Laser Diffraction Spectroscopy: Influence of Particle Shape and a Shape Adaptation Technique

The evaluation algorithm employed in laser diffraction spectroscopy is usually based on the Fraunhofer diffraction theory for spheres. As this evaluation theory is limited to spheres only, the measurement of irregularly shaped particles results in errors in the evaluated particle size distribution. To determine the influence of the particle shape, measurements of arbitrarily shaped particles were simulated, evaluated and compared with results for spherical particles of the same projected area. The detailed investigations showed that the particle's microstructure, i.e. its surface roughness, has almost no or only a negligible effect on the measurement result. In contrast to this advantageous outcome, the particle's microstructure, i.e. its axis ratio, affects the measurement result greatly and must be taken into account in the evaluation method. Based on these results, particles were considered to be ellipsoids with specific (but negligible) surface structures and a mathematical adaptation method was developed by extending the evaluation theory from spheres to randomly in space oriented ellipsoids. Simulations and experiments with reticles verified the need for this adaptation technique and its efficiency when applied.     

Laser Excitation Matrix-Isolation Spectroscopy

Perhaps the most significant recent development in the field of matrix isolation spectroscopy has proven to be the laser-Raman matrix technique. Infrared absorption and Raman scattering spectroscopic methods provide complementary information on vibrational data for the large body of interesting molecular species which require matrix synthesis and stabilization. The laser-excitation technique offers several advantages over the IR experiment: (1) the possibility of obtaining new chemical species by laser photolysis, (2) the observation of resonance Raman spectra which provide harmonic and anharmonic vibrational constants from overtone bands, and (3) the possible observation of fluorescence from new chemical species. Specific experimental examples of complementary IR and Raman studies, laser photolysis, resonance-Raman, and flouorescence spectra are discussed.     

Modification of Graphene on a Copper Grid during Femtosecond Laser Irradiation: Electron Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy Studies

The initial stage of a nanosecond discharge in gaps with a high electric field at a cathode is studied by laser methods (interferometric, shadow, schlieren methods). The studies are performed in air at atmospheric pressure. Prominence is given to studying the evolution (appearance and growth) of the plasma channels at an anode and to estimating their parameters.     

一种激光光斑衍射环的检测方法

提出一种对激光光斑的衍射环进行检测的方法,该方法将衍射环的检测转换到梯度空间进行.该方法首先应用衍射环梯度方向信息定位可能是衍射环的区域,然后应用衍射环梯度模值信息进行校验,找出真的衍射环,并对真衍射环进行精确定位,从而达到对光学元件进行间接损伤检测的目的.模拟激光光斑图像的衍射环检测实验表明,该方法误报率低,定位准确.     

Remote Laser Spectroscopy and Interferometry

Remote Laser Spectroscopy and Interferometry     

Laser Spectroscopy of Transuranium Elements

The present paper aims to discuss the prospects for nuclear structure investigation of the transuranium elements by laser spectroscopy. The authors lay stress on two peculiarities of the nuclear structure in this region: The deformed shell closure at neutron number N = 152 and the appearance of superdeformed isomeric states. A laser spectroscopic experimental method is proposed to study these features.     

Laser Ionization Spectroscopy of Octafluorocyclooctatetraene

Two- and three-photon resonant ionization spectroscopy is used to explore the high-lying electronic states of octafluorocyclooctatetraene (OFCOT). CNDO/S calculations are reported as an aid in the assignment of the observed valence transitions. The spectra agree quite well with the predictions of the semi-empirical method, which has not been previously tested at such high energies. The ionization potential for this molecule is estimated and the effects of “through-space” and “through-bond” coupling on the energy levels are discussed. Comparison is made to the already reported spectroscopy of the hydrocarbon analog.     

Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy of IrN

利用激光蒸发/反应的自由射流膨胀和激光诱导荧光光谱方法,研究了IrN在394-520nm光谱区域的高分辨率激光诱导荧光光谱. 观察并分析了7个新的振动谱带. 确定了其中有两条是Ω=1和五条是Ω=0的新谱带. 用最小二乘法拟合了转动跃迁谱线,由此确定了高能级的精确光谱常数. 同位素分子光谱为振动光谱的标识提供了进一步的验证, 比较测得的IrB、IrC和IrN的电子态光谱推进了对这一系列分子的化学成键性质的认识.     

Laser Stark Spectroscopy and Isotopic Separation

A potentially useful scheme for photoselective isotope enrichment is presented. The selective laser excitation step is accomplished by utilizing the Stark effect to shift molecular transitions into resonance with laser frequencies. The method is demonstrated for isotope separation of ¹³C, ¹⁵N and ²H. Laser Stark spectroscopy can sensitively detect as few as 10⁹ molecules in the optical path, thus the isotopic separation can be achieved from industrial sample mixtures containing natural abundances. A comparison of the isotopic enrichment efficiency using the present method of “exact” resonance and the previously used method of “near” resonance excitation is also given.     

