Berberine as a natural source inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M H2SO4

Berberine was abstracted from coptis chinensis and its inhibition efficiency on corrosion of mild steel in 1 M H₂SO₄ was investigated through weight loss experiment, electrochemical techniques and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) with energy disperse spectrometer (EDS). The weight loss results showed that berberine is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel immersed in 1 M H₂SO₄. Potentiodynamic curves suggested that berberine suppressed both cathodic and anodic processes for its concentrations higher than 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ M and mainly cathodic reaction was suppressed for lower concentrations. The Nyquist diagrams of impedance for mild steel in 1 M H₂SO₄ containing berberine with different concentrations showed one capacitive loop, and the polarization resistance increased with the inhibitor concentration rising. A good fit to Flory-Huggins isotherm was obtained between surface coverage degree and inhibitor concentration. The surface morphology and EDS analysis for mild steel specimens in sulfuric acid in the absence and presence of the inhibitor also proved the results obtained by the weight loss and electrochemical experiments. The correlation of inhibition effect and molecular structure of berberine was then discussed by quantum chemistry study.     

Effect of cerium ions on corrosion inhibition of PANI for iron in 0.5 M H2SO4

In recent years conducting polymers such as polyaniline are used as corrosion inhibitors for metals in acids. The performance of the inhibitor can be enhanced either by the addition of halide ions or metal cations. A study has been made on the effect of addition of ceric ions on the corrosion inhibition performance of polyaniline for iron in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. Techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and linear polarization resistance methods have been employed to study the corrosion inhibition. The polyaniline has been used in the concentration range of 10-100 ppm and the ceric ions concentration has been maintained at 1 × 10⁻³ M. The inhibition efficiency of polyaniline at 10 ppm has been increased from 53 to 88% and for 50 ppm from 71 to 90% in the presence of ceric ions. The enhanced inhibition of polyaniline in presence of ceric ions is due to the higher coverage of polyaniline-cerium complex.     

Inhibition of iron corrosion in 0.5 M sulphuric acid by metal cations

Corrosion inhibitors are widely used in acid solutions during pickling and descaling. Mostly organic compounds containing N, O, and S groups are employed as inhibitors. In this study, the inhibition performance of metal cations such as Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Ce⁴⁺ ions in the concentration range 1-10 × 10⁻³ M has been found out. The corrosion behaviour of iron in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ in the presence of metal cations is studied using polarization and impedance methods. It is found that the addition of these metal cations inhibits the corrosion markedly. The inhibition effect is in the following order Ce⁴⁺ ? Mn²⁺ > Zn²⁺.     

Electrochemical and quantum chemical studies of some Schiff bases on the corrosion of steel in H2SO4 solution

The efficiency, as steel-corrosion inhibitors in 0.1 M and 1 M H₂SO₄, of two Schiff bases, 2-{[(4-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol and 1-{[(4-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}-2-naphthol, (abbreviated SB-1 and SB-2, respectively) was investigated by Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization methods. Corrosion parameters and adsorption isotherms were determined from current-potential curves. It was found that the percent inhibition efficiencies (η%) and surface coverage (θ) increase with an increases in the concentrations of inhibitors. The results showed that these compounds act as good corrosion inhibitors especially at high concentrations. The adsorption of used compounds on the steel surface obeys Langmuir's isotherm. Obvious correlation was found between corrosion inhibition efficiency and quantum chemical parameters obtained by B3LYP/6-31g(d) method. The obtained theoretical results have been compared with the experimental findings.     

The inhibition effect of some amino acids towards Pb-Sb-Se-As alloy corrosion in sulfuric acid solution

The inhibition effect of three amino acids towards the corrosion of Pb-Sb-Se-As alloy in 1.28 s.g. H₂SO₄ solution was investigated with linear polarization and weight loss measurements methods. The results drawn from two different techniques are comparable. The used amino acids were tryptophane, proline and methionine. The effect of inhibitor concentration and temperature against inhibitor action was investigated. It was found that these inhibitors act as good inhibitors for the corrosion of lead alloy in H₂SO₄ solution. Increasing inhibitor concentration increases the inhibition efficiency. It was found that adsorption of used amino acids on lead alloy surface follows Langmuir isotherm.     

