硫化物矿物LA-ICP-MS激光剥蚀元素信号响应

采用193 nm ArF准分子激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)对5种天然硫化物矿物进行激光剥蚀分析, 基于不同硫化物矿物的剥蚀形貌特征和元素瞬时信号响应, 考察了硫化物矿物的元素分馏效应及激光频率、能量和激光斑径对硫化物矿物激光剥蚀行为的影响. 结果表明, 不同硫化物矿物的激光剥蚀形貌和元素分馏效应存在明显差异, 其中黄铁矿、辉钼矿和闪锌矿的剥蚀晕约为剥蚀斑径的10倍, 而黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿的剥蚀晕约为剥蚀斑径的14倍; 黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿和闪锌矿元素分馏因子(EFI)约为1.0, 其元素分馏效应可以忽略, 而黄铁矿和辉钼矿存在明显的元素分馏效应. 在对硫化物矿物的LA-ICP-MS分析中, 选择较大的激光剥蚀斑径、较小的激光剥蚀频率与激光能量可获得理想的信号强度和准确的分析结果.     

激光电离飞行时间质谱用于矿石表面元素成像

在自行研制的LI-TOF-MS[6]的基础上, 发展了新的LI-TOF-MS固体元素成像分析系统, 并在优化了的实验条件下, 对辉锑矿矿石样品(主要成分为Sb2S3)的表面进行了元素分析, 得到了Sb, S, Si, Al, K, Ca和Fe等元素的表面成像图. 矿石表面或截面的元素成像(或分布)对矿石乃至矿床的形成过程及分布特征等的研究具有很大的参考价值, 在地质学上具有重要意义.     

电感耦合等离子体离子源封闭装置的研制

研制了一个电感耦合等离子体离子源封闭装置。装置由中空聚四氟乙烯挡板、聚四氟乙烯圆柱套、屏蔽罩外壳和中空紫铜块组成,挡板内钻孔,可通入气体在装置内形成两路旋流,紫铜块内上下挖孔,孔内可让冷却水流过。装置内通入氩气时,LA-ICP-MS制作紫铜中元素铁的校准曲线,56Fe的线性相关系数为0.9982;通入氦气时,LA-ICP-MS制作钢铁中元素硫的校准曲线,32S的线性相关系数为0.9910。该装置能在等离子体离子源周围形成填充气体的氛围,隔离空气,改变背景信号,改善ICP-MS的分析性能,是一种新的实验装置,具有实用性。     

X射线荧光光谱分析测定环境空气中无机元素

无需麦拉膜或聚丙烯膜覆盖在空气滤膜样品表面,使用普通液体杯、氦气介质下就可直接用WDXRF测量环境空气中的无机元素。用建立的方法测定了大气颗粒物标准膜样品NIST SRM2783,测定出的元素结果与标准值的相对标准偏差最大仅为4.1%。用建立的方法测定了4个实际滤膜样品中的Na,M g,Al,Si,P,S,K,Ca,Ti,V,Cr,M n,Fe,Cu,Zn,Ba,Pb元素,并和等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、等离子体光谱(ICP-OES)的结果比较,结果显示本方法可靠,能够满足目前的监测需求和广泛使用。     

激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法原位分析印度芥菜中Cd、P、S、Cu等7种元素

建立了茎中7种元素Cd,P,S,K,Ca,Cu和Zn的LA-ICP-MS原位分析及二维成像方法,并研究了其在镉富集型印度芥菜茎中的分布特征。印度芥菜经50-mol/L Cd处理14 d后,利用包埋剂包埋,冷冻切片后,用Nd:YAG laser(213 nm)器扫描,激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定各元素强度,同时选择13C作为内标元素,对各元素强度进行标准化处理。结果表明,在富集型印度芥菜茎部,Cd大量积聚于由韧皮部与木质部组成的维管组织中,除此以外,茎的韧皮部细胞中及表皮层也分布着大量的Cd。7种元素的分布相关性表明,Cd与Ca具有相似的分布规律,而K和Ca,P和S的分布呈显著正相关。说明重金属元素进入植株体内并被其吸收运输过程是伴随着植物对其它元素的吸收,且具有相似的运输机制。本研究建立的元素原位分析方法证明LA-ICP-MS在植物样品中元素空间分布的研究方面具有很大的潜力。     

