取代氯苯化合物的电子结构和键离解能的理论研究

利用密度泛函（DFT）三种交换／相关函数（B3LYP,B3PW91,B3P86）结合6—31G^＊＊和 6-311G^＊＊基组,计算了13个取代氯苯化合物的键离解能．结果表明B3PS6／6—311G^＊＊方法是计算取代氯苯化合物键离解能的可信方法,研究发现C—Cl键的键离解能与所使用的基组和计算方法密切相关,取代基对C—Cl键的键离解能的影响不明显．研究了目标化合物的前线轨道能级差,并对取代氯苯化合物的热稳定性做了评估．     

Theoretical Study of the N-NO2 Bond Dissociation Energies for Energetic Materials with Density Functional Theory

The N-NO2 bond dissociation energies （BDEs） for 7 energetic materials were computed by means of accurate density functional theory （B3LYP, B3PW91 and B3P86） with 6-31G＊＊ and 6-311G＊＊ basis sets. By comparing the computed energies and experimental results, we find that the B3P86/6-311G＊＊ method can give good results of BDE, which has the mean absolute deviation of 1.30kcal/mol. In addition, substituent effects were also taken into account. It is noted that the Hammett constants of substituent groups are related to the BDEs of the N-NO2 bond and the bond dissociation energies of the energetic materials studied decrease when increasing the number of NO2 group.     

“Spectroscopic” Calculation of CH and NH Bond Dissociation Energies for a Series of Primary Amines

The CH and NH bond dissociation energies were calculated by the spectroscopic method for a series of primary amines. The energies were calculated from the fundamental absorption bands in an anharmonic approximation using the Morse harmonic basis set. The results are compared with data obtained from ab initio calculations in different basis sets and experimental values. It is shown that, unlike quantum-chemical calculations, the spectroscopic method correctly reproduces the effect of the molecular structure on the CH and NH bond dissociation energies in amines.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by L. A. Gribov, I. A. Novakov, A. I. Pavlyuchko, V. V. Korolkov, and B. S. Orlinson__________Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 999–1007, November–December, 2004.     

Chemical Empiricism 2.0 at Age of Big Data: Large-scale Prediction of Reaction Pathways Based on Bond Dissociation Energies

A programmable algorithm using bond dissociation energies has been proposed for the prediction of reaction pathways. It has been successfully applied to a gas-phase reaction of F₂+CH₃Cl, with the accurate revelation of the most favorable product CF₄ and its corresponding reaction pathway. This acts as an inspiring example of chemical empiricism 2.0, and may open the door for the large-scale prediction of reaction pathways at the age of big data.     

Calculations of the Bond Dissociation Energies for NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Scission in Some Nitro Compounds

The X(C,N,O)—NO₂ bond dissociation energy (BDE) for CH₃NO₂, C₂H₃NO₂, C₂H₅NO₂, HONO₂, CH₃ONO₂, C₂H₅ONO₂, NH₂NO₂, (CH₃)₂NNO₂ are computed using the DFT (B3LYP, B3PW91), the single and double-coupled cluster excited (CCSD), and the complete basis set (CBS-Q) methods, with the 6-311G^** and cc-pVDZ basis sets. By comparing the computed energies and experimental results, we find that the DFT method can not give good results of BDE, but, the BDEs generated by the CCSD/cc-pVDZ, CBS-Q are in good agreement with experimental values.     

Theoretical Study of Remote Substituent Effects on X-H （X=CH2, NH,O） Bond Dissociation Energies of Azulene

In the study, the X-H （X=CH2, NH, O） bond dissociation energies （BDE） of para-substituted azulene （Y-C10H8X-H） were predicted theoretically for the first time using Density Functronal Theory （DFT） methods at UB3LYP/6-311 ＋ ＋g（2df,2p）//UB3LYP/6-31 ＋g（d） level. It was found that the substituents exerted similar effects on the X-H BDE of azulene as those on benzene, except for 6-substituted 2-methylazulene. Owing to the substituent-dipole interaction, the reaction constants （ρ^＋） of 2- and 6-Y-CIoHsX-H （X=NH and O only） varied violently. The origin of the substituent effects on the X-H BDE of azulene was found, by both GE/RE and SIE theory, to be directly associated with variation of the radical effects, although the ground effects also played a modest role in determining the net. substituent effects.     