Effect of the heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of amorphous Fe-Cr-P-C-Si alloy in 0.5 M H2SO4

The effect of the heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of amorphous Fe₈₅Cr₅P₆C₃Si alloy in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ has been investigated using electrochemical techniques. Heat treatment was carried out at temperatures varying between 250 and 650 °C at different times 30, 60, 120 and 240 min. The evolution of crystallization processes after annealing was identified by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diagrams obtained by DTA show that the structure of samples treated at high temperature changes towards a crystalline state. This crystallization phenomenon is confirmed by the analysis with the XRD. The results obtained from the polarization curves reveal that for all the studied temperatures of annealing, Fe-Cr-P-C-Si exhibits a phenomenon of passivation without breakdown of passivity. The best corrosion resistance is obtained at the temperature of annealing 350 °C. For an annealing at higher temperatures, Fe₈₅Cr₅P₆C₃Si becomes less corrosion resistant than same amorphous alloy treated with temperatures lower than 350 °C.     

High temperature corrosion behaviour of some Fe-, Co- and Ni-base superalloys in the presence of Y2O3 as inhibitor

High temperature corrosion is accelerated degradation of materials at higher temperatures of operation caused by the presence of a deposit of salt or ash. Inhibitors and fuel additives have been investigated with varying success to control this type of corrosion. In this work, effect of an oxide additive namely Y₂O₃ on the hot corrosion behaviour of some superalloys viz Superfer 800H (alloy A), Superco 605 (alloy B) and Superni 75 (alloy C) has been investigated in an Na₂SO₄-60%V₂O₅ environment at 900 °C for 50 cycles. Each cycle consisted of 1 h heating in a Silicon Carbide Tube Furnace followed by 20 min cooling in ambient air. Weight data were taken by an electronic balance having an accuracy of 0.01 mg after each cycle. Subsequently, the exposed alloys were characterized by XRD, SEM and EPMA analyses to evaluate the role of the oxide additive. In the Na₂SO₄-60%V₂O₅ environment, the corrosion rate for the Co-base alloy was found to be highest, whereas that for the Ni-base Superni 75 the lowest. Superficially applied Y₂O₃ was observed to be useful in reducing the high temperature corrosion of the alloys. It was found to be most effective for the alloy A for which the oxide scale was continuous and rich in protective Cr. Alloy B showed the formation of medium size scale rich in Cr and Co. The oxide scale for the alloy C contained mainly Cr and Ni.     

Spectroscopic characterization approach to study surfactants effect on ZnO2 nanoparticles synthesis by laser ablation process

Zinc peroxide nanoparticles having grain size less than 5 nm were synthesized using pulsed laser ablation in aqueous solution in the presence of different surfactants and solid zinc target in 3% H₂O₂. The effect of surfactants on the optical and structure of ZnO₂ was studied by applying different spectroscopic techniques. Structural properties and grain size of the synthesized nanoparticles were studied using XRD method. The presence of the cubic phase of zinc peroxide in all samples was confirmed with XRD, and the grain sizes were 4.7, 3.7, 3.3 and 2.8 nm in pure H₂O₂, and H₂O₂ mixed with SDS, CTAB and OGM respectively. For optical characterization, FTIR transmittance spectra of ZnO₂ nanoparticles prepared with and without surfactants show a characteristic ZnO₂ absorption at 435-445 cm⁻¹. FTIR spectrum revealed that the adsorbed surfactants on zinc peroxide disappeared in case of CTAB and OGM while it appears in case of SDS. This could be due to high critical micelles SDS concentration comparing with others which is attributed to the adsorption anionic nature of this surfactant. Both FTIR and UV-vis spectra show a red shift in the presence of SDS and blue shift in the presence of CTAB and OGM. The blue shift in the absorption edge indicates the quantum confinement property of nanoparticles. The zinc peroxide nanoparticles prepared in additives-free media was also characterized by Raman spectra which show the characteristic peaks at 830-840 and 420-440 cm⁻¹.     

