural substance decreases with the rise of temperature. The adsorption isotherm of natural product on the steel has been determined.     

Synergistic effect between 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcin and chloride ion on the corrosion of cold rolled steel in 1.0 M phosphoric acid

The synergistic inhibition between 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcin (PAR) and chloride ion on the corrosion of cold rolled steel in 1.0 M phosphoric acid was studied using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization method. Results obtained revealed that single PAR is not an effective inhibitor for steel corrosion in phosphoric acid, but in the presence of chloride ion, PAR may act as a good inhibitor due to the synergism. It is found that the adsorption of PAR accords with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm in the absence and presence of chloride ion. Potentiodynamic polarization studies show that PAR is an anodic inhibitor for steel in 1.0 M phosphoric acid, and with addition of chloride ion PAR acts as a mixed type inhibitor. The experimental temperature ranges from 30 to 45 °C. The kinetic data such as apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors at different concentrations of the inhibitor were calculated, and the effect of the apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors on the corrosion rates of cold rolled steel was discussed. The inhibitive action was satisfactorily explained by using kinetic models.     

1,3-Bis(3-hyroxymethyl-5-methyl-1-pyrazole) propane as corrosion inhibitor for steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution

The effect of addition of 1,3-bis(3-hyroxymethyl-5-methyl-1-pyrazole) propane (M = 264 g). HMPP on steel corrosion in 0.5 M sulphuric acid is studied by weight-loss, electrochemical polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements at various temperatures. The results obtained showed that HMPP acts as a good corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increases with the bipyrazole compound to attain 88%. It acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. Trends in the increase of charge-transfer resistance and decrease of capacitance values also show the adsorption of the molecule on the metal surface. The bipyrazole adsorbs on the steel surface according to the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. Effect of temperature indicates that inhibition efficiency decreases with temperature between 25 and 85 °C.     

The effect of some Schiff bases on the corrosion of aluminum in hydrochloric acid solution

The inhibition effect of Schiff bases benzylidene-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-amine (A), (2-methoxy-phenyl)-(4-methyl-benzylidene)-amine (B), (4-chloro-benzylidene)-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-amine (C) and (4-nitro-bezylidene)-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-amine (D) on the corrosion of aluminum in 1 M HCl has been studied by polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and weight loss measurements. It has been found that all the studied Schiff bases are excellent inhibitors. Maximum inhibition was obtained for 0.01 M Schiff base A. Results show that the inhibition efficiency increases with decreasing in temperature and increasing in concentration of Schiff base. Polarization curves reveal that the used inhibitors are mixed type inhibitors. The surface adsorption of the Schiff bases leads to a decrease of double layer capacitance as well as an increase of polarization resistance. The inhibitor performance depends strongly on the type of function groups substituted on benzene ring. The adsorption of used compounds on the aluminum surface obeys a Langmuir isotherm and has a physical mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters for both dissolution and adsorption processes were determined. The quantum chemical study of the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the Schiff bases on Al in molar HCl was carried out.     

Understanding the adsorption of 4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives on mild steel surface in molar hydrochloric acid

This study examines the use of some 4H-triazole derivatives, namely 3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (DHT), 3,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole (4-PHT) and 3,5-bis(4-methyltiophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole (4-MTHT) for corrosion and dissolution protection of mild steel in normal hydrochloric acid solution. The inhibiting efficiency of the different additives is evaluated by means of weight loss and electrochemical techniques such as ac impedance measurements and polarisation curves. The experimental results obtained reveal that 4-MTHT is the best effective inhibitor and the inhibition efficiency is found to be in the following order: 4-MTHT > 4-PHT > DHT. The variation in inhibitive efficiency mainly depends on the type and nature of the substituents present in the inhibitor molecule. Polarisation curves show that theses triazoles are mixed-type inhibitors in 1 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency increases with 4H-triazole derivatives concentration and attains the maximum value of 99.6% in the case of 4-MTHT at 5 × 10⁻⁴ M. The results obtained from weight loss electrochemical studies were in reasonable agreement. The adsorption of 4H-triazole derivatives on the steel surface obeys to the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic data of adsorption and activation are determined and discussed. The fundamental thermodynamic functions were used to glean important information about the 4H-triazoles inhibitory behaviour. Molecular modeling was used to get better insight, about structural and electronic effects in relation to the inhibition efficiencies.     

Investigation of the inhibitive effect of triphenyltin 2-thiophene carboxylate on corrosion of steel in 2 M H3PO4 solutions

A new organic compound was synthesised and tested as corrosion inhibitor of steel in phosphoric acid medium using gravimetric, electrochemical polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Results obtained show that the inhibitor studied is a good cathodic inhibitor. EIS results show that the change in the impedance parameters (R_T and C_dl) with concentration of triphenyltin 2-thiophene carboxylate (TTC) is indicative of the adsorption of molecules leading to the formation of a protective layer on the surface of steel. The effect of the temperature on the steel corrosion in 2 M H₃PO₄ and with addition of various concentrations of TTC in the range of temperature 298-348 K was studied. The associated apparent activation corrosion energy has been determined.     

