氢化硅薄膜光吸收近似特性研究

利用等离子体化学气相沉积系统在直流电压源和射频源的双重激励下,以康宁7059玻璃为衬底制备了氢化硅薄膜．过测定氢化硅薄膜Raman光谱,对薄膜微结构进行了表征;建立氢化硅薄膜的光吸收模型,计算出薄膜的光吸收系数和光学带隙,和实验结果基本一致,说明该模型符合实验结果;并利用该模型计算的光吸收系数和光学带隙,结合AMPS软件对设计的太阳电池结构进行了模拟,给出的I-V特性曲线变化趋势与实验结果基本符合,同时对实验结果与模拟结果存在差异的原因进行了分析,并给出合理解释． 关键词： 氢化硅薄膜 光吸收系数 光吸收模型     

Optical properties of clusters and molecules from real-time time-dependent density functional theory using a self-consistent field

We present a detailed study of optical absorption spectra of finite-size structures, using a method based on time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT), which involves a self-consistent field for the propagation of the Kohn–Sham wavefunctions in real-time. Although our approach does not provide a straightforward assignment of absorption features to corresponding transitions between Kohn–Sham orbitals, as is the case in frequency-domain TDDFT methods, it allows the use of larger timesteps while conserving total energy and maintaining stable dipole moment oscillations. These features enable us to study larger systems more efficiently. We demonstrate the efficiency of our method by applying it to a hydrogen-terminated silicon cluster consisting of 364 atoms, with and without P impurities. For cases where direct comparison to experiment can be made, we reproduce the absorption features of fifteen small molecules [N₂, O₂, O₃, NO₂, N₂O, NH₃, H₂O, H₂CO, H₂CO₃, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₆H₆] and find generally good agreement with experimental measurements. Our results are useful for the detection and the determination of orientation of these molecules.     

Memory in time-dependent density functional theory

Exact time-dependent density functionals remember both the entire history of the density and the initial wave function. We show that the two effects are intimately related, and all history dependence can be written as initial-state dependence, including that of the exchange-correlation kernel. For states that can be evolved from a ground state, all initial-state dependence is a dependence on a pseudo-prehistory, providing a route to excited-state densities from time-dependent density functional theory.     

Nonadiabatic ab initio molecular dynamics using linear-response time-dependent density functional theory

We review our recent work on ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, based on linear-response timedependent density functional theory for the calculation of the nuclear forces, potential energy surfaces, and nonadiabatic couplings. Furthermore, we describe how nuclear quantum dynamics beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation can be performed using quantum trajectories. Finally, the coupling and control of an external electromagnetic field with mixed quantum/classical trajectory surface hopping is discussed.     

密度泛函理论的不同方法研究小钨团簇的结构与稳定性

分别利用密度泛函理论的LSDA方法和B3LYP 方法在有效核势基组(LanL2DZ)水平上系统地研究了Wn(n=2-14)团簇的结构和稳定性.Wn(n=2-14)团簇全局能量最小的最稳定结构被确定.结果表明:在所讨论的尺寸范围内,LSDA方法比B3LYP 方法得到的平均结合能与一阶能量差分高;大部分Wn(n=2-14) 团簇在两种方法计算下具有相同的几何结构.两种方法计算结果均表明:除了W3自旋多重度为3重态外,其余尺寸团簇的自旋多重度均为单重态;n=7的最低能量结构为双戴帽五边环,而非正十面体,n=8-10为笼型结构,n=11-14为扁长型结构.综合平均结合能、一阶能量差分和二阶能量差分,两种计算方法均表明Wn(n=2-14)团簇具有相同的幻数序列(2,6,9 和 13).     

密度泛函理论的不同方法研究小钨团簇的结构与稳定性

分别利用密度泛函理论的LSDA方法 和B3LYP 方法在有效核势基组(LanL2DZ)水平上系统地研究了Wn(n=2―14)团簇的结构和稳定性. Wn(n=2―14)团簇全局能量最小的最稳定结构被确定. 结果表明：在所讨论的尺寸范围内,LSDA方法比B3LYP 方法得到的平均结合能与一阶能量差分高;大部分Wn团簇在两种方法计算下具有相同的几何结构. 两种方法计算结果均表明：除了W3自旋多重度为3重态外,其余尺寸团簇的自旋多重度均为单重态; n=7的最低能量结构为双戴帽五边环,而非正十面体,n=8—10为笼型结构,n=11—14为扁长型结构. 综合平均结合能、一阶能量差分和二阶能量差分,两种计算方法均表明Wn(n=2―14)团簇具有相同的幻数序列(2, 6, 9 和 13).     