通过一种新型共前驱体的方法简单合成能增强TiO_2可见光光催化活性的C修饰及Fe,N共掺杂的TiO_2材料（英文）

为了提高TiO_2的可见光光催化活性,研究者做了很多努力.晶格掺杂和表面修饰是提高TiO_2可见光光催化活性的两种重要方法,但由于这两种方法实施的条件不一样,所以很难将它们在同一个制备过程中统一起来.为了解决这个问题,我们通过邻菲罗啉与Fe2+络合形成Fe(II)-phenanthroline配合物,然后以这种配合物作为Fe,N,C的共同来源,通过水热-煅烧的方法合成Fe,N共掺杂且C表面修饰的TiO_2材料(Fe,N co-doped TiO_2/C).通过其在可见光照射下降解4-NP来评估材料的性能,同时也以XRD,FT-IR,XPS,EPR等手段对材料进行表征,结合实验结果推测了其可能的光催化机理.由可见光光催化降解动力学数据可知,Fe,N co-doped TiO_2/C表现出来的性能最佳,其反应速率常数为0.00963 min儃1,约是纯TiO_2的5.9倍,约是以三种单独来源分别引入Fe,N,C三种元素样品((Fe,N,C)-TiO_2)的5.1倍.这说明不同引入元素之间的强烈相互作用可以协同地提高TiO_2光催化能力.HRTEM图片显示Fe,N co-doped TiO_2/C中存在异质结结构,它是锐钛矿和板钛矿的混合晶相,TiO_2的这种混合晶型有利于增强其光催化性能.结合Fe,N co-doped TiO_2/C的XPS、拉曼和FT-IR数据进行分析,结果显示C元素是修饰在TiO_2晶体表面,N元素是完全掺杂到TiO_2晶格中,Fe元素大部分掺杂到晶格中,少部分修饰在晶体表面(这在Fe掺杂TiO_2的研究中较常见).另外,从XPS元素相对含量分析可知,用邻菲罗啉作为C,N的共同来源同时引入C,N,引入量比以往的报道提高了2倍左右,这表明我们报道的这种方法可以高水平地同时向TiO_2引入C和N元素,为同时高水平地向TiO_2中引入这两种元素提供了新的思路.结合EPR,时间-电流图,电化学阻抗图谱(EIS),光致发光图谱,Mott-Schottky图谱,XPS导带分析,活性自由基中间体捕获实验等多种表征的结果,我们推测Fe,N co-doped TiO_2/C的光催化机理如下:在可见光照射下,Fe,N co-doped TiO_2/C被激发而产生电子与空穴(h~+),电子与氧气反应形成O_2~-,然后O_2~-和h~+把污染物分子氧化并降解它们,而材料表面所修饰的C物质受之前所转移过来电子的保护,而不至于被强烈氧化.本研究实现了TiO_2晶格掺杂与表面修饰在同一制备过程的结合,为制备高性能无机-有机元素共掺杂,内部-外部共改性的TiO_2光催化材料提供了新的思路.     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定碳化硅器件中杂质元素

采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS),以NIST玻璃标准物质制作校准曲线,29Si为内标,相对灵敏度因子(RSF)校准标样和样品间的基体效应,对碳化硅陶瓷器件中9种痕量元素(B,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe和Ni等)进行定量测定。选择线性扫描方式,激光剥蚀孔径为150μm,氦气和氩气流量为0.7 L/min时,信号稳定性和灵敏度最佳。经内标校准后,各元素标准曲线的线性有较大改善,线性相关系数为0.9981~0.9999。以建立的方法对碳化硅标准参考物质(BAM-S003)中的痕量元素进行测定,并与标准参考值进行对比,结果一致,证实了LA-ICP-MS方法应用于碳化硅样品检测的准确性和有效性。采用本方法定量测定碳化硅器件中痕量元素,结果与辉光放电质谱法(GD-MS)测定的结果比较一致。元素B,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Sr和La的检出限为0.004~0.08 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%。     

生物质气化发电厂灰渣中微量元素的分布与富集规律

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,研究了生物质气化发电厂灰渣中元素As、Al、Br、Ca、Cd、Cl、Cr、Cu、F、Fe、Ga、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、P、Pb、S、Si、Sr、Ti、Zn在气化器底灰、淋洗器灰和旋风分离器灰中的质量分数,并分析了这些元素在不同粒径3种灰渣中的分布规律。结果表明,大部分极易挥发的元素,如卤族元素、碱金属元素主要在淋洗器中存在,表明了它们在飞灰颗粒中的富集。旋风分离器灰在灰渣中所占比例为10%左右,以粗灰为主,灰中Fe、Si、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd为多;表明了此灰中重金属元素积累。在气化炉底灰中以K、S、Mn、Cu为主。元素随颗粒物粒径大小和元素性质的不同,呈现不同的富集规律。     

原位计算水分在碳/碳复合材料粘接接头的扩散系数和扩散动力学

利用X射线能谱分析 (EDX)计算出粘接层胶粘剂水分含量的增加 ,从而计算出胶粘剂粘接碳 碳复合材料湿热老化后的扩散系数和扩散动力学 ,该方法不用将仅 0 1mm厚的胶粘剂从被粘材料表面除去再进行分析 ,因此相对简单 ,与元素分析测试方法相比误差较小 .比较了碳 碳复合材料表面不同处理方法粘接接头的水分扩散系数和扩散动力学 ,表明碳 碳复合材料经偶联剂处理的耐久性能要好于化学氧化和砂纸打磨处理 .     

