Un modèle viscoélastique de remodelage osseux : approche unidimensionnelleA viscoelastic model of bone remodeling: unidimensional approach

A bone remodeling model taking into account the viscoelastic properties of the material is proposed. The nonlinear equations governing the evolution of the bone apparent density are solved by a finite difference method in the unidimensional case of a n-unit elements model. The results show the effects of the viscous damping on the structure for a controlled mechanical loading. To cite this article: S. Baïotto, M. Zidi, C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Shape optimization of an accommodative intra-ocular lens

Cataract surgery consists in replacing the clouded or opacified crystalline lens by an Intra-Ocular Lens (IOL) having the same mean dioptrical power. Clear vision is then achieved at a given distance and glasses are needed in many situations. A new kind of IOL, potentially accommodative, is proposed. Its design is based on the deep understanding of the accommodation mechanism and on the mathematical modeling and the numerical simulation of the IOL's comportment in vivo. A preliminary version of this IOL is now commercialized by the company HumanOptics under the name ‘1CU’. In a second phase, shape optimization techniques equipped with strong mechanical and physiological constraints, are used to enhance the IOL performance and build a new design. To cite this article: F. Jouve, K. Hanna, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Mutual-probability prediction and higher-order correlation effects among acoustic,light and electromagnetic waves in a video display terminal environment

A probabilistic signal processing method, with which is possible to get some methodological suggestion to the measurement method of correlative and/or accumulative effects in the compound environment of sound, light and electromagnetic (EM) waves is discussed. In order to extract various types of latent interrelation characteristics among wave environmental factors leaked from an actually operating video display terminal (VDT), an extended regression system model, hierarchically reflecting not only linear correlation information but also nonlinear correlation information, is first introduced, especially from a viewpoint of ‘relationism-first’. Then, through estimating each regression parameter of this model, some original evaluation methods for predicting a whole probability distribution form, from one another, are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the methods is experimentally confirmed, by applying them to the actual observed data leaked by a VDT with some television games. To cite this article: M. Ohta et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Porous polycrystals built up by uniformly and axisymmetrically oriented needles: homogenization of elastic propertiesPolycristaux poreux constitués d'aiguilles orientées de façon uniforme ou axisymétrique : homogénéisation des propriétés élastiques

Porous polycrystal-type microstructures built up of needle-like platelets or sheets are characteristic for a number of biological and man-made materials. Herein, we consider (i) uniform, (ii) axisymmetrical orientation distribution of linear elastic, isotropic as well as anisotropic needles. Axisymmetrical needle orientation requires derivation of the Hill tensor for arbitrarily oriented ellipsoidal inclusions with one axis tending towards infinity, embedded in a transversely isotropic matrix; therefore, Laws' integral expression of the Hill tensor is evaluated employing the theory of rational functions. For a porosity lower 0.4, the elastic properties of the polycrystal with uniformly oriented needles are quasi-identical to those of a polycrystal with solid spheres. However, as opposed to the sphere-based model, the needle-based model does not predict a percolation threshold. As regards axisymmetrical orientation distribution of needles, two effects are remarkable: Firstly, the sharper the cone of orientations the higher the anisotropy of the polycrystal. Secondly, for a given cone, the anisotropy increases with the porosity. Estimates for the polycrystal stiffness are hardly influenced by the anisotropy of the bone mineral needles. Our results also confirm the very high degree of orientation randomness of crystals building up mineral foams in bone tissues. To cite this article: A. Fritsch et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Répartition des contraintes au sein d'une plaque d'athérome coronarienne chez l'homme obtenue à partir d'un modèle 3D aux éléments finisModelling of the stress distribution in an artherosclerotic plaque in man using a Finite Element Analysis

To quantify the stress distribution in an artherosclerotic plaque, it is usual to perform a finite element analysis (FEA) of the cross section having the highest stenosis severity. The purpose of this study is to compare the stress distributions obtained from the real 3D-plaque geometry with those obtained from the 2D FEA. Our calculations shown that for a complex and heterogeneous plaque, the 2D FEA of several cross sections is needed in order to be in agreement with the 3D FEA results, and to localize the region in which plaque rupture may occur. To cite this article: F. Treyve et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

General minimum principles for quasilinear transport and bioheat equationsPrincipes de minimum généraux pour équations du transport quasi linéaires et de la chaleur non stationaires en biomécanique

The aim of this contribution is to derive minimum principles for quasi-linear linear transport (heat) equations in the steady and nonstationary case. Application to currently used nonstationary bioheat equations is sketched. To cite this article: J.J. Telega, M. Stańczyk, C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Cylindre transverse isotrope poroélastique chargé cycliquement : application à un ostéonCyclic loading of a transverse isotropic poroelastic cylinder: a model for the osteon

The poroelastic problem associated with a hollow cylinder under cyclic loading is solved. Both fluid and solid phases are supposed compressible. Solid matrix is modeled as an elastic transverse isotropic material. An explicit close-form solution for the steady state is obtained. This cylinder is considered as a model for an osteon, the basic unit of cortical bone. The fluid flow distribution as a function of poroelastic properties and cyclic loading is discussed, as this could influence bone remodeling. To cite this article: A. Rémond, S. Naili, C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Contrôle des profils de vitesse par déformation de parois dans une conduiteControl of velocity profils by walls deformation in a deformed conduit

Starting from a study of perturbation equations for stationary Newtonian fluid flow in deformed axisymmetric tubes, we propose a semi-analytical method allowing to generate in a given section of the conduit, an arbitrary velocity profil previously defined. We get this velocity profile by geometrical modification of the duct walls on a given length. Doing this, we create a specific perturbation of the upstream profile wich allows to generate the chosen velocity profile. To cite this article: M. Sijelmassi, J. Khalid Naciri, C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 153–158.     