Diffusion Monte Carlo Study of Bond Dissociation Energies for BH2, B(OH)2, BCl2, and BCl

On basis of bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for BH₂, B(OH)₂, BCl₂, and BCl, the diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) method is applied to explore the BDEs of HB-H, HOB-OH, ClB-Cl, and B-Cl. The effect of the choice of orbitals, as well as the backflow transformation, is studied. The Slater-Jastrow DMC algorithm gives BDEs of 359.1±0.12 kJ/mol for HB?H, 410.5±0.50 kJ/mol for HOB-OH, 357.8±1.46 kJ/mol for ClB-Cl, and 504.5±0.96 kJ/mol for B-Cl using B3PW91 orbitals and similar BDEs when B3LYP orbitals are used. DMC with backflow corrections (BF-DMC) gives a HB-H BDE of 369.9±0.12 kJ/mol which is close to one of the available experimental value (375.8 kJ/mol). In the case of HOB-OH BDE, the BF-DMC calculation is 446.0±1.84 kJ/mol that is closer to the experimental BDE. The BF-DMC BDE for ClB-Cl is 343.2±2.34 kJ/mol and the BF-DMC B-Cl BDE is 523.3±0.33 kJ/mol, which are close to the experimental BDEs, 341.9 and 530.0 kJ/mol, respectively.     

关于键解离能、键能、反应焓变的探讨

键解离能、键能、反应焓变是广泛应用的化学术语,也是中学化学教学中容易混淆的概念。通过探讨3者的联系及区别,以期让教师形成清晰认识,从而在教学实践中加以准确应用。     

1, 4-Pyrone Effects on O-H Bond Dissociation Energies of Catechols in Flavonoids: A Density Functional Theory Study

In recent years, there has been growing interest in selecting efficient antioxidants with low toxicity to reduce the damage of free radicals. Among these antioxidants, flavonoids have been paid much attention, owing to their excellent antioxidative and pharmacological activities1. Up to now, many efforts have been given to summarize the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for flavonoids. It has been widely accepted that two structural factors are critical for flavonoids to enhance the…     

密度泛函法计算C1-C14正构烃生成焓及C-C键裂解能

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了费托石脑油裂解反应中涉及到C₁-C₁₄正构烃和自由基中间体的生成焓及其C-C键解离能(BDE)。 结果表明,在所有评价的密度泛函理论方法（B97-1、BB1K、B1B95、MPWB1K和MPW1B95）中,MPW1B95/6-311G(d,p)方法计算最精确。 以此方法为基准,进一步对高碳烃及其裂解产物的标准生成焓和C-C键解离能进行了预测。 与可得到的实验数据相比,MPW1B95/6-311G(d,p)方法预测的烃和自由基的平均生成焓分别为0.8和2.7 kJ/mol,C-C键解离能的平均绝对误差只有3.1 kJ/mol,表明此方法不仅可准确计算正构烃标准生成焓和C-C键解离能,而且还能正确预测C-C键解离能变化趋势。     

取代基效应对褐煤模型化合物离解焓影响的理论研究

为了探究褐煤热解过程中氧桥键C-O均裂这一重要反应, 选取α-O-4和β-O-4类结构单元作为褐煤模型化合物, 运用不同密度泛函计算了部分模型化合物中C-O的离解焓, 并以CBS-QB3作为理论基准值进行比较, 最后选取M05-2X进行离解焓计算. 结果显示, 对于选定的α-O-4和β-O-4类模型化合物, 其平均离解焓分别为51.0 kcal/mol和66.1 kcal/mol. 周围取代环境能显著影响C-O离解焓, 芳环上存在给电子基团(OH, OCH₃和CH₃)能降低C-O离解焓, 而吸电子基团COOH则能增加其离解焓. 然后深层次分析了取代基效应对C-O离解焓的影响. 此外, 分子内氢键的形成对离解焓也有很大的影响. C-O的离解焓与其键长没有特定的相关性, 不能简单的通过C-O键长来预测其离解焓.     