The corrosion behavior of intermetallic compounds Ni3(Si,Ti) and Ni3(Si,Ti) + 2Mo in acidic solutions

The corrosion behavior of the intermetallic compounds homogenized, Ni₃(Si,Ti) (L1₂: single phase) and Ni₃(Si,Ti) + 2Mo (L1₂ and (L1₂ + Ni_ss) mixture region), has been investigated using an immersion test, electrochemical method and surface analytical method (SEM; scanning electron microscope and EPMA: electron probe microanalysis) in 0.5 kmol/m³ H₂SO₄ and 0.5 kmol/m³ HCl solutions at 303 K. In addition, the corrosion behavior of a solution annealed austenitic stainless steel type 304 was studied under the same experimental conditions as a reference. It was found that the intergranular attack was observed for Ni₃(Si,Ti) at an initial stage of the immersion test, but not Ni₃(Si,Ti) + 2Mo, while Ni₃(Si,Ti) + 2Mo had the preferential dissolution of L1₂ with a lower Mo concentration compared to (L1₂ + Ni_ss) mixture region. From the immersion test and polarization curves, Ni₃(Si,Ti) + 2Mo showed the lowest corrosion resistance in both solutions and Ni₃(Si,Ti) had the highest corrosion resistance in the HCl solution, but not in the H₂SO₄ solution. For instance, it was found that unlike type 304 stainless steel, these intermetallic compounds were difficult to form a stable passive film in the H₂SO₄ solution. The results obtained were explained in terms of boron segregation at grain boundaries, Mo enrichment and film stability (or strength).     

Mechanisms of radical removal by SO2

It is well established from experiments in premixed, laminar flames, jet-stirred reactors, flow reactors, and batch reactors that SO₂ acts to catalyze hydrogen atom removal at stoichiometric and reducing conditions. However, the commonly accepted mechanism for radical removal, SO₂ + H(+M) ? HOSO(+M), HOSO + H/OH ? SO₂ + H₂/H₂O, has been challenged by recent theoretical and experimental results. Based on ab initio calculations for key reactions, we update the kinetic model for this chemistry and re-examine the mechanism of fuel/SO₂ interactions. We find that the interaction of SO₂ with the radical pool is more complex than previously assumed, involving HOSO and SO, as well as, at high temperatures also HSO, SH, and S. The revised mechanism with a high rate constant for H + SO₂ recombination and with SO + H₂O, rather than SO₂ + H₂, as major products of the HOSO + H reaction is in agreement with a range of experimental results from batch and flow reactors, as well as laminar flames.     

Corrosion inhibition of iron in acidic solutions by alkyl quaternary ammonium halides: Correlation between inhibition efficiency and molecular structure

The corrosion inhibition of iron in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solutions by alkyl quaternary ammonium halides (AQAH) inhibitors has been studied by potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The correlation between inhibition efficiency and molecular structure of the AQAH compounds is investigated. The results show that besides the concentration, the structure of alkyl groups and the type of halide ions of these AQAH inhibitors greatly influence the inhibition efficiency. Data obtained from EIS measurements are analyzed to model the corrosion inhibition process through appropriate equivalent circuit models.     

Influence of titanium ions implantation on corrosion behavior of zirconium in 1 M H2SO4

In order to study the effect of titanium ion implantation on the aqueous corrosion behavior of zirconium, specimens were implanted with titanium ions with fluence ranging from 1 × 10¹⁶ to 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm², using a metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) source at an extraction voltage of 40 kV. The valence states and depth distributions of elements in the surface layer of the samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), respectively. The potentiodynamic polarization technique was employed to evaluate the aqueous corrosion resistance of implanted zirconium in a 1 M H₂SO₄ solution. It was found that a significant improvement was achieved in the aqueous corrosion resistance of zirconium implanted with titanium ions. The larger the fluence, the better is the corrosion resistance of implanted sample. Finally, the mechanism of the corrosion behavior of titanium-implanted zirconium was discussed.     

