Chitosan Nanoparticles: Preparation and Application in Antibacterial Paper

Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) were obtained by H₂O₂ degradation of chitosan. Their morphology and size were determined by atomic force microscope (AFM), and the particles were found smooth and approximately 36 nm in size. CSNP-0.5% HAc solutions (1, 2, 5, and 10 mg/mL) were used in antibacterial paper by addition in pulp, impregnation, dispersion coating on the handsheets, and insufflation. The antibacterial activity of CSNP against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured by the inhibition zone and bacterial reduction methods. Results showed that the antibacterial activity of CSNP was improved with the increase in concentration. For E. coli, at a CSNP concentration of 5 mg/mL, the antibacterial rate reached approximately 95%. However, for S. aureus, the antibacterial rate only reached 81%. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the antibacterial paper was determined by inhibition zone method. The paper prepared by insufflation had the greatest activity. For E. coli, at a CSNP concentration of 10 mg/mL, the inhibition zone reached 8.0 mm. For S. aureus, the inhibition zone was 6.8 mm.     

Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Andrographis paniculata Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities

Use of nanotechnology in biological systems by the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is a burning area of research in recent times. In the present investigation, aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata was used to produce silver nanoparticles by reduction of silver nitrate. It was noted that the synthesizing process was quite rapid and silver nanoparticles form within minutes of silver ions coming in contact with plant extract. UV-Vis spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver ions indicated a peak at 432 nm corresponding to the plasmon absorbance of the silver nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the silver nanoparticles showed the presence of proteins that might be acting as capping agents around the nanoparticles. From scanning electron microscopy analysis, the size of the silver nanoparticles was measured and it was found that the average size was between 40 and 60 nm. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited effective inhibition zones against seven bacterial strains tested. Among the bacteria tested Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be most susceptible to the silver nanoparticles. Phytochemical screening of the plant extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids.     

One-Pot Scalable Fabrication of Chitosan-Capped Antibacterial Sulfur Nanoparticles from Elemental Sulfur

Sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) have shown good potential in numerous fields due to their unique composition and properties. However, the direct utilization of abundant and inexpensive elemental sulfur for the large-scale fabrication of high-quality SNPs is still in its infancy. Herein, a simple one-pot approach for the preparation of SNPs is presented, and gram-scale SNPs can be readily prepared in one batch in the laboratory. By adding elemental sulfur-ethylenediamine precursor to the acidic chitosan (CS) solution, chitosan-capped sulfur nanoparticles (CS-SNPs) can be formed immediately. Benefiting from the capping of CS, CS-SNPs simultaneously possess small and uniform size with an average diameter of 19 nm, good aqueous dispersibility and stability, and favorable antioxidant capability against 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radicals. Moreover, CS-SNPs also exhibit fine antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and the minimum and optimal inhibitory concentrations are 256 and 512 µg mL⁻¹, respectively. Considering the easy fabrication process and attractive attributes of CS-SNPs, this investigation not only offers an effective method for the scalable fabrication of robust SNPs but also provides a feasible way for the value-added utilization of elemental sulfur.     

Antibacterial activity of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles produced by spark discharge in deionized water

Inorganic antibacterial agents such as metal nanoparticles (NPs) are very important in biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. There are many methods of synthesizing these NPs, but all of them have their own disadvantages. In this study, ultrasonic‐assisted spark discharge is employed to produce colloidal silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs which are stable without using any stabilizers or surfactants. Different tests such as X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy are used for the characterization of the quantity and quality of these NPs, and their antibacterial activity is evaluated by the disk diffusion method and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations against Escherichia coli . The results show that the overall antibacterial activity of Ag NPs is higher than that of ZnO NPs.     