Density Functional Calculations of C-NO2 Bond Dissociation Energies for Nitroalkanes Molecules

Bond dissociation energies for the removal of nitrogen dioxide group in some nitroalkane energetic materials have been calculated by using the three hybrid density functional theory （DFT） methods B3LYP, B3PW91 and B3P86 with 6-31g^＊＊ and 6-311g^＊＊ basis sets. The computed BDEs have been compared with the available experimental results. It is found that the B3P86 method with 6-31g^＊＊ and 6-311g^＊＊ basis sets can obtain satisfactory bond dissociation energies （BDEs）, which are in extraordinary agreement with the experimental data. Considering the smaller mean absolute deviation and maximum difference, the reliable B3P86/6-311g^＊＊ method was recommended to compute the BDEs for the removal of nitrogen dioxide group in the nitroalkane energetic materials. Using the method, the BDEs of 8 other nitroalkane energetic materials have been calculated and the maximum difference from experimental value is 1.76 kcal.mo1^-1 （for the BDE of tC4Hg-NOz）, which further proves the reliability of B3P86/6-311g^＊＊ method. In addition, it is noted that the BDEs of C-NO2 bond change slightly for main chain nitroalkane compounds with the maximum difference of only 3.43 kcal mo1^-1.     

理论研究丁羟粘合剂化学键解离及其对力学性能的影响

端羟基聚丁烯(HTPB)是推进剂中的常用的粘合剂,老化是其贮存和使用中的重要问题。通过量子化学计算HTPB 与甲基二异腈酸酯(TDI)形成的网络模型简化结构中化学键的均裂解离能(BDE),分析了键能与老化分解的关系。键能计算结果证明可靠且可用于比较分析。与CH₂ 基团相连的C-O 键的BDE值最小,推测该键最弱并且在热老化过程会发生断裂分解,降解产物主要是CO₂。HTPB 中的烯丙基伯羟基与TDI 形成的聚氨酯中α-C-H 属于最弱的X-H(X=C, N)键,推测其容易受到自由基的进攻发生氢转移反应。对容易断裂分解的C-O 键,提出了可能的老化机理。计算的C-O 键断裂活化能与其解离能近似相等,热老化过程中断键生成自由基并通过无势垒过程释放出CO₂。整个过程的热老化半衰期是温度的指数衰减函数,表明随着温度的提高HTPB-TDI 聚氨酯老化加速。热力学计算证明老化形成的氨基自由基和烷基自由基能够重新结合。采用分子动力学动态分析方法,分析了HTPB-TDI 聚氨酯网络老化前后的结构变化及其对弹性力性质的影响,发现释放CO₂ 的过程伴随着体系密度降低。对假定的CO₂ 扩散聚集以及CO₂ 从体系中扩散消失的模型进行了模拟,发现拉伸模量和剪切模量在这两种情形下会增加。     

A theoretical study of five nitrates: Electronic structure and bond dissociation energies

Three density-functional methods (B3P86, B3PW91, and B3LYP) are employed to investigate the O–NO₂ bond lengths, frontier orbital energies, and O–NO₂ bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of n-propyl nitrate (NPN), isopropyl nitrate (IPN), 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN), triethylene glycol dinitrate (Tri-EGDN), and tetraethylene glycol dinitrate (Tetra-EGDN). It is found that the O–NO₂ bond lengthens (destabilizes) in the order of IPN, NPN, EHN, Tetra-EGDN, and Tri-EGDN. From the data of frontier orbital energies (E_HOMO, E_LUMO), and energy gaps (ΔE), we estimate the relative thermal stability ordering of five nitrates and their corresponding radicals. The predicted BDEs of O–NO₂ bond in NPN, IPN, EHN, Tri-EGDN, and Tetra-EGDN, are 176.6, 174.5, 168.1, 156.1, and 159.3 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Based on the finding that the present results of BDEs are well coincident with the experimental results of apparent activation energies from the literature, we can draw a conclusion that the experimental thermolysis of five nitrates is only unimolecular homolytical cleavage of the O–NO₂ bonds.     