Effect of superficially applied ZrO2 inhibitor on the high temperature corrosion performance of some Fe-, Co- and Ni-base superalloys

High temperature corrosion is an acute form of corrosion occurring at elevated temperature in the presence of an oxidizing gas and is associated with a thin electrolytic deposit (salt or ash) on alloy. Inhibitors and fuel additives have been used with varying success to combat oil ash corrosion. In this paper, the effect of an oxide additive namely ZrO₂ on the hot corrosion behaviour of some superalloys, viz. Superfer 800H (alloy A), Superco 605 (alloy B) and Superni 75 (alloy C) has been investigated in an Na₂SO₄-60%V₂O₅ environment at 900 °C for 50 cycles. Each cycle consisted of 1 h heating in a Silicon Carbide Tube furnace followed by 20 min cooling in ambient air. Weight change measurements after each cycle were taken by an electronic balance having an accuracy of 0.01 mg. XRD, SEM and EPMA analyses of the exposed specimens were carried out to characterize the oxide scales. In the Na₂SO₄-60%V₂O₅ environment, the corrosion rate for the Co-base alloy was found to be highest, whereas that for the Ni-base Superni 75 a lowest. Whereas, with ZrO₂ superficial coating, the overall weight gains got reduced for the alloys B and C, however the inhibitor was marginally effective in the alloy A. A thick scale was observed in the latter case, which was rich in Cr, Ni, Fe and V. Absence of protective continuous chromia layer and presence of less protective NiO was probably the main reason for more corrosion rate in this case.     

表面活性剂SDS/TX-100混合体系的NMR研究

用NMR测量了不同比例的SDS/TX-100混合溶液中质子化学位移,结合表面活性剂溶液的两态交换模型,分析了质子化学位移随浓度的变化趋势, 求出了不同比例混合溶液中两种表面活性剂各自的临界胶束浓度及混合胶束的临界胶束浓度. 依据理想混合溶液理论,预测了混合胶束的临界胶束浓度,计算了溶液中SDS与TX-100之间的相互作用参数和SDS在混合胶束中的摩尔分数. 根据所得参数讨论了混合胶束的形成过程. 利用文中和文献中混合体系的实验数据验证了协同作用理论改进前后的适用性,表明改进后的协同作用理论完善一些.     

Flow injection determination of metoclopramide based on KMnO4—HCHO chemiluminescence in a micellar medium

A novel flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) analysis method for the determination of metoclopramide in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) surfactant micelles is described. This method is based on the luminescent properties of the KMnO₄-HCHO-metoclopramide in acid medium sensitized by SDS. The optimized experimental conditions were evaluated and the possible mechanism was discussed. The CL increase is linearly related to the concentration of metoclopramide in the range 0-80.0 μg/ml with a detection limit of 31.3 ng/mL (S/N=3).The relative standard deviation for 20.0 μg/ml samples was 2.6% (n=11). The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of metoclopramide in tablets.     

Corrosion inhibition of steel in sulphuric acid by pyrrolidine derivatives

Novel corrosion inhibitors, namely 1-{2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]ethyl}pyrrolidin-2-one (P5) and {[2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]thio}acetic acid (P4), were synthesised and tested as corrosion inhibitors for steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. The effects of P4 and P5 are also compared to their initial reactants 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one (P1), 2-mercaptoethanol (P2) and mercaptoacetic acid (P3). The study was carried out by weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarisation, linear polarisation resistance (R_p) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The inhibition efficiency increases with the concentration of P5 to attain 89% at 5 × 10⁻³ M. We note good agreement between the various methods explored. Polarisation measurements show also that the pyrrolidones act essentially as cathodic inhibitors. The cathodic curves indicate that the reduction of proton at the steel surface is an activating mechanism. P4 and P5 adsorb on the steel surface according to Langmuir adsorption model. Effect of temperature is also studied in the 298-353 K range. Efficiency is explained by the theoretical studies.     

