New Method for Estimating the Energy of Extensive Air Showers from Signals of Ground-Based Detectors of the Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower Array

A new method has been proposed for estimating the energy of inclined extensive air showers from signals of ground-based scintillation detectors of the Yakutsk extensive air shower array that are located at a distance of 600 m from the shower axis in the plane of the array and from the calculations of these signals within two hadron interaction models. New estimates of the energy have been obtained for 116 showers detected in different years. It has been shown that the energy spectra of particles of primary cosmic radiation measured at the Yakutsk array are in agreement with world data.     

Energy Spectra of the Confined Atoms Obtained by Using B-Splines

We have calculated the energy spectra of one- and two-electron atoms (ions) centered in an impenetrable spherical box by variational method with B-splines as basis functions. Accurate results are obtained for both large and small radii of confinement. The critical box radius of confined hydrogen atom is also calculated to show the usefulness of our method. A partial energy degeneracy in confined hydrogen atom is found when the radius of spherical box is equal to the distance at which a node of single-node wavefunctions of free hydrogen atom is located.     

Lateral Distribution Functions of Signals in Surface Scintillation Detectors of the Yakutsk Array,New Energy Estimates of Extensive Air Showers and the Energy Spectrum of the Primary Cosmic Radiation at Energies ∼1017–1019 eV

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - Fluctuations of lateral distributions of signals in the surface scintillation detectors of the Yakutsk array are found to be large. New estimates of the inclined shower...     

Study of Three-Dimensional,Surface, and Linear Structures of Allotropic Carbon: Diffraction Spectra of Auger Electron Energy Losses

A theoretical approach is developed for determining the parameters of nanoscale crystal structures using diffraction spectra of Auger electron energy losses. The approach is based on modeling the radial distribution functions of atoms while allowing for the sizes of atomic structures, and on the geometry of surfaces of three-dimensional, surface, and linear objects intersecting with a sphere. Using the example of allotropic carbon phases, it is shown that the proposed technique allows assessment of a studied object’s thickness and the depth of the analyzed signal output with an accuracy of one atom’s diameter.     

利用叶片正反面反射光谱估算叶绿素含量

叶片叶绿素含量的快速无损估算方法对研究植被生长和环境胁迫都具有重要意义。传统叶绿素光谱估测方法,主要是基于叶片正面光谱信息。而在实际遥感观测中,传感器不仅会接收植被叶片正面光谱信息,植被叶片反面光谱信息也会同时被接收。该研究主要目的是找到在同时考虑叶片正反面光谱信息时也能精确估算叶片叶绿素含量的分析方法。对比了简单差值植被指数(SD),简单比值植被指数(SR),归一化植被指数(ND)与偏最小二乘(PLS)建模方法,并对检验样本集进行了精度比较。结果发现用PLS方法估算两种植被正反面叶片的叶绿素含量与真实叶片叶绿素含量的拟合精度更高,R2为0.91,RMSE为5.21 μg·cm-2。因此可以认为PLS方法在同时考虑植被叶片的正反面光谱信息时对植被叶片叶绿素含量的估算更准确。     

混合甾醇中β-谷甾醇和豆甾醇的红外光谱法分析测定

用傅里叶变换红外光谱法测定了混合甾醇中 β 谷甾醇和豆甾醇的含量 ,结果表明 β 谷甾醇和豆甾醇中的红外特征吸收峰面积比与 β 谷甾醇和豆甾醇的含量比成线性关系 ,红外光谱法测得混合物中各组成的含量与由气相色谱法得到的结果相近 ,表明用红外光谱法测定混合甾醇的含量是可行的。     

Erratum to: Monitoring of Fast Variations in the Content of Endogenous CO in Exhaled Air by Methods of Diode Laser Spectroscopy

Optics and Spectroscopy - An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0030400X21010197     

Energy Spectra of the Tunable Laser Crystal Gd3Ga5O12:Cr3+ and Their Pressure-Induced Shifts

By means of both the theory for pressure-induced shifts (PS) of energy spectra and the theory for shifts of energy spectra due to electron-phonon interaction (EPI), at 300 K, the `pure electronic' contributions and the contributions from EPI to R₁ line, R₂ line, and U band of GGG:Cr³⁺ as well as their PS have been calculated, respectively. The total calculated results are in good agreement with all the experimental data. Their physical origins have been explained. It is found that the mixing-degree of |t₂²(³T₁)e ⁴T₂> and |t₂³²E> base-wavefunctions in the wavefunctions of R₁ level of GGG:Cr³⁺ is considerable under normal pressure, and the mixing-degree rapidly decreases with increasing pressure. The change of the mixing-degree with pressure plays a key role for PS of R₁ line or R₂ line. At 300 K, both the temperature-independent contribution to R₁ line (or R₂ line or U band) from EPI and the temperature-dependent one are important. The remarkable difference between pressure-dependent behaviors of PS of R₁ lines of GGG:Cr³⁺ and GSGG:Cr³⁺ results from the differences of their microscopic properties. The features of emission spectra of GGG:Cr³⁺ at various pressures have satisfactorily been explained.     

