导弹纵向俯仰气动特性数值分析

应用有限体积方法求解三维可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,计算了某型巡航导弹的静、动态绕流流场和空气动力特性.湍流模型应用修正后的B-L代数湍流模型.以细长旋成体绕流流场为例进行数值计算,并和实验数据相比较,验证了本文方法的可靠性,在此基础上,开展了某型巡航导弹绕不同转轴和以不同频率进行俯仰振动的非定常气动力迟滞特性研究.计算结果表明,当导弹作快速俯仰振动时,在上仰和下俯过程中的同一迎角瞬间,绕导弹流场流动明显不同,表现出明显的非定常迟滞特性.并且,导弹的非定常气动力迟滞特性随振动频率的增大变化明显,且气动力迟滞曲线随着振动轴位置的变化而变化.     

弹性振动对翼型气动特性影响的数值模拟

通过求解雷诺平均非定常Navier-Stokes方程,采用数值模拟方法计算了俯仰和沉浮振动对NACA0012翼型平均气动特性的影响.结果表明:对于俯仰运动而言,在迎角13α≤时的升力°和力矩曲线的线性段部分,振幅角的变化对动态平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数的影响不明显,与静态时的情况基本一致;当迎角14α≥时,翼型振动的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数小°于静态时的情况.同一迎角条件下的俯仰振动频率越高时,其动态的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数越大,频率较高时的失速迎角相对于频率较低时的情况有所推迟,但相对于静态的失速迎角而言,不同频率下的动态失速迎角均提前.对于沉浮运动而言,动态平均升力系数随振幅和频率的增加而减小,动态失速迎角随振幅和频率的增大而提前.     

横摆振荡翼型动态气动掠效应试验研究

大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出更高要求,研究翼型横摆振荡动态气动特性具有重要意义.借助"电子凸轮"技术和动态数据同步采集手段,针对翼型动态"掠效应"首次开展了横摆振荡风洞试验研究,研究表明:横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线存在明显迟滞效应,吸力面压力周期性波动是主要诱因,且随着振荡频率、初始迎角和振幅的增大,气动迟滞特性均增强;升力和压差阻力随横摆角变化的迟滞回线呈"W"形,俯仰力矩迟滞回线呈"M"形,升力差量迟滞回线呈"∞"形;负行程下翼型气动力相对于正行程下的更高,且负行程下翼型气动力随振荡频率的增大而略有增大,正行程下则明显减小;升力系数功率谱密度分布在振荡频率倍频处的能量集中的幅值随着振荡频率增大有增大趋势;吸力面1.2%和40%弦长处压力的滞回特性较强,是由于翼面剪切层涡和动态分离涡周期性发展、运动、破裂和重建;振幅为10?时,升力迟滞曲线呈"∧"形,振幅为30?时,升力迟滞曲线呈"∧∧∧"形.     

横摆振荡翼型动态气动掠效应试验研究

大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出更高要求, 研究翼型横摆振荡动态气动特性具有重要意义. 借助"电子凸轮"技术和动态数据同步采集手段, 针对翼型动态“掠效应”首次开展了横摆振荡风洞试验研究, 研究表明: 横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线存在明显迟滞效应, 吸力面压力周期性波动是主要诱因, 且随着振荡频率、初始迎角和振幅的增大, 气动迟滞特性均增强; 升力和压差阻力随横摆角变化的迟滞回线呈"W"形, 俯仰力矩迟滞回线呈"M"形, 升力差量迟滞回线呈"$\infty$"形; 负行程下翼型气动力相对于正行程下的更高, 且负行程下翼型气动力随振荡频率的增大而略有增大, 正行程下则明显减小; 升力系数功率谱密度分布在振荡频率倍频处的能量集中的幅值随着振荡频率增大有增大趋势; 吸力面1.2%和40%弦长处压力的滞回特性较强, 是由于翼面剪切层涡和动态分离涡周期性发展、运动、破裂和重建; 振幅为$10^{\circ}$时, 升力迟滞曲线呈"$^{\wedge}$"形, 振幅为$30^{\circ}$ 时, 升力迟滞曲线呈"$^{\wedge\wedge\wedge}$"形.      