Spin dynamics from time-dependent density functional perturbation theory

We present a new method to model spin-wave excitations in magnetic solids, based on the Liouville–Lanczos approach to time-dependent density functional perturbation theory. This method avoids computationally expensive sums over empty states and naturally deals with the coupling between spin and charge fluctuations, without ever explicitly computing charge-density susceptibilities. Spin-wave excitations are obtained with one Lanczos chain per magnon wave-number and polarization, avoiding the solution of the linear-response problem for every individual value of frequency, as other state-of-the-art approaches do. Our method is validated by computing magnon dispersions in bulk Fe and Ni, resulting in agreement with previous theoretical studies in both cases, and with experiment in the case of Fe. The disagreement in the case of Ni is also comparable with that of previous computations.     

Excited states dynamics in time-dependent density functional theory

We present numerical simulations of femtosecond laser induced dynamics of some selected simple molecules -- hydrogen, singly ionized sodium dimer, singly ionized helium trimer and lithium cyanide. The simulations were performed within a real-space, real-time, implementation of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). High harmonic generation, Coulomb explosion and laser induced photo-dissociation are observed. The scheme also describes non-adiabatic effects, such as the appearance of even harmonics for homopolar but isotopically asymmetric dimers, even if the ions are treated classically. This TDDFT-based method is reliable, scalable, and extensible to other phenomena such as photoisomerization, molecular transport and chemical reactivity.Received: 15 October 2003PACS: 33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation - 33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes     

Stability of small Ni-Ti bimetallic clusters studied by density functional theory

The low-energy structures and the electronic and the magnetic properties of small NiNiNi$_{m}$Ti$_{n}$ clusters, lowest-energy structure, electronic and magnetic propertiesProject supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.~10874039), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China (Grant Nos.~A2009000246 and 2009000243).3120A, 3640B, 2110K7/3/2009 12:00:00 AMThe low-energy structures and the electronic and the magnetic properties of small NiNiNi$_{m}$Ti$_{n}$ clusters, lowest-energy structure, electronic and magnetic propertiesProject supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.~10874039), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China (Grant Nos.~A2009000246 and 2009000243).3120A, 3640B, 2110K7/3/2009 12:00:00 AMThe low-energy structures and the electronic and the magnetic properties of small Ni$_{n}$Ti$_{n}$ ($n=1$--$6$) and Ni$_{m}$Ti$_{n}$ ($1 \le n \le 4$, $1 \le m \le 4$, $n \ne m$) clusters are investigated by performing all-electron calculations based on density functional theory. Ground states and several isomers near the ground states are determined for these clusters. The results indicate that the growth of small Ni$_{m}$Ti$_{n}$ clusters prefers to form rich Ti--Ni and Ti--Ti bonds. When the percentage of titanium atoms is significantly greater than that of nickel atoms, the nickel atoms are most frequently found above the surface; in contrast, the titanium atoms prefer the bridging sites. A M\"{u}lliken spin population analysis indicates that the total spin of titanium-nickel clusters is not always zero.http://cpb.iphy.ac.cn/CN/10.1088/1674-1056/19/4/043102https://cpb.iphy.ac.cn/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=111644NimTin;clusters;lowest-energy;structure;electronic;and;magnetic;propertiesThe low-energy structures and the electronic and the magnetic properties of small Nin Tin(n = 1-6) and Ni m Ti n(1 ≤ n ≤ 4,1 ≤ m ≤ 4,n ≠ m) clusters are investigated by performing all-electron calculations based on density functional theory.Ground states and several isomers near the ground states are determined for these clusters.The results indicate that the growth of small Ni m Ti n clusters prefers to form rich Ti-Ni and Ti-Ti bonds.When the percentage of titanium atoms is significantly greater than that of nickel atoms,the nickel atoms are most frequently found above the surface;in contrast,the titanium atoms prefer the bridging sites.A Mu¨lliken spin population analysis indicates that the total spin of titanium-nickel clusters is not always zero.     

Photoemission spectra of deuterated silicon clusters: experiment and theory

We compare experimentally measured and ab initio computed photoelectron spectra of negatively charged deuterated silicon clusters ( , 4m10, 0n2) produced in a plasma environment. Based on this comparison, we discuss the kinetics and thermodynamics of the cluster formation and the effect of deuterium on the geometrical and electronic structure of the clusters.     

基于密度泛函理论的三聚氰胺结构及振动光谱研究

利用密度泛函(DFT)算法,对三聚氰胺分子的空间结构进行了优化;然后分别用MP2/6-31G和DFT/DGTIVP两种算法计算了它的拉曼光谱与红外光谱,给出光谱强度图;对比了两种算法的拉曼光谱图和其实验光谱图,结果显示了很好的一致性;给出了三聚氰胺分子中的各原子间键长,键角等空间结构参数;并对三聚氰胺分子在550～3 800cm-1区间的振动谱做了指认。上述工作将有助于食品中三聚氰胺含量测量技术的研究。     

Computational studies of CO and CO: Density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory

Potential energy curves, equilibrium interatomic distances, term energies and harmonic vibration frequencies for the 16 lowest states of neutral carbon monoxide and the six lowest states of singly ionized carbon monoxide are calculated by density functional theory (DFT) and linear-response time-dependent density functional (LR-TDDFT) theory. The results are compared with experimental data. The two theories, DFT and LR-TDDFT, are described briefly.     

