原子力显微镜高次谐波幅度对样品弹性性质表征的研究

轻敲模式下原子力显微镜微悬臂探针在接近其基态共振频率的外加驱动下振荡, 其末端针尖周期性靠近、远离样品, 产生于针尖与样品非线性相互作用过程中的高次谐波信号包含更多的待测样品表面纳米力学特性等方面的信息. 通过理论分析、计算, 系统地研究了针尖与样品接触时间受样品弹性模量的影响, 以及高次谐波幅度与接触时间的关系, 获得了通过高次谐波幅度区分待测样品表面弹性性质差异的规律. 并在自制的高次谐波成像实验装置上, 得到了与理论预期一致的实验结果. 关键词： 轻敲模式原子力显微镜 接触时间 高次谐波幅度 弹性模量     

Vibration characteristics of aluminum surface subjected to ultrasonic waves and their effect on wetting behavior of solder droplets

The vibration characteristics of an aluminum surface subjected to ultrasonic waves were investigated with a combination of numerical simulation and experimental testing. The wetting behavior of solder droplets on the vibrating aluminum surface was also examined. The results show that the vibration pattern of the aluminum surface is inhomogeneous. The amplitude of the aluminum surface exceeds the excitation amplitude in some zones, while the amplitude decreases nearly to zero in other zones. The distribution of the zero-amplitude zones is much less dependent on the strength of the vibration than on the location of the vibration source. The surface of the liquid solder vibrates at an ultrasonic frequency that is higher than the vibration source, and the amplitude of the liquid solder is almost twice that of the aluminum surface. The vibration of the surface of the base metal (liquid solder) correlates with the oxide film removal effect. Significant removal of the oxide film can be achieved within 2 s when the amplitude of the aluminum surface is higher than 5.4 μm or when the amplitude of the liquid solder surface is higher than 10.2 μm.     

Harmonic generation by an interaction of laser with an array of anharmonic carbon nanotubes

A scheme of second and third harmonic generation from laser irradiated anharmonic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in silica is proposed. An intense ultra short laser pulse interacting with the array of CNTs displaces its electrons. When this displacement becomes comparable to the radius of electrons of CNTs, the restoring force of electrons varies nonlinearly with the displacement. As a result, plasmon resonance gets broadened and the large resonance absorption of the laser by the electrons of CNTs occurs. The power conversion efficiency of harmonic generation due to the anharmonicity of CNTs is much higher than that due to the ponderomotive force nonlinearity. The effect of amplitude modulated parameter on the amplitude of second and third harmonic is studied. The high amplitude of generated harmonics can be realized with the amplitude modulated laser as compared to ordinary unmodulated laser.     

Dependence of the driving current on the harmonic behavior of giant magneto-impedance voltage of Co-based amorphous wires

The frequency and the amplitude of the driving AC current dependence on the harmonic behavior of the giant magneto-impedance (GMI) voltage of Co-rich amorphous wire have been studied. Single-peak, two-peak and three-peak behavior in the GMI characteristics was studied with the change of amplitude and frequency of the AC current. GMI ratio was calculated from the first harmonic signals which were initially increased and then decreased monotonically with the increase of frequency (f) and the amplitude (I_AC) of the driving current. The response of the GMI voltage was found non-linear with the generation of higher harmonics at higher amplitude of the driving current. The second and third harmonic signals were also evaluated and their dependence on the driving current amplitude and frequency were presented in the paper. The experimental results were analyzed using single domain rotational model. The voltage harmonics were calculated through Fourier transform of the time derivative of the estimated circular magnetization of the sample.     

On the nonlinear high-frequency conductivity of a semiconductor film

A high-resistance semiconductor film is considered which has been placed in a high-frequency electric field that is perpendicular to it. If double the amplitude of the oscillations of an electron in the field exceeds the film thickness, higher harmonics with amplitudes of the same order as that of the fundamental harmonic appear in the spectrum of the conduction current. The amplitude of the fundamental harmonic decreases monotonically with an increase of the field, and the amplitudes of the higher harmonics vary nonmonotonically.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 611–614, April, 1972.The author thanks B. G. Goncharenko and B. N. Popov for their discussion of the experimental possibilities, and likewise V. B. Sandomirskii for valuable information.     