旋转流场下模型大幅俯仰运动实验研究

在中航气动院FL-8低速风洞中,采用单自由度振荡机构进行了旋转流场下大幅俯仰运动的气动特性实验研究。模型在绕风速轴连续旋转的同时,进行给定频率和振幅绕体轴的俯仰振荡运动。测量了模型的动态气动特性,着重分析了不同运动参数对模型气动特性的影响。实验结果表明,旋转速度的存在使大振幅俯仰振荡实验中的滚转力矩和偏航力矩产生了明显的迟滞特性,但对俯仰力矩和法向力的迟滞特性影响不大。     

三角翼动态大迎角气动力特性数值分析研究

采用数值计算方法,对三角翼从 0°上仰至 90°的动态流场和气动力特性进行了计算,并对俯仰角速度对三角翼流场和气动力特性的影响进行了计算分析。给出了三角翼纵向动态情况下的气动力系数变化,特别是大迎角横侧力矩系数的变化特征。结果表明,随着机翼俯仰角速度的提高,前缘分离涡破裂位置相对滞后,机翼升力和阻力系数明显增加,机翼抵抗旋涡非对称破裂的能力明显增强。     

谐波平衡法在动导数快速预测中的应用研究

谐波平衡法以傅里叶级数展开为基础,将周期性非定常流场的非定常求解过程转化为几个定常流场的耦合求解过程,并通过重建得到整个流场的非定常过程. 建立了基于谐波平衡法的动导数快速预测方法,数值模拟了超声速带翼导弹俯仰的动态流场,并通过积分法获取了俯仰动导数,与实验结果吻合很好;且在同等计算精度下,谐波平衡法的计算效率是双时间步方法的13 倍. 应用谐波平衡法研究了较大范围内减缩频率对俯仰动导数的影响规律. 研究发现,对于本外形,当减缩频率降低到一定值后,俯仰动导数的值迅速变化,甚至发生变号;对此现象产生的原因进行了深入分析,并通过对导弹自激俯仰运动的数值模拟验证了该结果. 此外,针对大攻角条件下动态流场非线性强的特点,开展了谐波平衡法在大攻角下的适用性研究. 结果表明,谐波平衡法在大攻角下也能取得很好的计算结果.      

基于后缘小翼的翼型反流动态失速主动控制试验研究

针对直升机旋翼反流区因反流动态失速导致的非定常载荷、阻力激增以及负升力等问题,开展了基于后缘小翼的翼型反流动态失速主动控制试验研究.采用动态压力测量结合翼型表面压力积分的方法,重点分析了后缘小翼不同的振荡相位差、幅值和减缩频率对反流动态失速控制的影响规律,对比了后缘小翼动态偏转和固定偏转的差异,试验雷诺数Re=3.5×10⁵.结果表明,当后缘小翼与翼型以相同的频率正弦振荡运动,且二者的相位差为0°时,能改善反流动态失速过程中钝几何前缘的流动分离,并在反流状态下实现了翼型负升力系数下降21.2%,阻力系数下降37.5%,俯仰力矩系数迟滞环面积下降44.6%的控制效果;动态偏转的后缘小翼对翼型反流动态失速的控制效果随后缘小翼振荡幅值的增加而增加,但进一步增加振荡幅值对于控制效果的提升有限;当减缩频率增加时,动态偏转的后缘小翼对反流状态下翼型阻力的控制效果会更加明显;后缘小翼的动态偏转与固定偏转都能有效改善翼型在反流中的动态气动性能,但是动态偏转对于不同翼型迎角的适应能力优于固定偏转,并取得了更好的非定常载荷控制以及更好的阻力和负升力改善效果.     

翼型厚度对气动弹性特性的影响

结合基于$k$-$\omega$的SST两方程湍流模型,求解雷诺平 均Navier-Stokes方程获得定常和非定常气动力,耦合翼型弹性运动方程,在时间 域内模拟了不同厚度对称翼型在不同迎角下的气动弹性动态过程, 并重点研究了较大迎角下的不同厚度翼型流场特征和气动弹性的性质,研究结果表明：在论 文所涉及的参数情况下,对于迎角从零到大迎角范围,翼型颤振临界速度随迎角的变化不是 单调的. 翼型颤振临界速度迅速下降的起始迎角比最大升力系数对应的迎角小很多.     