G3B3和CBS-QB3在化学键裂解能计算中的相关研究

The performance of the newly developed G3B3 and CBS-QB3 methods in calculating absolute bond dissociation energy (BDE) was assessed. It was found that these two methods could predict the BDE with an accuracy of about 8.4 kJ/mol and therefore, they exlfibited similar performance as the standard G3 and CBS-Q methods. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the B3LYP method significantly underestimated the absolute BDE by 16.7—20.9 kJ/mol. This finding was valuable and timely because many researchers could use this relatively cheap method in studying radical reactions. Finally, 38 compounds were showed for which the theoretical BDE seriously deviated from the experimental data.     

乙腈介质中S-NO键异裂能和均裂能的测定

近年来, 大量研究表明, 一氧化氮在许多生命过程(如免疫、神经传导和血管扩张等)中发挥着十分重要的作用[1～4]. 然而, 文献[5]的研究表明, NO在生命体内很少以游离形式存在, 绝大部分都是与生命体内活线性分子结合着, 其中NO与有机硫以S-NO键方式结合形成的NO蕴合物(Nitric oxide-generating agent)被认为是NO在生命体内贮存、 转移和释放最主要的分子源[5]. 因此, 系统研究各种类型硫键NO蕴合物中S-NO键的断裂能, 可以诠释和预测NO在生命体内的转移方向和转移机制. 由于这一原因, S-NO键断裂能的研究是当今许多键能化学家正致力于解决的最热门课题之一. 10多年来, 我们从事的化学键键能研究, 已为这一领域的深入研究奠定了基础. 前文[6～8]根据热力学循环利用滴定量热法成功地测得了多个系列的N-NO键的异裂能和均裂能. 最近, 我们在此工作的基础上, 通过改变热力学循环方式又成功地利用滴定量热法测得了12个S-亚硝基化合物中的S-NO键的异裂能和均裂能, 其中9个为芳香体系, 3个为脂肪体系, 分别模拟生命体系内芳香体系和脂肪体系中的S-NO键. 本文首次报道其实验结果, 并进行一些讨论.     

芳香胺类化合物N—H键离解能的定量构效关系研究

基于启发式方法(HM)和BP人工神经网络方法建立了5个参数的定量结构性质关系(QSPR)模型, 用于预测80个芳香胺类化合物N—H键的键离解能(BDE). 通过两种方法分别建立了线性和非线性的QSPR模型, 相关系数R分别为0.823和0.976. 通过对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行比较, 发现BP人工神经网络方法能够更好地预测芳香胺类化合物N—H键的BDE值.     

Substituent Effect on the C–NO2 and N–NO2 Bond Dissociation Energies of Nitroaromatic Molecules

Six density function theory methods (B3LYP, B3P86, MPWB1K1, MPWPW91, PBEPBE, TPSS1KCIS3) were used to calculate bond dissociation enthalpies of nitro compounds, where the B3P86 method was found to give the most accurate predictions. Using the B3P86 method meta‐ and para‐substituted nitroaromatics were systematically studied for the first time. The remote substituent effects, Hammett relationships, and the origin of the substituent effects were discussed on the basis of the calculated results. Both meta‐ and para‐substituted nitromethyl‐benzenes showed significant substituent effects and a fair correlation against substituent constants σ_p⁺ The ground state effects were found to play the major role in determining the overall substituent effects. Meanwhile, nitroamino‐ benzenes showed irregular substituent effects and a poorer Hammett correlation, where both ground and radical state effects contributed to the overall substituent effects.     

Si-H, P-H 和 S-H 键离解能Alfa取代基效应研究

CBS-Q and G3 methods were used to generate a large number of reliable Si--H, P---H and S--H bond dissociation energies （BDEs） for the first time. It was found that the Si--H BDE displayed dramatically different substituent effects compared with the C--H BDE. On the other hand, the P---H and S--H BDE exhibited patterns of substituent effects similar to those of the N--H and O--H BDE. Further analysis indicated that increasing the positive charge on Si of XSiH3 would strengthen the Si--H bond whereas increasing the positive charge on P and S of XPH2 and XSH would weaken the P---H and S--H bonds. Meanwhile, increasing the positive charge on Si of XSiH2^＋ stabilized the silyl radical whereas increasing the positive charge on P and S in XPH＂ and XS＊ destabilized P- and S-centered radicals. These behaviors could be reasonalized by the fact that Si is less electronegative than H while P and S are not. Finally, it was demonstrated that the spin-delocalization effect was valid for the Si-, P- and S-centered radicals.