沉积-改造型层控矿床的元素及元素组合

沉积-改造型矿床是层控矿床的一个重要类型。我国形成沉积改造型矿床的元素主要有Pb,Zn,Hg,Sb,As,U,Cu,Fe以及S(黄铁矿),F(萤石),Ba(重晶石),Si(水晶)等。本文分析了沉积-改造型矿床主要控矿地层中成矿元素的含量背景,划分了矿床中主要成矿元素的组合类型,讨论了元素组合类型的地球化学特征和形成机理。     

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): comparison of different internal standardization methods using laser-induced plasma (LIP) emission and LA-ICP-MS signals.

The source of signal variations that governs the analytical performance of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was investigated in this study. In order to specify the source of signal variations of LA-ICP-MS, laser-induced plasma (LIP) Fe emission, LA-ICP-MS Fe+ and LA-ICP-MS Ni+ signals were used as internal standards for the determination of trace elements in low-alloy steel certified reference materials (BS 50D and JSS 1005-1008). Fe 1373.5 nm emission signals from LIP were measured, while trace element LA-ICP-MS signals were collected. After that, the LIP emission signals, LA-ICP-MS Fe+ and LA-ICP-MS Ni+ signals were used as internal standards, and the analytical performance was evaluated by the RSDs and the correlation coefficients (r) of the calibration curves. The improvement factors were dependent on the internal standardization methods. Analytical precisions (RSDs) of trace element LA-ICP-MS signals were improved by factors of 1.5-3.3 using LIP Fe emission signals as an internal standard. The improvement factors of 2.5 - 5.9 and 4.1 - 17 were obtained by using LA-ICP-MS Fe+ and LA-ICP-MS Ni+ signals as internal standards, respectively. Better correlation coefficients (r) were also obtained using the LA-ICP-MS signal compensation (0.9985 by LA-ICP-MS Fe+ and 0.9996 by LA-ICP-MS Ni+) rather than the LIP Fe emission compensation (0.9932). In this paper we compare and discuss the analytical performance achieved by LA-ICP-MS using LIP Fe emission, LA-ICP-MS Fe+ and LA-ICP-MS Ni+ signals as internal standards.     

LA-ICP-MS analysis of waste polymer materials

Waste polymer materials were analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The concentrations of 35 elements were determined by using different types of external standards, namely glass and polyethylene (PE) based. Prior to the LA-ICP-MS analysis of determined elements, Na and/or Zn were used as internal standards. The investigations concentrated mainly on the detection of Cr, As, Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg, and Pb. Using PE-based calibration standards, the measured concentrations in the waste polymers were within 49% of the wet chemical data. The determined deviation was up to 102% when using the glass standards. Trace concentration of As and Hg (and also of S) could be determined with a concentration below 1 mg/kg. However, Hg provided very low intensity with a high relative standard deviation (RSD) and was therefore not further evaluated. Cryomilling of polymers was applied to reduce the particle size of the material and improved the precision and accuracy of LA-ICP-MS analysis. On average, the LA-ICP-MS results showed a deviation from the wet chemical reference analysis of 38% and an RSD of 56% for pressed polymer powder samples prepared by cryomilling. In general, waste pellets without sample preparation (i.e., use of pellets as delivered) are too heterogeneous, not suitable for micro-beam techniques, and showed a strong matrix dependence. With homogeneous pellets that appear similar to each other agreement in the determined concentrations was found for some elements.     

基于激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱技术的生物元素成像分析

生物体内的微量元素具有十分重要的生物功能,也与许多疾病密切相关。现代生物医学的研究亟需能在组织、细胞等不同水平上原位分析生物样品中微量元素的分析方法。本研究建立了激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱( LA-ICP-MS)原位分析生物样品的方法。采用线扫描模式和较小的激光输出能量(﹤1 J/cm2),得到了鼠脑切片和金纳米颗粒暴露后单细胞的金属元素成像图。 LA-ICP-MS具有空间分辨率高、检出限好、运行成本较低等优势,有望在生物医学研究中得到更广泛的应用,发挥更重要的作用。     

A new laser ablation system for quantitative analysis of solid samples with ICP-MS.