Electrochemical, theoretical and XPS studies of 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole adsorption on carbon steel in 1 M HClO4

The inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel in 1 M HClO₄ by 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole (MMI) has been investigated in relation to the concentration of the inhibitor as well as the temperature using weight loss and electrochemical measurements. The effect of the temperature on the corrosion behaviour with addition of different concentrations of MMI was studied in the temperature range 30-60 °C. Polarization curves reveal that MMI is a mixed type inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency of MMI is temperature independent but increases with the inhibitor concentration. Changes in impedance parameters (charge transfer resistance, R_t, and double-layer capacitance, C_dl) were indicative of adsorption of MMI on the metal surface, leading to the formation of a protective film. Adsorption of MMI on the carbon steel surface is found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Some thermodynamic functions of dissolution and adsorption processes were also determined. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the carbon steel indicated that MMI is chemically adsorbed on the steel surface. Moreover, the electronic properties such as highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels and molecular orbital densities were calculated.     

Establishment of equivalent circuits from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of corrosion inhibition of steel by pyrazine in sulphuric acidic solution

This paper describes the use of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique (EIS) in order to study the corrosion inhibition process of steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution at the open circuit potential (OCP). Diethyl pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylate (Prz) as a non-ionic surfactant (NS) inhibitor has been examined. The Nyquist diagrams consisted of a capacitive semicircle at high frequencies followed by a well-defined inductive loop at low frequency values. The impedance measurements were interpreted according to suitable equivalent circuits. The results obtained showed that the Prz is a good inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in the surfactant concentration to attain 80% at the 5 × 10⁻³M. Prz is adsorbed on the steel surface according to a Langmuir isotherm adsorption model.     

Inhibiting effects of some oxadiazole derivatives on the corrosion of mild steel in perchloric acid solution

The efficiency of 3,5-bis(n-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (n-POX, n = 1, 2, 3), as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1 M perchloric acid (HClO₄) have been determined by weight loss measurements and electrochemical studies. The results show that these inhibitors revealed a good corrosion inhibition even at very low concentrations. Comparison of results among those obtained by the studied oxadiazoles shows that 3-POX was the best inhibitor. Polarisation curves indicate that n-pyridyl substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles are mixed type inhibitors in 1 M HClO₄. The adsorption of these inhibitors follows a Langmuir isotherm model. The electronic properties of n-POX, obtained using the AM1 semi-empirical quantum chemical approach, were correlated with their experimental efficiencies using the linear resistance model (LR).     

The Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitor as Given by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Tafel Polarization and Weight-Loss Measurements

ABSTRACT

The compound 6-methylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (Q-CH₃) was synthesized, and its inhibiting action on the corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl was investigated by various corrosion-monitoring techniques: electrochemical and weight-loss measurements. Results showed that this compound has fairly good inhibiting properties for steel corrosion in acidic medium, with efficiencies of around 97% at a concentration of 10^?2 M. The protection efficiency of this inhibitor decreases slightly with the rise of temperature, and it is improved with the immersion time.     

Tween-40 as corrosion inhibitor for cold rolled steel in sulphuric acid: Weight loss study, electrochemical characterization, and AFM

The inhibition action of a non-ionic surfactant of tween-40 on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in 0.5-7.0 M sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) was studied by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. Atomic force microscope (AFM) provided the surface conditions. The inhibition efficiency increases with the tween-40 concentration, while decreases with the sulphuric acid concentration. The adsorption of inhibitor on the cold rolled steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. Effect of immersion time was studied and discussed. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of cold rolled steel was also studied at four temperatures ranging from 30 to 60 °C, the thermodynamic parameters such as adsorption heat, adsorption free energy and adsorption entropy were calculated. A kinetic study of cold rolled steel in uninhibited and inhibited acid was also discussed. The kinetic parameters such as apparent activation energy, pre-exponential factor, rate constant, and reaction constant were calculated for the reactions of corrosion. The inhibition effect is satisfactorily explained by both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Polarization curves show that tween-40 is a cathodic-type inhibitor in sulphuric acid. The results obtained from weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization are in good agreement, and the tween-40 inhibition action could also be evidenced by surface AFM images.     

Experimental and theoretical study for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution by some new hydrazine carbodithioic acid derivatives

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solutions by some new hydrazine carbodithioic acid derivatives namely N′-furan-2-yl-methylene-hydrazine carbodithioic acid (A), N′-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)-hydrazine carbodithioic acid (B) and N′-(3-nitro-benzylidene)-hydrazine carbodithioic (C) was studied using chemical (weight loss) and electrochemical (potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) measurements. These measurements show that the inhibition efficiency obtained by these compounds increased by increasing their concentration. The inhibition efficiency follow the order C > B > A. Polarization studies show that these compounds act as mixed type inhibitors in 0.5 M HCl solutions. These inhibitors function through adsorption following Langmuir isotherm. The electronic properties of these inhibitors, obtained using PM3 semi-empirical self-consistence field method, have been correlated with their experimental efficiencies using non-linear regression method.     