Electrochemical, SEM/EDS and quantum chemical study of phthalocyanines as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1 mol/l HCl

The inhibition effect of metal-free phthalocyanine (H₂Pc), copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfuric tetrasodium salt (CuPc·S₄·Na₄) on mild steel in 1 mol/l HCl in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol/l was investigated by electrochemical test, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS) and quantum chemical method. The potentiodynamic polarization curves of mild steel in hydrochloric acid containing these compounds showed both cathodic and anodic processes of steel corrosion were suppressed, and the Nyquist plots of impedance expressed mainly as a capacitive loop with different compounds and concentrations. For all these phthalocyanines, the inhibition efficiency increased with the increase in inhibitor concentration, while the inhibition efficiencies for these three phthalocyanines with the same concentration decreased in the order of CuPc·S₄·Na₄ > CuPc > H₂Pc according to the electrochemical measurement results. The SEM/EDS analysis indicated that there are more lightly corroded and oxidative steel surface for the specimens after immersion in acid solution containing 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol/l phthalocyanines than that in blank. The quantum chemical calculation results showed that the inhibition efficiency of these phthalocyanines increased with decrease in molecule's LUMO energy, which was different from the micro-cyclic compounds.     

Investigation of the characteristics and corrosion resistance of Al2O3/TiN coatings

Al₂O₃ /TiN double and Al₂O₃/Cr/TiN triple coatings were produced on stainless steel substrates using plasma-detonation techniques. Investigation of the microstructure and characteristics of the coatings after the preparation was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The corrosion resistance of the coatings was studied in several electrolytic solutions (0.5 M H₂SO₄, 1 M HCl, 0.75 M NaCl) using electrochemical techniques (open circuit potential, cyclovoltammetry and potentiodynamic polarization). The obtained results showed, in most of the cases, an improvement of the corrosion resistance, except in NaCl solutions. The effect of the controlled thickness of TiN and Cr layers as well as the additional treatment with a high-current electron beam was also investigated. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied for the characterization of the samples before and after the corrosion experiments.     

Preparation and photocatalytic property of CeO2 lamellar

A novel room temperature solid-state chemical synthesis was introduced to successfully fabricate CeO₂ samples, coupled by a polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400)/cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The as-prepared products were characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, BET and UV. A study of photocatalytic degradation of the methylene blue MB under UV illumination has been carried out. It is indicated that the samples exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity. Besides, the samples assisted with surfactants possess higher photocatalytic activity than the sample without any surfactants, wherein the sample with SDS as an additive shows the highest photocatalytic activity, which is able to reach 89.6% MB degradation ratio within 60 min illumination. Moreover, the effects of important operational parameters such as initial MB concentration, catalyst loading and pH were also investigated. The above sample under the optimum conditions obtained the maximum MB degradation ratio up to 96.5%, which is higher than that of the commercial TiO₂ P25 under the same conditions. It can be concluded that CeO₂ will be a potential photocatalyst in the application of organic pollutant.     

Effect of copper ions implantation on corrosion behavior of zircaloy-4 in 1 M H2SO4

In order to study the effect of copper ion implantation on the aqueous corrosion behavior, samples of zircaloy-4 were implanted with copper ions with fluences ranging from 1 × 10¹⁶ to 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm², using a metal vapor vacuum arc source (MEVVA) operated at an extraction voltage of 40 kV. The valence states and depth distributions of elements in the surface layer of the samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), respectively. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD) was employed to examine the phase transformation due to the copper ion implantation. The potentiodynamic polarization technique was employed to evaluate the aqueous corrosion resistance of implanted zircaloy-4 in a 1 M H₂SO₄ solution. It was found that a significant improvement was achieved in the aqueous corrosion resistance of zircaloy-4 implanted with copper ions when the fluence is smaller than 5 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm². The corrosion resistance of implanted samples declined with increasing the fluence. Finally, the mechanism of the corrosion behavior of copper-implanted zircaloy-4 was discussed.