基于密度泛函理论的单层氢化石墨烯特性分析

本文采用密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了不同尺寸H-graphene的稳定性、HOMO-LU-MO能隙以及电子激发态.研究结果表明,对于C_(16)H_(10)、C_(30)H_(14)、C_(48)H_(18)、C_(70)H_(22)、C_(96)H_(26)、C_(126)H_(30)计算的比结合能,C_(126)H_(30)相比C_(16)H_(10)的比结合能增长23.9%,且比结合能随着H-graphene尺寸扩大而增加,意味着稳定性不断提高.通过对HOMO-LUMO能隙分析发现,在较小尺寸的H-graphene中,由于量子效应起主要作用,因此出现了较大的HOMO-LUMO能隙,且随着H-graphene团簇尺寸的增加,能隙逐渐缩小可以看出,对于无限大的H-graphene团簇中,HOMO-LUMO能隙无限趋近于零(相当于零带隙),其电子性质与纯石墨烯相似.通过分析C_(16)H_(10)、C_(30)H_(14)、C_(48)H_(18)、C_(70)H_(22)激发态以及了吸收光谱,发现随着尺寸的扩大,吸收光谱发生红移,为石墨烯在电子器件领域的应用提供理论基础.     

基于含时密度泛函理论的表面等离激元研究进展

纳米粒子的局域表面等离激元(LSP)由于其新颖的光学特性成为目前国内外研究的热点之一. 本文利用含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT)对金属团簇及石墨烯纳米结构中的等离激元激发及调制的物理本质进行了研究. 和宏观大小的材料相比, 由于纳米结构的尺寸和量子受限效应, 纳米结构的等离激元具有一些不同的特征. 在低能共振区, 光谱线发生展宽, 并且发生劈裂. 由于纳米单体间的电磁耦合作用, 使聚合的纳米结构表现出了与单体不同的光学性质. 这些结果为等离激元的调控提供了坚实的理论指导.     

The polarisability of atoms and molecules: a comparison between a conceptual density functional theory approach and time-dependent density functional theory

We investigate the local polarisability or polarisability density using both a conceptual density functional theory approach based on the linear response function and time-dependent density functional theory. Using a zero frequency in the latter, we can immediately compare both approaches. Using an analytical expression for the linear response kernel, we are able to systematically analyse α(r) throughout the periodic table. An extension to molecules is also made with a study of the CO molecule retrieving the connection between local softness and local polarisability.     

Geometries, stabilities and electronic properties of small Nb-doped gallium clusters: A density functional theory study

The host Ga_n+1 and doped Ga_nNb (n=1-9) clusters with several spin configurations have been systematically investigated by a relativistic density functional theory (DFT) with the generalized gradient approximation. The optimized equilibrium geometries tend to prefer the close-packed configurations for small Nb-doped gallium clusters up to n=9. The average binding energies per atom (E_b/atom), second-order differences of total energies (Δ₂E), fragmentation energies (E_f) and HOMO-LUMO gaps of Ga_n+1 and Ga_nNb (n=1-9) clusters are studied. The results indicate the doping of Nb atom in gallium clusters improves the chemical activities. In particular, the clusters with sizes of Ga₄Nb and Ga₇Nb are found to be more stable with respect to their respective neighbors. Our calculated vertical ionization potentials (VIPs) exhibit an obvious oscillating behavior with the cluster size increasing, except for Ga₃ and Ga₄Nb, suggesting the Ga₃, Ga₅, Ga₇, GaNb, Ga₃Nb, Ga₆Nb and Ga₈Nb clusters corresponding to the high VIPs. In the case of vertical electron affinities (VEAs) and chemical hardness η, VEAs are slightly increasing whereas chemical hardness η decreasing as Ga_nNb cluster size increases. Besides, the doping of Nb atom also brings the decrease as the cluster sizes increases for atomic spin magnetic moments (μ_b).     

A density functional theory study on the H2S molecule adsorption onto small gold clusters

An all-electron scalar relativistic calculation on Au_nH₂S (n = 1-13) clusters has been performed by using density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation at PW91 level. The small gold cluster would like to bond with sulfur in the same plane and the H₂S molecule prefers to occupy the on-top and single fold coordination site in the cluster. The Au_n structures and H₂S molecule in all Au_nH₂S clusters are only slightly perturbed and still maintain their structural integrity. After adsorption, the S-H, H-H bond-lengths and most Au-Au bond-lengths are elongated, only a few Au-Au bond-lengths far from H₂S molecule are shortened. The reactivity enhancement of H₂S molecule is obvious and the strong gold-sulfur bond is observed expectedly. The most favorable adsorption takes place in the case that the H₂S molecule is adsorbed by an even-numbered Au_n cluster and becomes Au_nH₂S cluster with even number of valence electrons. It is believed that the strong scalar relativistic effect is favorable to H₂S molecule adsorption onto small gold clusters and is also one of the important reasons for the strong gold-sulfur bond.