Berberine as a natural source inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M H2SO4

Berberine was abstracted from coptis chinensis and its inhibition efficiency on corrosion of mild steel in 1 M H₂SO₄ was investigated through weight loss experiment, electrochemical techniques and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) with energy disperse spectrometer (EDS). The weight loss results showed that berberine is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel immersed in 1 M H₂SO₄. Potentiodynamic curves suggested that berberine suppressed both cathodic and anodic processes for its concentrations higher than 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ M and mainly cathodic reaction was suppressed for lower concentrations. The Nyquist diagrams of impedance for mild steel in 1 M H₂SO₄ containing berberine with different concentrations showed one capacitive loop, and the polarization resistance increased with the inhibitor concentration rising. A good fit to Flory-Huggins isotherm was obtained between surface coverage degree and inhibitor concentration. The surface morphology and EDS analysis for mild steel specimens in sulfuric acid in the absence and presence of the inhibitor also proved the results obtained by the weight loss and electrochemical experiments. The correlation of inhibition effect and molecular structure of berberine was then discussed by quantum chemistry study.     

Enhanced corrosion resistance of mild steel in normal sulfuric acid medium by 2,5-bis(n-thienyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles: Electrochemical, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical studies

The inhibitive action of some thiadiazole derivatives, namely 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (2-TTH) and 2,5-bis(3-thienyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (3-TTH) against the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution has been investigated using weight loss measurements, Tafel polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The experimental results obtained revealed that these compounds inhibited the steel corrosion in acid solution. The protection efficiency increased with increasing inhibitors concentration and the ability of the molecule to adsorb on the steel surface was dependent on the position of the sulphur atom on the thienyl substituent. Inhibition efficiency values obtained from various methods employed were in reasonable agreement. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies clearly showed that 2-TTH and 3-TTH acted as mixed inhibitors. Adsorption of these inhibitors on steel surface obeyed to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the thermodynamic data of adsorption showed that inhibition of steel corrosion in normal sulphuric solution by n-TTH is due to the formation of a chemisorbed film on the steel surface. Molecular modelling was used to gain some insight, about structural and electronic effects in relation to the inhibiting efficiencies.     

Competitive effects of metal dissolution and passivation modulated by surface structure: An AFM and EBSD study of the corrosion of alloy 22

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to correlate crystallographic grain orientation with corrosion rates of polycrystalline alloy 22 following immersion in 1 and 3 molar (M) hydrochloric acid. For each acid concentration, relative corrosion rates are simultaneously characterized for approximately 50 unique grain orientations. The results demonstrate that the corrosion rate anisotropies are markedly different in the two acid concentrations. In very aggressive acidic environments (3M HCl), where electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry data demonstrate that the passive oxide film of alloy 22 is completely dissolved, alloy dissolution rates scale inversely with the average coordination number of surface atoms for a given grain orientation, where highly correlated surfaces dissolve the slowest. Thus, similar to simple metallic systems, the corrosion rates scale with the surface plane-normal crystallographic orientations as {1 1 1} < {1 0 0} < {1 1 0}. Less intuitively, in milder corrosive environments (1M HCl), where the passive film of the alloy is still intact, the dissolution does not scale inversely with surface atomic density. Rather, corrosion rates scale with crystallographic orientations as {1 1 1} < {1 1 0} < {1 0 0}. This is attributed to the fact that facets most susceptible to corrosion (least coordinated) are also the most able to form protective oxides, so that the dissolution anisotropy is a result of the delicate balance between metal dissolution and oxide growth.     

Inhibitive action of indole-5-carboxylic acid towards corrosion of mild steel in deaerated 0.5 M sulfuric acid solutions

Inhibition of mild steel corrosion in deaerated 0.5 M sulfuric acid solutions containing various concentrations of indole-5-carboxylic acid is studied in the temperature range from 25 to 55 °C using weight-loss, potentiodynamic and spectrophotometric tests. The adsorptive behaviour of inhibitor is also investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The indole-5-carboxylic acid is found to shift the corrosion potentials towards more noble values. This shift indicates that the addition of inhibitor mainly affects the anodic process, raising the anodic overpotential more than that of the cathodic, i.e. the indole-5-carboxylic acid behaves as mixed-type inhibitor. Because the cathodic Tafel slopes for hydrogen reduction (b_c) are affected, the inhibitor probably affects the hydrogen reduction mechanism. The activation energy values (E_a) indicate that the indole-5-carboxylic acid increases the activation energy of the corrosion reaction. The adsorption behaviour of indole-5-carboxylic acid follows Langmuir's isotherm. Both the low values of and its decrease with temperature suggest physical adsorption. Double layer capacitance-potential curves indicate considerable adsorption of the inhibitor in the potential range (−400 to −800 mV/_SCE).