The laser ablation (LA) method is an effective technique for quantitative analysis. In the present work, a new LA system was developed for the high-sensitivity analysis of metal materials using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This system consists of a high-frequency Q-switched laser and 2 scanning mirrors for scanning the ablation spot in an adequately large area of the specimen without vacant spaces. The influence of elemental fractionation (non-stoichiometric generation of vapor species) can be eliminated by repetitive irradiation of this pattern on the same area. Particles generated with an average laser power of 0.6 W with the developed LA system gave intensity and stability substantially similar to that of a 500 microg/ml solution steel sample in solution ICP-MS. The analytical performance of the developed LA-ICP-MS was compared with that of a solution ICP-MS using NIST steel SRMs. The performance of the newly-developed system is comparable to that of conventional solution ICP-MS in both accuracy and precision. The correlation coefficients between the contents and the intensity ratios to Fe were over 0.99 for most elements. The relative standard deviation (RSD) obtained by LA-ICP-MS revealed that this system can analyze iron samples with good precision. The results of ultra trace level analysis of high-purity iron showed that developed LA-ICP-MS is capable of analyzing ppm concentration levels with a 20 - 30 ppb level standard deviation. The detection limit was on the order of 10 ppb for most elements.     

Sorption of selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) onto synthetic pyrite (FeS2): spectroscopic and microscopic analyses

Pyrite was hydrothermally synthesized and used to remove Se(IV) and Se(VI) selectively from solution. Surface analyses of pyrite before and after contact with Se(IV) and Se(VI) were conducted using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). All solid samples were acquired by allowing 3.1 mmol/L of Se(IV) or Se(VI) to react with 1 g/L of pyrite for 1, 15, or 30 days. The XPS spectra were fitted using the XPSPEAK program that applies a Gaussian Lorentzian function. The fitted spectra indicate that Se(IV) more strongly reacts with the surface-bound S than with the surface-bound Fe of pyrite. However, there is no apparent evidence of surface reaction with Se(VI). Specifically, fitted XPS spectra showed the presence of sulfide and tetrathionate on the surface, indicating that sulfur (S(2)(2-)) at the surface of pyrite can be both oxidized and reduced after contact with Se(IV). This occurs via surface disproportionation, possibly resulting in the formation of surface precipitates. Evidence for the formation of precipitates was seen in SEM and AFM images that showed rod-like particles and a phase image with higher voltage. In contrast, there were no important changes in the pyrite after contact with Se(VI) over a period of 30 days.     

Using laser ablation/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to bioimage multiple elements in mouse tumors after hyperthermia

In this study, we employed laser ablation/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to map the spatial distribution of Gd-doped iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in one tumor slice that had been subjected to magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). The mapping results revealed the high resolution of the elemental analysis, with the distribution of Gd atoms highly correlated with that of the Fe atoms. The spatial distributions of C, P, S, and Zn atoms revealed that the effect of MFH treatment was significantly dependent on the diffusion of the magnetic fluid in the tissue. An observed enrichment of Cu atoms after MFH treatment was probably due to inflammation in the tumor. The abnormal distribution of Ni atoms suggests a probable biochemical reaction in the tumor. Therefore, this LA-ICP-MS mapping technique can provide novel information regarding the spatial distribution of elements in tumors after cancer therapy.     

Direct Quantification of Major and Trace Elements in Geological Samples by Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with a Pulsed Glow Discharge

A method has been developed for the determination of 24 elements (As, B, Ce, Co, Dy, Fe, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, Nd, P, Pr, Rb, S, Sb, Si, Sm, Th, Ti, and U) in ore samples by pulsed direct current glow discharge time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PGD-TOF-MS). Sample treatment consisted of pressing the powdered samples into 10?mm diameter aluminum tablets. Quantification was performed using relative sensitivity factors with iron as the normalization element. PGD-TOFMS has low spectral interferences and low limits of detection and provides the quantification of the wide range of elements with a single method instead of a combination of several techniques. The limits of detection of the designed method were in the range 2–4?×?10^?6 mass %, depending on the element. The designed procedure was validated by the analysis of standard reference materials. The obtained results showed adequate repeatability (6–9% relative standard deviation), demonstrating high efficiency of the glow discharge mass spectrometry for the direct analysis of geological samples. The designed method requires a minimal sample pretreatment and is applicable for the determination of wide range of elements of the periodic table (e.g., metals, nonmetals, and rare earth elements) in a single analytical procedure without sample dissolution with adequate accuracy, sensitivity, and repeatability. The designed approach may replace the complex techniques that are normally required for this task.     