可变形儒可夫斯基翼型亚音速非定常气动力的研究

对于翼面变形速度远小于来流速度情况下的儒可夫斯翼型亚音速绕流问题,通过仿射变换将可压缩流动转换成不可压缩流动,将解析解和离散涡方法相结合计算变形机翼的不可压缩流动速度场,再利用逆变换得到变形机翼的亚音速流动速度场,进而分析非定常气动力特性,建立变形机翼的准定常升力系数和非定常附加升力系数在可压缩和不可压缩两种状态下的简单近似对应关系。计算结果显示变形机翼的非定常气动升力近似等于准定常计算结果叠加上虚拟质量力导致的非定常附加升力,该非定常附加升力随翼型变形速率呈线性关系,由机翼当前时刻飞行姿态、翼型及其变形速率确定,与具体变形历史过程无关。低来流马赫数时虚拟质量力导致的非定常效应显著,高亚音速流动时准定常升力起主导作用。同时还分析了不同马赫数下机翼往复变形过程中升力的变化特性,指出尽管高亚音速变形机翼的气动升力近似等于准定常气动升力,但不能忽视非定常附加升力的影响,非定常附加升力将导致完成往复变形需要外界输入正比于Ma∞/[(1-Ma2∞)]的功。     

Effect of flow regime change from subsonic to transonic on the air loads of an oscillating airfoil

In this research, the effect of flow regime change from subsonic to transonic on the air loads of a pitching NACA0012 airfoil is investigated. To do this, the effect of change in flow regime on the lift and pitching moment coefficients hysteresis cycles is studied. The harmonic balance approach is utilized for numerical calculation due to its low computational time. Verifications are also made with previous works and good agreements are observed. The assessment of flow regime change on the aforementioned hysteresis cycles is accomplished in the Mach number range of M=0.65–0.755. The reduced frequency and pitch amplitude also vary from k=0.03 to 0.1 and α₀=1–2.51°, respectively. Results show that the effect of increase in Mach number is to increase and decrease the lift coefficient during downstroke and upstroke, respectively, whereas at low reduced frequencies, the effect of increase in Mach number may lead to a reverse manner when airfoil moves toward its extremum angle of attack. Results also reveal that as the pitch amplitude varies, the shape of lift coefficient hysteresis cycle depends more on the pitch amplitude than on the appearance of shock. It is shown that as the Mach number increases, the incidence angles correspond to the extremum pitching moment, and depending on the reduced frequency, lie between zero and extremum angle of attack. These incidence angles shift toward the extremum angle of attack as the reduced frequency decreases. Results also show that the increase in pitch amplitude at low Mach number, in such a way that leads to the formation of shock around the extremum angle of attack, causes the extremum pitching moment to appear around these angles and at high Mach number, depending on the reduced frequency, the extremum pitching moment incidence angles would be between zero and extremum incidence angle.     

Research on the hysteresis properties of unsteady aerodynamics about the oscillating wings

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｓｔｈｅｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｈｉｇｈｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅａｎｄｍａｎｅｕｖｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｙ,ｔｈｅｎｅｘｔｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｇｈｔｅｒａｉｒｃｒａｆｔｉｓｂｅｉｎｇｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｔｏｆｌｙａｎｄｂ...     

Energy harvesting of a heaving and forward pitching wing with a passively actuated trailing edge

This study experimentally investigates the energy harvesting capabilities of an oscillating wing with a passively actuated trailing edge. The oscillation kinematics are composed of a combined heaving and forward pitching motions, where the pitching axis is well behind the wing center of mass. Passive actuation is attained by connecting the trailing edge with the wing body using a torsion rod. The degree of flexibility of the trailing edge is represented by the Strouhal number based on the trailing edge natural frequency. The trailing edge passive response is studied for oscillation Strouhal numbers of 0.017, 0.025 and 0.033. Instantaneous aerodynamic forces are measured in a closed loop wind tunnel at a Reynolds number of 40 000, based on the free stream velocity and the wing chord length. Measured results include the effective angle of attack induced by the trailing edge actuation as well as the lift and moment during the oscillation cycle. For the imposed kinematics in this study, the pitching motion has a positive contribution to the mean power output whereas the heaving motion has a relatively small but negative contribution. Additionally, by decreasing the natural frequency of the trailing edge closer to that of the imposed oscillation frequency, the magnitude of the lift and moment forces and hence the mean power output, increases. It is found that there exists a strong correlation between mean power output and the effective angle of attack, shown through the passive trailing edge response, resulting in an increase in energy harvesting potential.     

An investigation on the lift force of a wing pitching in dynamic stall for a comfort control vessel

On the basis of a comfort control system for ocean vessels, the control forces and moments in the form of lift forces from active wings are of important interest. In an ocean vessel comfort control system, active wings or fins are commonly used and constantly adjust their angles of attack to produce optimal sea-keeping conditions. The unsteady nature of the flow field around a wing, and the behaviour of the generated lift force must be understood in order to optimize the comfort control system. This paper presents experimental data on the flow past a pitching wing, paying particular attention to the lagging effects between the fluid dynamic lift force and the motion of the wing at large angles of attack as a function of peak angle of attack and reduced frequency of oscillation. The range of motion investigated has been chosen according to the applicability of a comfort control wing surface. Numerical data is also included to aid explanation on some of the witnessed phenomena.     

等速上仰翼型动态失速现象研究

翼型大迎角绕流的静态失速将造成升力突降和气动性能急剧恶化，但利用非定常运动所产生 的动态失速效应，可以大大地延缓气流分离和失速现象的发生. 采用Rogers发 展的双时间步Roe格式，求解拟压缩性修正不可压N-S方程. 数值模拟了低雷诺数 ($Re=4.8 \times 10^{4}$)条件下NACA0015翼型作等速上仰($\alpha =0^{\circ} \sim 60^{\circ}$)的动态失速过程，同Walker的试验结果比 较，验证了计算结果的正确性. 研究了该过程中主涡、二次涡和三次涡的发展，升 力系数随攻角变化，以及不同上仰速度对动态失速效应所造成的影响.     

低雷诺数俯仰振荡翼型等离子体流动控制

针对低雷诺数翼型气动性能差的特点, 通过介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge, DBD)等离子体激励控制的方法, 提高翼型低雷诺数下的气动特性,改善其流场结构. 采用二维准直接数值模拟方法求解非定常不可压Navier-Stokes方程,对具有俯仰运动的NACA0012翼型的低雷诺数流动展开数值模拟.同时将介质阻挡放电激励对流动的作用以彻体力源项的形式加入Navier-Stokes方程,通过数值模拟探究稳态DBD等离子体激励对俯仰振荡NACA0012翼型气动特性和流场特性的影响.为了进行流动控制, 分别在上下表面的前缘和后缘处安装DBD等离子体激励器,并提出四种激励器的开环控制策略,通过对比研究了这些控制策略在不同雷诺数、不同减缩频率以及激励位置下的控制效果.通过流场结构和动态压强分析了等离子体进行流场控制的机理. 结果表明,前缘DBD控制中控制策略B(负攻角时开启上表面激励器,正攻角时开启下表面激励器)效果最好,后缘DBD控制中控制策略C(逆时针旋转时开启上表面激励器,顺时针旋转时开启下表面激励器)效果最好,前缘DBD控制效果会随着减缩频率的增大而下降, 同时会导致阻力增大.而后缘DBD控制可以减小压差阻力, 优于前缘DBD控制,对于计算的所有减缩频率(5.01~11.82)都有较好的增升减阻效果.在不同雷诺数下, DBD控制的增升效果较为稳定, 而减阻效果随着雷诺数的降低而变差,这是由流体黏性效应增强导致的.      