大学物理实验激光衍射教学仪器的改进

针对大学物理基础光学实验中衍射光强分布测量中存在的问题,设计了用单片机控制步进电机带动光探头移动,将单片机与光强检测器结合,通过电路改进、程序编写等工作,成功改进了激光衍射实验仪,有效提高激光衍射实验光强测量精度.     

Fast-Beam Laser Spectroscopy of Helium-like Silicon

We have characterized a system of maghemite, γ-Fe₂O₃, nanosized particles prepared by a microemulsion method using an ionic surfactant. The Mössbauer spectra from 21 to 298 K evolve from a totally magnetically split signal at low temperatures to a single superparamagnetic (sp) doublet at 298 K with a blocking temperature of ≈150 K. The real component of the AC susceptibility (5≤ν≤10⁴ Hz) displays a behavior characteristic of a system of interacting particles. A broad distribution of the particle sizes is revealed by the much higher average energy barrier obtained by AC susceptibility than Mössbauer.

     

塞曼调制磁旋转激光光谱方法

首次在可见光波段采用塞曼调制磁旋转激光光谱技术有效地将磁旋转信号（ｎ＋，－ｎ－）从激光本底以及高阶磁旋转信号中分离出来，因而有非常高的测量灵敏度与信噪比以及无吸收本底，同时又可以抑制高转动量子态的跃迁谱线，减少谱线重叠现象，非常适合许多自由基分子的测量。文中给出了这种光谱技术的理论分析，并以ＮＯ２分子作为检验对象，由理论模拟计算所得谱线的强度，线型和位相与实测结果符合较好，因此也可利用这种光谱方法     

850nm高亮度近衍射极限锥形半导体激光器

制备了具有低红暴优势的850 nm大功率高亮度锥形半导体激光器,获得了近衍射极限的激光输出.当连续输功率为200 mW时,光束质量因子M2仅为1.7,亮度高达16.3 MW·cm-2·sr-1;当功率提高到1W时,M2因子和亮度仍分别达到2.8和9.9 MW·cm-2· sr-1.此外,研究了锥形激光器的功率、光谱、远...     

激光波带片衍射性质的数值模拟

根据亥姆霍兹-基尔霍夫积分,对菲涅尔波带片的高斯激光场在轴向、径向强度分布进行了理论分析,研究了高斯激光束照射下波带片的衍射场规律.数值计算表明：沿轴向光场呈系列焦点,各焦点附近光强分布有振荡现象,随焦点级次的增大光强迅速增大;有焦移现象,焦移量随焦点级次的增大而增大;焦深随焦点级次的升高按平方反比律减小,随波带数减小或焦距增大而增大.在焦平面上,光斑大小与最外环宽度成正比,与焦点级次成反比.     

Response of Laser Diffraction Particle Sizer to Anisometric Particles

This study deals with the size measurement of non-spherical particles by the laser diffraction technique. Size analyses of three sets of identical metallic bodies (cubes, tablets and cylinders) were performed by means of a Malvern 2600 instrument. The results prove that under the operating conditions chosen and in the case of anisometric objects, the mean total surface area is not measurable either because the Malvern software, strictly valid for spheres, is not applicable to such particles or because the particles adopt preferential orientations in the measurement cell. Further, a way of processing diffraction data is proposed in order to determine two characteristic dimensions of identical anisometric particles. It is based on the measurement of the minimum and maximum projected surface areas of the particles. The experimental results obtained with our particles show the procedure to be reliable.     

激光单缝衍射测量实验的两点改进

分析了目前激光单缝衍射光强分布测量中存在的问题,给出了两点改进的测量方法:一点测量技术上的改进和一点实验仪器上的改进更新。用改进后的实验仪器较好地测量得到各级明条纹的光强分布。实验测量结果与夫琅和费衍射理论模拟结果吻合较好。     

用飞秒激光在透明介质体内形成衍射光栅

用数值孔径为0.65的40倍显微透镜紧聚焦能量稍高于能量损伤阈值的200 fs的钛宝石激光脉冲,分别在ZK6玻璃和K9玻璃内部导致局部折射率改变,在透明介质内部形成透射式相位衍射光栅．在635 nm的He-Ne激光照射下,通过对光栅衍射效率的数值拟合计算,得出了的光栅条纹宽度与实际测量基本吻合,这从侧面证明了折射率改变区域为超高斯型的假定．还对折射率改变区域的性质进行了分析．在实验上观察到脉冲间的相互影响将导致折射率改变区域范围的增大．从理论上给出了增加1级衍射效率的途径．