Optimum conditions for the generation of the second harmonic of intense laser radiation

A generalized approximation of strong interactions of waves is suggested for the theoretical analysis of second-harmonic generation under conditions of self-action. On the basis of the method suggested, approximate solutions for the efficiency of second-harmonic generation are obtained with regard to the influence of higher nonlinearities, depletion of pumping radiation, and linear phase mismatch. The effects of the phase mismatch and the spatial distribution of the amplitude of the fundamental harmonic on the efficiency of second harmonic generation by intense laser radiation is analyzed. The results obtained with the approximate method developed are shown to be in good agreement with known experimental data and numerical calculations. Optimum conditions for second harmonic generation are determined in a wide range of laser radiation intensity and at different spatial distributions of the fundamental harmonic amplitude.     

渐变折射率传感气室中干涉噪声的数值模拟与分析

在直接红外吸收式光纤气体传感器中,由渐变折射率（Graduated Refractive Index,GRIN）棒透镜构成的微型传感气室有着广泛的应用。分析了GRIN气室中的干涉噪声信号和甲烷信号,并利用MATLAB对干涉噪声信号的幅值与分布反馈式半导体激光器（DFBLD）的频率调制幅度之间的关系以及干涉噪声对气体检测灵敏度的影响进行了数值模拟与分析。当前谐波检测技术是气体检测的一种非常重要的技术,这种技术需要检测气体吸收信号的一次、二次或更高次谐波。而GRIN气室的二次干涉噪声对浓度信号有很大的影响,研究发现当频率调制幅度达到某些特定频率值时,二次干涉噪声信号的幅值变为零,通过调整气室参数和DFBLD的调制频率可以削减干涉噪声的影响从而提高谐波检测技术的检测灵敏度。     

Nonlinear response to ultrasound of encapsulated microbubbles

The acoustic backscatter of encapsulated gas-filled microbubbles immersed in a weak compressible liquid and irradiated by ultrasound fields of moderate to high pressure amplitudes is investigated theoretically. The problem is formulated by considering, for the viscoelastic shell of finite thickness, an isotropic hyperelastic neo-Hookean model for the elastic contribution in addition to a Newtonian viscous component. First and second harmonic scattering cross-sections have been evaluated and the quantitative influence of the driving pressure amplitude on the harmonic resonance frequencies for different initial equilibrium bubble sizes and for different encapsulating physical properties has been determined. Conditions for optimal second harmonic imaging have been also investigated and some regions in the parameters space where the second harmonic intensity is dominant over the fundamental have been identified. Results have been obtained for albumin, lipid and polymer encapsulating shells, respectively.     

旋转不变振幅位相合成圆谐滤波器

提出了振幅位相合成圆谐滤器用于旋转不变模式识别，该滤波器的振幅是圆谐滤波器的振幅谱加偏移量后的逆函数，位相是圆谐滤波器的位相谱。计算机模拟实验证明，与传统的圆谐滤波器和纯位相圆谐滤波器相比，振幅位相合成圆谐滤波器具有更好的识别能力，能产生更尖锐的相关峰和更大的输出信噪比。     

Automatic measurement of the nonlinearity parameter B/A in liquid media

Using a 19-MHz focused Gaussian beam generated by a LiNbO(3) plate with an inverted polarization layer coupled to an acoustic lens, a method to automatically measure the nonlinearity parameter B/A in liquid media is presented. A liquid sample is poured into a cylindrical cell set with a glass tube on the lens surface. The focusing source emits burst waves. A tungsten rod immersed in the sample so that the top surface is normal to the beam axis behaves as a perfect reflector. The position of the reflector to maximize the amplitude receiving the returned wave determines the sound speed c of the sample. The amplitude measurement for the waves returned from the lens-sample interface and the reflector surface leads to the determination of the density rho and attenuation coefficient alpha, respectively. Then the B/A is finally derived by summarizing the measured result of the 38-MHz second harmonic amplitude contained in the sound returned back from the reflector, together with rho, c and alpha. All these are automatically processed in a short time less than 2 min with the performance of computer controlled instruments.     