硅酸盐型红土镍矿石的红外光谱研究:印尼与中国不同产地矿石样品的对比

选择印尼苏拉威西岛Kolonodale和中国云南元江两处红土型镍矿床中的硅酸盐型镍矿石作为研究对象,利用X射线衍射和傅里叶红外吸收光谱分析技术,系统对比研究了不同产地红土型镍矿石的矿物学属性。研究结果表明,不同类型的硅酸盐型红土镍矿石各自显示出独特的红外光谱特征,这有助于指导对该类型矿石进行分类。其中,印尼Kolonodale矿床的硅酸盐型红土镍矿石可细分为蛇纹石类、蒙脱石+蛇纹石类和硅镁镍矿类等三种不同类型,中国元江矿床的硅酸盐型红土镍矿石可细分为蛇纹石类和滑石+蛇纹石类等两种类型,且元江镍矿石中矿物结晶度普遍优于印尼镍矿石。利用红外吸收光谱在区分矿物多型方面的优势,明确了利蛇纹石是两个矿床中蛇纹石类红土镍矿石的主要矿物类型,而未发现纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石存在的明显证据。红外吸收光谱特征还指示,矿石中蛇纹石类载镍矿物在OH摆动带的频率发生变化能指示Ni(Fe)对Mg的类质同象置换。随着Ni(Fe)对Mg置换比例的增大,蛇纹石矿物中的OH摆动带向高频移动。     

Auger electron emission from metals induced by low energy ion bombardment: Effect of the band structure and Fermi edge singularity

Calculations of the kinetic energy distributions of electrons ejected from plane metal surfaces by Auger neutralization of slow monoatomic ions are reported. A many body theory is used that includes both the band structure of the target material and the Fermi singular response of metal electrons (to the sudden neutralization of the projectile). Application is made to experiments of electron emission from polycrystalline Al by Ar⁺-ions, at varying incident energies and angles. Adjustment of the broadening parameters of the distribution of shake-up electrons leads to excellent agreement between the theory and the measurements.     

Standing Wave Effects in Nuclear Resonance Bragg Reflectivity: Comparison of the Energy and Time Scales and First Experimental Results

The applicability of the concept of standing wave for the nuclear resonance Bragg reflectivity of synchrotron radiation has been tested for a microcrystalline (Fe/Cr)₂₆ multilayer. In the time domain the depth selectivity is strongly enhanced. A “scan” of hyperfine field distribution over bilayer depth was performed by a variation of the angle near the Bragg peak. In particular we observed that Fe/Cr and Cr/Fe interfaces are quite different and that the magnetic field orientation is different in the interfaces and in the central part of Fe layers. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Studies of the structures formed by the alternated electrodeposition of atomic layers of Cd and Te on the low-index planes of Au: I. LEED and Auger studies

We present here a low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) study of the surface chemistry resulting from electrodeposition of two monolayers of CdTe on the low-index planes of Au by electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE). ECALE is the electrochemical analog of atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). In the present study, well-ordered monolayers of CdTe were formed by the alternated electrodeposition of atomic layers of Cd and Te, at underpotential, on all three Au planes. Deposition of the first monolayer of CdTe was performed by depositing Te either oxidatively at underpotential or reductively at underpotential, followed by reductive Cd underpotential deposition (UPD). The structures formed were the same in both cases: Au(100)( , Au(110)(2 × 3)-CdTe, and

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. Varying the initial coverage of Te did not change the resulting CdTe structure, although the higher coverages of Te showed sharper LEED patterns and no emersed oxygen. Deposition of Cd as the first atomic layer followed by oxidative Te UPD resulted in the same structures as those found when Te was used for the first atomic layer. Optimal CdTe monolayers were formed on surfaces where the first atomic layer deposited was homogeneously distributed and of the correct coverage. The correct initial coverage is determined by the coverage needed to complete the subsequently formed CdTe monolayer. On Au(100), an initial coverage of 0.5 appears to be optimal in order to form the Au(100)( . Deposition of a second CdTe monolayer onto the first resulted in structures similar to the first monolayer, but with increased diffuse intensity in the resulting LEED patterns under the conditions used.     

Comparison of adaptive psychometric procedures motivated by the theory of optimal experiments: simulated and experimental results

The wide use of psychometric assessments and the time necessary to conduct comprehensive psychometric tests has motivated significant research into the development of psychometric testing procedures that will provide accurate and efficient estimates of the parameters of interest. One potential framework for developing adaptive psychometric procedures is the Theory of Optimal Experiments. The Theory of Optimal Experiments provides several metrics for determining informative stimulus values based on a model of the psychometric function to be provided by the investigator. In this study, two methods based on a previous implementation of the Theory of Optimal Experiments are presented for comparison to two fixed step size staircase methods and also an existing adaptive method that utilizes a Bayesian framework. The psychometric procedures were used to measure detection thresholds and discrimination limens on two separate psychoacoustic tasks with normal-hearing subjects. Computer simulations were performed based on the outcomes of the experimental psychoacoustic detection task to analyze performance over a large sample size in the case of known truth. Results suggest that the proposed stimulus selection rules motivated by the Theory of Optimal Experiments perform better than previous techniques and also extend estimation to multiple parameters.     