Zn空位对Al-P共掺杂ZnO电子结构影响的第一性原理计算

采用第一性原理平面波赝势法计算ZnO（Al,P）体系的晶格参数和电子结构,重点分析Zn空位对体系晶体结构、形成能、态密度的影响.计算结果表明：Al和P共掺杂过程中,Al_Zn-P_Zn有更低的形成能,能带分析呈现n型.并随着Zn空位浓度的增大使得掺杂后的晶胞体积减小,晶格常数c先增大后减小.存在Zn空位的掺杂体系形成能比Al_Zn-P_O掺杂体系低,体系较稳定.能带分析呈现p型趋势.Al和P以1∶2的比例掺杂时,体系的形成能降低,体系更稳定;同时,比较1个V_Zn和2个V_Zn的Al_Zn-P_Zn共掺杂体系的能带结构发现,随着Zn空位浓度增大,带隙增大,体系p型化特征增强.Al_Zn-2P_Zn共掺杂体系带隙减小为0.56 eV,更有利于提高其导电性质.然而出现2V_Zn后,带隙增大为0.73 eV,小于本征ZnO带隙,p型化程度更强烈;此外态密度分析表明2V_Zn的Al_Zn-2P_Zn共掺杂使得态密度更加分散,更多的电子穿过费米能级使得p型化更明显.因此,将Al/P按1∶2的比例共掺且Zn空位增至2个时,可以获得导电性能更好的p型ZnO.     

Antibacterial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Nanoparticles Against Staphylococcus aureus

The formation of bacterial biofilms on material surfaces is a recurrent problem in public health. Antibacterial nanoparticles (NPs) are promising because pathogens have not yet developed resistance mechanisms and encapsulation of the drug can protect it from the surrounding medium and improve pharmacokinetics. Biocompatible and biodegradable particles of various sizes (nano- and micro-scale) based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are elaborated using a simple and free toxic nanoprecipitation process. Particles are poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-ylated in order to reduce unwanted interactions with biological fluids, or loaded with the large spectrum antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP). NPs are studied against Staphylococcus aureus in planktonic and biofilm modes. Empty NPs with smallest size (60 nm) are able to totally eradicate planktonic culture after 24 h, even in the presence of serum proteins. CIP-loaded NPs present slightly lower antimicrobial activity against planktonic microorganisms compared with the free antibiotic, due to progressive release of CIP over time. In biofilm mode, CIP-loaded NPs show a very good antibiofilm activity, much better than free CIP, thanks to NPs penetration within the polymer matrix and a consequent release of the antibiotic close to the embedded bacteria. The present results open the way for widespread applications of PLGA-NPs in the pharmaceutical or medical fields.     

稀磁ZnO纳米颗粒的生长和性能

利用Zn、Fe、Mn、Co的铜铁试剂盐为前驱体,胺为表面包裹剂,在200℃N2保护下生长了2%的过渡金属离子掺杂的ZnO稀磁纳米晶体,研究了纳米晶体的结构、形态、光学和磁学性能。所有ZnO纳米晶体均为近圆形的颗粒,晶体结构为六角纤锌矿结构,无其他氧化物相的析出,但过渡金属离子的掺入使纳米颗粒的尺寸增大。在掺杂纳米颗粒的吸收谱和发射谱中均可以观察到明显的激子吸收和发射峰,所有纳米颗粒在温度高于43K时只有顺磁性。     

Photo- and cathodoluminescence of the cetylpyridinium chloride: ZnO nanocomposites

The cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) embedded into the cetylpyridinium chloride (CPCL) matrix were studied. The composites were obtained by drying an aqueous suspension of CPCL and ZnO NPs, with NaCl and with NaOH additives. We observed that only NaOH addition lead to a significant increase in the PL intensity which we attribute to the surface chemistry of the ZnO NPs. We propose that thin ZnOH₂ and Na₂ZnO₂ layers form on the surface of the NPs; these layers present an increased number of oxygen vacancies, which act as emitting centres.     

Novel Synthesis and Characterization of Doxycycline‐Loaded Gold Nanoparticles: The Golden Doxycycline for Antibacterial Applications

Doxycycline (DOXY) is a tetracycline antibiotic with a potent antibacterial activity against a wide variety of bacteria. One potential strategy to enhance the penetration and the antibacterial activity of antibiotics is the use of nanotechnology. In this work, an innovative synthesis of stable PEGylated‐gold nanoparticles (PEG‐AuNPs) loaded with DOXY is reported. As far as it is known, this is the first report on the combination of DOXY with AuNPs as polymeric complex. The obtained nanoparticles are fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta‐potential, and UV–vis and Raman spectroscopy. The stability and sustained activity of the drug in nanoparticles is determined on a panel of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria in comparison with the native form of the drug. This combined therapeutic agent restores the susceptibility of DOXY and shows an antibacterial activity against major human pathogens.     