基于波长调制技术的激光器调制特性研究

在流场诊断技术中,可调谐半导体吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）成为主要的诊断技术之一,其可实现非接触、原位检测。波长调制（WMS）和直接吸收(DA)是两种最常用的TDLAS气体传感方法,在目标含量很低或者极端流场环境下,波长调制技术呈现出更多的优势,检测灵敏度与直接吸收相比可以提高1～2个数量级。在近红外波长调制技术应用领域,分布反馈式（DFB）半导体激光器成为流场诊断技术的光源选择之一,无论利用谐波信号（或者归一化谐波信号）的线型拟合,还是选择谐波信号的峰值来反演流场参数,吸收模型的准确建立均十分重要。在模型建立时,激光器频率-时间响应以及光强-时间响应的准确表示尤为重要。为解决吸收模型准确建立问题,提出了一种准确测量激光器调制参数的完整方法,通过实验测量了用于探测水汽吸收的1 392和1 469 nm激光器的调制特性,研究了分布反馈式激光器的调制参数随调制幅度,调制频率以及工作温度的变化。根据该方法得到的调制参数,建立吸收模型,测得常温下空气中水汽浓度为1.97%,直接吸收方法测得浓度为1.99%,验证了该测量方法的准确性。研究表明,调制深度随调制幅度的增加线性增加,随调制频率的增加非线性单调减小,随工作温度的升高线性增加;激光器的出光强度和频率同时被调制,强度变化超前频率变化的相位,随调制幅度的变化不明显,随调制频率的增加单调增加,随工作温度的升高单调减小;归一化一次谐波振幅和二次振幅均随调制幅度的增加而增加,随调制频率的增加而减小,随工作温度的变化不明显。在吸收光谱应用领域,波长调制技术发挥的作用愈加重要,调制系数与谐波信号的峰值息息相关,在波长调制技术应用时,选取适当的调制参数,有利于得到合适的谐波信号,可通过改变调制幅度、调制频率、工作温度得到最优调制系数。研究了近红外分布反馈式半导体激光器的调制特性,该方法同样适用于不同封装和不同波段激光器调制特性的研究,利于推广吸收光谱技术在各领域的应用。     

Acoustic emission spectra and sonochemical activity in a 36 kHz sonoreactor

During ultrasound-induced cavitation in liquids, acoustic emissions at fundamental and harmonic frequencies can be detected. The effect of acoustic emissions at harmonic frequencies on the sonochemical and sonophysical activities has not been explored, especially in large-scale sonoreactors. In this study, the acoustic emissions in the range, 0-250 kHz in a 36 kHz sonoreactor with varying liquid heights were studied and compared with the sonochemical activities. The acoustic pressures at both fundamental and harmonics decreased drastically as the liquid height was increased due to the attenuation of sound energy. It was observed that the increase in input power resulted in only an increase in the acoustic emissions at derivative frequencies such as, harmonics and subharmonics. The sonochemical activity, evaluated in terms of sonochemiluminescence and H₂O₂ yield, was not significantly enhanced at higher input power levels. This suggests that at higher power levels, the “extra” acoustic energy is not effectively used to generate primary cavitation activity; rather it is converted to generate acoustic emissions at harmonic and subharmonic frequencies. This is an important observation for the design of energy efficiency large-scale sonochemical reactors.     

一维非线性声波传播特性

针对一维非线性声波的传播问题进行了有限元仿真和实验研究. 首先推导了一维非线性声波方程的有限元形式, 含有高阶矩阵的非线性项导致声波具有波形畸变、谐波滋生、基频信号能量向高次谐波传递等非线性特性. 编制有限元程序对一维非线性声波进行了计算并对仿真得到的畸变非线性声波信号进行处理, 分析其传播性质和物理意义. 为验证有限元计算结果, 开展了水中的非线性声波传播的实验研究, 得到了不同输入信号幅度激励下和不同传播距离的畸变非线性声波信号. 然后对基波和二次谐波的传播性质进行详细讨论, 分析了二次谐波幅度与传播距离和输入信号幅度的变化关系及其意义, 拟合出二次谐波幅度随传播距离变化的方程并阐述了拟合方程的物理意义. 结果表明, 数值仿真信号及其频谱均与实验结果有较好的一致性, 证实计算方法和结果的正确性, 并提出了具有一定物理意义的二次谐波随传播距离变化的简单数学关系. 最后还对固体中的非线性声波传播性质进行了初步探讨. 本研究工作可为流体介质中的非线性声传播问题提供理论和实验依据.     

Internal resonances effects—simulation versus analytical methods results

In this study of internal resonance effects in a two-degree-of-freedom system with cubic non-linearity attention is focussed on behaviour of the system, as examined with the aid of an analog computer, and on an adequacy of approximate analytical methods: the averaging method and the Ritz method. It is shown that while the averaging method fails to predict the behaviour of the system the Ritz method gives results surprisingly close to those obtained by the simulation method. The results indicate that the internal resonance can be responsible for occurrence of two-frequency oscillations with the amplitude of the subharmonic tone nearly 10 times higher than the amplitude of the fundamental harmonic component.     