Comparison of Sensitivities of Semiconductor (HPGe) and Scintillation (CeBr<Subscript>3</Subscript>) Detectors in the Measurement of Gamma Spectra Induced by Neutrons in the Model of Planetary Soil

The results of neutron-activation measurements performed using the model of planetary soil and detectors based on high-purity germanium (HPGe) and cerium bromide (CeBr₃) are reported. Gamma lines lying in the energy range from 200 keV to 8 MeV are used as indicators to compare these two types of detectors in experiments with the model irradiated by 14-MeV neutrons from a pulse neutron generator. The results will aid the design of scientific instruments for the active neutron and gamma spectroscopy of planet surfaces in future Russian and international lander missions (Luna-Glob, Luna-Resurs, and ExoMars-2020).     

Selection of Spectral Variables and Improvement of the Accuracy of Calibration of Temperature by Projection onto Latent Structures Using the Fluorescence Spectra of Yb3+:CaF2

The efficiency of interval methods for selecting variables and the divisive method of interval optimization by a genetic algorithm is considered with the purpose to increase the accuracy of temperature calibration by projection onto latent structures. The fluorescence spectra of Yb³⁺:CaF₂ recorded in the 880–1120 nm band with a resolution of approximately 0.2 nm in the temperature range from 66 to 150°C in 2°C increments are used as an example. The best result for the root-mean-square error of temperature prediction in the test sample (0.45°C) was obtained by interval projection onto latent structures by a combination of moving windows. The use of methods for selecting spectral variables improved more than two times the accuracy of temperature calibration.

     

Comparison of Enhancement Effect of DNA-Mediated Energy Transfer by Divalent Cations:Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),Mn~(2+),Co~(2+),and Ni~(2+)

The effect of various metal ions on the DNA mediated energy transfer between simultaneously bound drugs was investigated using spectroscopic methods. It was found that addition of divalent metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+) resulted in further decrease of the ethidium fluorescence intensity, while a small increase was observed in the TMPyP emission band, implying that the energy of excited ethidium was transferred to TMPyP. This DNA-mediated quenching efficiency between ethidium and TMPyP was significantly enhanced by the presence of all metal ions. Among the divalent metal ions, alkali earth metal ions and Mn2+ displayed higher quenching efficiencies than other transition metal ions. The distances required to permit the energy transfer between the two drugs in DNA were calculated as 68, 66, 62, 48 and 38  in the presence of 100 μmol·L-1 of Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ ion, respectively. The disturbed binding conformation of TMPyP in DNA by metal ions presumably accounts for the difference.     

Gemstones and noble metals adorning the sceptre of the Faculty of Science of Charles University in Prague: integrated analysis by Raman and XRF handheld instruments

A commonly marketed handheld Raman spectrometer showed excellent possibilities in being used as a key instrument for unambiguous identification of gemstones mounted in the sceptre of the Faculty of Science of Charles University in Prague from the mid‐20s of the 20th century. Numerous SiO₂ forms including chalcedonies intermixed with moganites (e.g. moss agates and carnelians), amethysts, citrines as well as garnets (pyrope–almandines) were identified. The estimation of the garnet type was based on obtained Raman parameters. The individual minerals constituting the lapis lazulis could not be discerned because of very high fluorescence they exhibited in the fingerprint region of the Raman spectrum, nevertheless the positions of the observed peaks in the 1000–2000 cm^–1 area were in very good agreement with the values of commercially available lapis lazuli pigment. The noble metals of the sceptre were studied by means of X‐ray fluorescence analysis, which confirmed the presence of silver alloys and gilding. The comparison of silver alloys' semiquantitative analysis with the expected fineness, denoted by the hallmarks, indicated silvering. This has been later confirmed by the newly discovered restoration documentation. Portable handheld Raman and X‐ray fluorescence instruments represent an ideal tool for studying historical artefacts, where an in situ investigation in museums or similar sites is obligatory. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Astronomical Spectroscopy: An Introduction to the Atomic and Molecular Physics of Astronomical Spectra, 2nd edn., by Jonathan Tennyson Atomic Astrophyiscs and Spectroscopy,by Anil K. Pradhan and Sultana N. Nahar

Much of our knowledge about magnetic centres in solids haa been obtained using magnetic resonance. The experiments rely upon detecting the absorption of microwave or radio frequency radiation by the centres at charaateristic values of an applied magnetic field. The method in its conventional form is usually restricted to the ground states of systems, since, even for long-lived excited states, there are at any instant insufficient numbers of excited centres to give detectable absorption signals. It is, nevertheless, possible to observe magnetic resonance in many of these excited states provided that optical methods of detection are used, since the magnetic resonance often affects some property of the luminescence, such aa intensity or polarization. The purpose of this article is to describe how optically-detected magnetic resonance experiments are carried out and to discuss the types of system to which they may be applied. It will be seen that, as well as providing details of excited states, the technique enables one to investigate the luminescence process itself.