氧化锌纳米粉体的制备及其光催化性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了氧化锌光催化剂,分别利用XRD、TG、FT-IR对所制粉体进行了表征。结果表明ZnO为六方晶系纤锌矿型,粒子大小约为27nm。粉体的IR光谱表明,热处理后NH基团和单乙酸锌的吸收峰消失,在470cm-1附近出现Zn-O伸缩振动。纳米粉体的光催化降解水杨酸实验结果显示出,焙烧后所得的纤锌矿型ZnO粉体具有较高的光催化活性,以310nm波长光照射16小时可降解水杨酸95.1%。     

氧化锌掺钡的电子结构及其铁电性能研究

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法计算了不同原子百分比含量的Ba掺杂Zn0半导体体材料超晶胞的能带结构、电子态密度、极化率和相对介电值.计算结果表明:Ba掺杂的Zn0体系为直接带隙半导体材料,其禁带宽度随着Ba原子掺杂百分比的增加呈现出逐渐增大的趋势.体系铁电性能的计算表明:与纯Zn0相比,Zn0掺入Ba原子后的极化率与相对介电值发生了较为明显的变化,其极化率随着Ba原子掺杂百分比的增加而增大,相对介电值随着Ba原子掺杂百分比的增加而减小.对角化后的极化率分量的数值结果表明:在电场作用下超胞中可能存在微畴结构,并且由于畴间电偶极矩的强相互作用,使得超胞宏观上表现为几乎具有各向同性的极化率特征.     

The properties of transparent conducting molybdenum-doped ZnO films grown by radio frequency magnetron sputtering

Transparent conducting molybdenum-doped zinc oxide films are prepared by radio frequency(RF) magnetron sputtering at ambient temperature.The MoO3 content in the target varies from 0 to 5 wt%,and each film is polycrystalline with a hexagonal structure and a preferred orientation along the c axis.The resistivity first decreases and then increases with the increase in MoO3 content.The lowest resistivity achieved is 9.2 × 10-4.cm,with a high Hall mobility of 30 cm2.V-1.s-1 and a carrier concentration of 2.3×1020 cm-3 at an MoO3 content of 2 wt%.The average transmittance in the visible range is reduced from 91% to 80% with the increase in the MoO3 content in the target.     

p型K:ZnO导电机理的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论,利用局域密度近似的第一性原理平面波赝势方法,对掺K以及含有氢填隙(H_i)、氧空位(V_O)、锌填隙(Zn_i)和锌空位(V_Zn)的K:ZnO电子结构分别进行了研究.结果表明,1) 单独掺K可引入浅受主,但系统总能增高;2) K与H共掺可降低系统总能,提升稳定性;3) V_O在K+H:ZnO中的形成比Zn_i困难得多,二者都是 关键词： 氧化锌 p型 第一性原理 电子结构     

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Natural Rubber Composites

Abstract

Nanoparticles of zinc oxide were synthesized by a solution combustion method. The average size of these particles was analyzed by using X-ray diffraction. Composites of natural rubber and the ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by a latex blending method. The matrix phase was cured by using the crosslinking agent, pentane-1,5-diylidenediamine. Effects of crosslinking and incorporation of nanoparticles on the tensile and solvent transport properties of the natural rubber were studied in detail. The nature of the dispersion of the nanoparticles was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). It was observed from the tensile studies that the addition of the curing agent and the ZnO nanoparticles increased the stability considerably. Incorporation of the nanoparticles also considerably increased the solvent resistance of the cured natural rubber. We suggest the addition of ZnO nanoparticles at a low loading level provided better properties compared to other reinforcements, such as carbon black and nano-clay.     

Investigation into the antibacterial behaviour of suspensions of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO nanofluids)

The antibacterial behaviour of suspensions of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO nanofluids) against E. Coli has been investigated. ZnO nanoparticles from two sources are used to formulate nanofluids. The effects of particle size, concentration and the use of dispersants on the antibacterial behaviour are examined. The results show that the ZnO nanofluids have bacteriostatic activity against E. coli. The antibacterial activity increases with increasing nanoparticle concentration and increases with decreasing particle size. Particle concentration is observed to be more important than particle size under the conditions of this work. The results also show that the use of two types of dispersants (Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP)) does not affect much the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanofluids but enhances the stability of the suspensions. SEM analyses of the bacteria before and after treatment with ZnO nanofluids show that the presence of ZnO nanoparticles damages the membrane wall of the bacteria. Electrochemical measurements using a model DOPC monolayer suggest some direct interaction between ZnO nanoparticles and the bacteria membrane at high ZnO concentrations. On visiting from the Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China.     