基于悬臂梁调谐技术的光纤光栅无源振动监测

采用匹配光纤光栅设计了一种结构简单的振动信号无源监测装置.该装置利用悬臂梁调谐技术能够将微小振动信号转化为光电探测器可探测的光强信号,利用示波器实现实时监测.实验中对振幅为3mm的简谐振动信号进行了监测,测量结果与振动频率一致,可测量7～20Hz的振动,信噪比不低于14.9dB.监测频率受限是因为悬臂梁的性质,如采用金属材料或者采用齿轮组对转子进行减速,该装置可探测更高的频率.     

A model for torsion-stress effect on nonlinear magnetoimpedance in amorphous wires with negative magnetostriction

A model to describe the influence of torsional stress on nonlinear magnetoimpedance in amorphous wires with negative magnetostriction is proposed. The nonlinear voltage response is found in the framework of the low-frequency approximation taking into account the spatial distribution of the circular magnetic field and the magnetoelastic anisotropy induced by the torsional stress. It is demonstrated that the application of torsional stress results in an increase of the second harmonic amplitude in voltage due to a reinforcement of helical anisotropy in the wire. The second harmonic amplitude is analyzed as a function of external field, torsional stress and current amplitude. The ranges of torsional stress and current amplitude to achieve maximal field sensitivity of the second harmonic are found.     

Experimental and theoretical study of harmonic generation at contacting interface

The second harmonic generation behavior of a contacting interface has been evaluated experimentally and discussed theoretically in the light of a nonlinear interface model. Two aluminum blocks were mated together to constitute a contact interface and subjected to normal compressive loading. A 5 MHz longitudinal toneburst wave was sent to the interface in the normal direction and the transmitted wave was recorded, from which the fundamental and the second harmonic components were extracted. A nonlinearity parameter was obtained as the ratio of the second harmonic amplitude to the squared fundamental amplitude. From the measured contact pressure dependence of the transmitted fundamental amplitude, the linear and the second-order interfacial stiffness parameters were identified, which enabled the evaluation of the nonlinearity parameter based on the theoretical model. The theoretical contact pressure dependence of the nonlinearity parameter was found to be in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results.     

Spectral phase distribution retrieval through coherent control of harmonic generation

The temporal intensity distribution of the third harmonic of a Ti:sapphire laser generated in Xe gas is fully reconstructed from its spectral phase and amplitude distributions. The spectral phases are retrieved by cross correlating the fundamental laser frequency field with that of the third harmonic, in a three laser versus one harmonic photon coupling scheme. The third harmonic spectral amplitude distribution is extracted from its field autocorrelation. The measured pulse duration is found to be in agreement with that expected from lowest order perturbation theory both for unstretched and chirped pulses.     

Pulse Slippage of Resonant Third Harmonic Generation in Electron-Hole Plasma

Effect of pulse slippage on resonant third harmonic generation of a short pulse laser in electron-hole plasma in the presence of wiggler magnetic field has been investigated. The group velocity mismatch of the third harmonic pulse and the fundamental pulse is significant in electron hole plasma. As the third harmonic pulse has higher group velocity than that of fundamental pulse, therefore, it moves faster than the fundamental pulse. It gets slipped out of the domain of fundamental pulse and its amplitude saturates. Phase matching condition is satisfied by applying wiggler magnetic field,which provides additional angular momentum to the third harmonic photon to make the process resonant. Enhancement in the efficiency of third harmonic generation of an intense short pulse laser in electron-hole plasma embedded with a magnetic wiggler is seen.     

Nonlinear acoustic response through minute surface cracks: FEM simulation and experimentation

The second harmonic of a Rayleigh wave passing through a minute surface crack has been numerically analyzed by semi-explicit FEM including special elements which account for a nonlinear stress-strain relation at crack surfaces. Minute cracks perpendicular to a free, flat surface close under compressive stress when width of the crack opening is less than the longitudinal amplitude of the Rayleigh wave. Thereafter, compressive and shear stresses are partially transmitted through the closed cracks, whereas tensile and shear stresses are not transmitted through cracks that remain open. This leads to marked nonlinear ultrasonic response. Calculation was performed for an aluminum block having a surface crack. The transverse component of the Rayleigh wave propagating through the cracks shows distorted waveforms, making the second harmonic amplitude clearly noticeable. In an experiment, the second harmonic component of the leaky Rayleigh wave was detected for a simple crack model consisting of two aluminum blocks, by use of a PVDF line-focused transducer. The results of the experiment show that the second harmonic amplitude is a second-order function of the fundamental wave amplitude, and is more pronounced for low compressive stress applied to close the crack surfaces.