Comparative imaging of P,S, Fe,Cu, Zn and C in thin sections of rat brain tumor as well as control tissues by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used for quantitative imaging of selected elements (P, S, Fe, Cu, Zn and C) in thin sections of rat brain samples (thickness 20 μm). The sample surface was scanned (raster area ~ 2 cm²) with a focused laser beam (wavelength 266 nm, diameter of laser crater 50 μm, and irradiance 1 × 10⁹ W cm^− 2). The laser ablation system was coupled to a double-focusing sector field. The possibility was evaluated of using carbon (via measurement of ¹³C⁺) as an internal standard element for imaging element distribution as part of this method. The LA-ICP-MS images obtained for P, S, Fe Cu and Zn were quantified using synthetically prepared matrix-matched laboratory standards. Depending on the sample analyzed, concentrations of Cu and Zn in the control tissue were found to be in the range of 8–10 μg g^− 1 and 10–12 μg g^− 1, while in the tumor tissue these concentrations were in the range of 12–15 μg g^− 1 and 15–17 μg g^− 1, respectively. The measurements of P, S and Fe distribution revealed the depletion of these elements in tumor tissue. In all the samples, the shape of the tumor could be clearly distinguished from the surrounding healthy tissue by the depletion in carbon. Additional experiments were performed in order to study the influence of the water content of the analyzed tissue on the intensity signal of the analyte. The results of these measurements show the linear correlation (R² = 0.9604) between the intensity of analyte and amount of water in the sample. The growth of a brain tumor was thus studied for the first time by imaging mass spectrometry.     

Micro‐scale (1.5 µm) sulphur isotope analysis of contemporary and early Archean pyrite

We present a method for in situ sulphur (S) isotopic analysis of significantly small areas (1.5 µm in diameter) in pyrite using secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to interpret microbial sulphur metabolism in the early earth. We evaluated the precision and accuracy of S isotopic ratios obtained by this method using hydrothermal pyrite samples with homogeneous S isotopic ratios. The internal precision of the δ³⁴S value was 1.5‰ at the level of 1 sigma of standard error (named 1SE) for a single spot, while the external reproducibility was estimated to be 1.6‰ at the level of 1 sigma of standard deviation (named 1SD, n = 25). For each separate sample, the average δ³⁴S value was comparable with that measured by a conventional method, and the accuracy was better than 2.3‰. Consequently, the in situ method is sufficiently accurate and precise to detect the S isotopic variations of small sample of the pyrite (less than 20 µm) that occurs ubiquitously in ancient sedimentary rocks. This method was applied to measure the S isotopic distribution of pyrite within black chert fragments in early Archean sandstone. The pyrite had isotopic zoning with a ³⁴S‐depleted core and ³⁴S‐enriched rim, suggesting isotopic evolution of the source H₂S from ?15 to ?5‰. Production of H₂S by microbial sulphate reduction (MSR) in a closed system provides a possible explanation for both the ³⁴S‐depleted initial H₂S and the progressive increase in the δ³⁴S_H2S value. Although more extensive data are necessary to strengthen the explanation for the origin of the MSR, the results show that the S isotopic distribution within pyrite crystals may be a key tracer for MSR activity in the early earth. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for elemental imaging in Daphnia magna

Visualization of elemental distributions in thin sections of biological tissue is gaining importance in many disciplines of biological and medical research. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and scanning micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (micro-XRF) are two widely used microanalytical techniques for elemental mapping. This article compares the capabilities of the two techniques for imaging the distribution of selected elements in the model organism Daphnia magna in terms of detection power and spatial resolution. Sections with a thickness of 10 and 20 μm of the fresh water crustacean Daphnia magna were subjected to LA-ICP-MS and micro-XRF analysis. The elemental distributions obtained for Ca, P, S and Zn allow element-to-tissue correlation. LA-ICP-MS and micro-XRF offer similar limits of detection for the elements Ca and P and thus, allow a cross-validation of the imaging results. LA-ICP-MS was particularly sensitive for determining Zn (LOD 20 μg g⁻¹, 15 μm spot size) in Daphnia magna, while the detection power of micro-XRF was insufficient in this context. However, LA-ICP-MS was inadequate for the measurement of the S distributions, which could be better visualized with micro-XRF (LOD 160 μg g⁻¹, 5 s live time). Both techniques are thus complementary in providing an exhaustive chemical profiling of tissue samples.