Feedback control of vortex shedding from an inclined flat plate

Open- and closed-loop control of vortex shedding in two-dimensional flow over a flat plate at high angle of attack is numerically investigated at a Reynolds number of 300. Unsteady actuation is modeled as a body force near the leading or trailing edge and is directed either upstream or downstream. For moderate angles of attack, sinusoidal forcing at the natural shedding frequency results in phase locking, with a periodic variation of lift at the same frequency, leading to higher unsteady lift than the natural shedding. However, at sufficiently high angles of attack, a subharmonic of the forcing frequency is also excited and the average lift over the forcing period varies from cycle-to-cycle in a complex manner. It is observed that the periods with the highest averaged lift are associated with particular phase differences between the forcing and the lift, but that this highest-lift shedding cycle is not always stably maintained with open-loop forcing. We design a feedback algorithm to lock the forcing with the phase shift associated with the highest period-averaged lift. It is shown that the compensator results in a stable phase-locked limit cycle for a broader range of forcing frequencies than the open-loop control, and that it is able to stabilize otherwise unstable high-lift limit cycles that cannot be obtained with open-loop control. For example, at an angle of attack of 40°, the feedback controller can increase the averaged magnitude of force on the plate by 76% and increase the averaged lift coefficient from 1.33 to 2.43.     

基于涡量矩理论的绕振荡水翼涡动力学分析

文章采用标准k-ω SST湍流模型和动网格技术, 实现了绕俯仰振荡NACA66水翼非定常流动结构与水动力特性的数值模拟, 并基于有限域涡量矩理论定量表征了局部旋涡结构对水翼动力特性的影响. 研究结果表明: 在水翼升程阶段, 当攻角较小时, 层流向湍流的转捩点由水翼尾缘向前缘移动; 在较大攻角时, 顺时针尾缘涡?TEV在水翼吸力面上生成并向前缘发展, 同时与吸力面上的顺时针前缘涡?LEV融合发展为附着在整个吸力面上的新前缘涡?LEV, 新的?LEV与逆时针尾缘涡+TEV相互作用直至完全脱落, 直接导致了水翼的动力失速, 在回程阶段, 绕振荡水翼的流场结构逐渐由湍流转变为层流. 基于有限域涡量矩理论的定量分析发现, 有限域内附着的?LEV和?TEV提供正升力, 当?LEV发展覆盖整个吸力面时对升力的贡献最大, 占总升力近50%, 而+TEV提供负升力. 同时发现, 有限域内各旋涡内部的不同区域提供的升力有正有负; 而逸出有限域的旋涡内部不同区域提供的升力方向均保持一致, 其中顺时针涡提供正升力, 而逆时针涡提供负升力. 在失速阶段, 域外旋涡整体对升力贡献较小且存在小幅波动, 体现了流动的非定常性.      

Dynamic stall behavior from unsteady force measurements

A direct force measurement technique employing piezoelectric load cells is used to experimentally investigate a two-dimensional airfoil (NACA 0012) undergoing dynamic stall. The load cells are installed at each end of the airfoil and give the force response in two directions in the plane normal to the airfoil axis during oscillations. Experiments are carried out at a Reynolds number based on the airfoil chord equal to 7.7×10⁴, and at four reduced frequencies, k=0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04. Phase-averaged lift of the airfoil undergoing dynamic stall is presented. It is observed that hysteresis loops of the lift occur both when the airfoil is pitched to exceed its static stall limit and when it is still within its static stall limit, and they grow in size with increasing k at the same pitching mean angle of attack and pitching amplitude. Both the lift and the drag induced by the pitching motion are further analyzed using the methods of higher order correlation analysis and continuous wavelet transforms to undercover their nonlinear and nonstationary features, in addition to classical FFT-based spectral analysis. The results are quantitatively illustrated by an energy partition analysis. It is found that the unsteady lift and drag show opposite trends when the airfoil undergoes transition from the pre-stall regime to the full-stall regime. The degree of nonlinearity of the lift increases, and the lift show a nonstationary feature in the light-stall regime, while the nonlinearity of the drag decreases, and the drag shows nonstationary feature in both the light-stall and the full-stall regimes. Furthermore, the lift and the drag have significant nonlinear interactions as shown by the correlation analysis in the light-stall regime.