尺寸均匀的ZnO纳米颗粒的固相生长及性能

用Zn的酮酸肟化盐及该盐在NaCl和Li2CO3中的分解生长了ZnO纳米颗粒,观察了纳米颗粒的形态和尺寸分布,分析了纳米颗粒的结构和光谱特性,讨论了NaCl和Li2CO3的作用及生长温度对ZnO形态和尺寸的影响。在320℃下,纯的Zn酮酸肟化盐单独分解和在NaCl或NaCl和Li2CO3中分解都形成半径约7nm的球形颗粒,但在NaCl或NaCl和Li2CO3中分解形成的颗粒尺寸比较均匀,并且颗粒具有强的紫外光荧光;生长温度降低到300℃无ZnO形成,温度升高到450℃颗粒聚集长大,进一步升高温度,出现大尺寸的棒状结构,ZnO的尺寸和形态主要依赖于分解温度。     

Li掺杂ZnO系统的电子结构和光学性质

利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,计算了Li掺杂Zn O系统的电子结构和光学性质。结果表明,随着掺杂浓度的增大,带隙线性增大,吸收边蓝移。由于杂质吸收,掺杂系统在可见光区附近产生了新的吸收峰,适度掺杂可以提高可见光的吸收率,改善系统的光催化特性。     

电化学方法制备ZnO纳米颗粒掺杂类金刚石薄膜及其场发射性能研究

采用液相电化学沉积技术制备了ZnO纳米颗粒掺杂的类金刚石(DLC)薄膜, 研究了ZnO纳米颗粒掺杂对DLC薄膜场发射性能的影响. 利用X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜、Raman光谱以及原子力显微镜分别对薄膜的化学组成、 微观结构和表面形貌进行了表征. 结果表明: 薄膜中的ZnO纳米颗粒具有纤锌矿结构, 其含量随着电解液中Zn源的增加而增加. ZnO纳米颗粒掺杂增强了DLC薄膜的石墨化和表面粗糙度. 场发射测试表明, ZnO纳米颗粒掺杂能提高DLC薄膜的场发射性能, 其中Zn与Zn+C的原子比为10.3%的样品在外加电场强度为20.7 V/μm时电流密度达到了1 mA/cm². 薄膜场发射性能的提高归因于ZnO掺杂引起的表面粗糙度和DLC薄膜石墨化程度的增加.     

替位和间隙原子N对ZnO电子结构和光学性质的影响

本文采用密度泛函理论,深入研究了N作为替位和间隙原子对ZnO电子结构和光学性质的影响,结果表明：由于N在八面体间隙位置的形成能小所以更倾向于占据八面体间隙位置;N掺杂ZnO会形成p型半导体;N在间隙位置能够明显的缩小带隙宽度,可以有效的促进ZnO对光的吸收;在可见光区,处于间隙位置的N具有良好的光学吸收谱并且产生明显的红移,这与带隙的变化规律一致。     

Spectral features and antibacterial properties of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method

Zn_(1-x)Cu_x O(x=0.00, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) nanoparticles are synthesized via the sol-gel technique using gelatin and nitrate precursors. The impact of copper concentration on the structural, optical, and antibacterial properties of these nanoparticles is demonstrated. Powder x-ray diffraction investigations have illustrated the organized Cu doping into ZnO nanoparticles up to Cu concentration of 5%(x = 0.05). However, the peak corresponding to CuO for x= 0.01 is not distinguishable. The images of field emission scanning electron microscopy demonstrate the existence of a nearly spherical shape with a size in the range of 30–52 nm. Doping Cu creates the Cu–O–Zn on the surface and results in a decrease in the crystallite size. Photoluminescence and absorption spectra display that doping Cu causes an increment in the energy band gap. The antibacterial activities of the nanoparticles are examined against Escherichia coli(Gram negative bacteria)cultures using optical density at 600 nm and a comparison of the size of inhibition zone diameter. It is found that both pure and doped ZnO nanoparticles indicate appropriate antibacterial activity which rises with Cu doping.