Energy consumed by a bearing supported spindle in the presence of a dynamic cutting force and of defects

A machine tool spindle system model is proposed in this paper to investigate the non-linear face-milling cutting forces behavior, which are neglected in the literature, in order to predict the total mechanical power of a spindle. A simulation of the structure of the spindle based on the finite-element method is elaborated to estimate the variable cutting forces and then the variable power loss generated by bearings, considering the angular position and contact angles of the variable balls. Experiments are elaborated to compare the experimental power values with the predicted results. Particular attention is paid to different types of defects (inner ring spalling, outer ring spalling, eccentricity, and unbalance) in order to study their impact on the power consumed by the spindle during the approach and cutting phases under different rotating conditions.     

Instabilités à l'interface entre fluides miscibles par forçage oscillant horizontalInstabilities at the interface between miscible fluids under a horizontal oscillating forcing

Experiments were performed in order to study the instability at the interface between miscible fluids placed in a closed tank when submitted to a horizontal and sinusoidal oscillating forcing. For a given amplitude a, the frequency f was progressively increased untill a threshold frequency above which a stationnary relief can be observed in the reference frame of the tank. The difference of density involves an oscillating shear which lead to a Kelvin–Helmholtz type instability. An experimental stability curve was determined and confirms the physical mecanism. The capillar effects which could be expected at the interface between such fluids can be neglicted. To cite this article: M. Legendre et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Un algorithme efficace d'intégration plastique pour un matériau obéissant au critère anisotrope de HillAn efficient algorithm for plastic integration of material satisfying the Hill's anisotropic yield criterion.

This Note deals with an efficient algorithm to carry out the plastic integration and compute the stresses due to large strains for materials satisfying the Hill's anisotropic yield criterion. The classical algorithm of plastic integration such as ‘Return Mapping Method’ is largely used for nonlinear analyses of structures and numerical simulations of forming processes, but it requires an iterative schema and may have convergence problems. A new direct algorithm based on a scalar method is developed which allows us to directly obtain the plastic multiplier without an iteration procedure; thus the computation time is largely reduced and the numerical problems are avoided. To cite this article: I. Titeux et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Exact analytic solutions for the damped Duffing nonlinear oscillatorLes solutions analytiques exactes pour le amortissable non linéaire oscillateur de Duffing

We prove that the second-order damped nonlinear Duffing oscillator is reduced to an equivalent equation of the normal Abel form of the second kind. Based on a recently developed mathematical methodology for the construction of exact analytic solutions of Abel's equation, exact analytic solutions are obtained for the nonlinear damped Duffing oscillator obeying the initial conditions adapted to the physical problem. To improve the general developed methodology an application concerning the nonlinear Van der Pol free oscillator is briefly discussed. To cite this article: D.E. Panayotounakos et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Derivation of a well-posed and multidimensional drift-flux model for boiling flows

In this Note, we derive a multidimensional drift-flux model for boiling flows. Within this framework, the distribution parameter is no longer a scalar but a tensor that might account for the medium anisotropy and the flow regime. A new model for the drift-velocity vector is also derived. It intrinsically takes into account the effect of the friction pressure loss on the buoyancy force. On the other hand, we show that most drift-flux models might exhibit a singularity for large void fraction. In order to avoid this singularity, a remedy based on a simplified three field approach is proposed. To cite this article: O. Grégoire, M. Martin, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Data assimilation and pollution forecasting in Burgers' equation with model error function

This article presents a correction method for a better resolution of the problem of estimating and predicting pollution, governed by Burgers' equations. The originality of the method consists in the introduction of an error function into the system's equations of state to model uncertainty in the model. The initial conditions and diffusion coefficients, present in the equations for pollution and concentration, and also those in the model error equations, are estimated by solving a data assimilation problem. The efficiency of the correction method is compared with that produced by the traditional method without introduction of an error function.Three test cases are presented in this study in order to compare the performances of the proposed methods. In the first two tests, the reference is the analytical solution and the last test is formulated as part of the “twin experiment”.The numerical results obtained confirm the important role of the model error equation for improving the prediction capability of the system, in terms of both accuracy and speed of convergence.     

Time reversal for obstacle location in elastodynamics from acoustic recording

The Note is concerned with a feasibility study of time reversal in a non-homogeneous elastic medium, from data recorded in an acoustic medium. Our aim here is to determine the presence and some physical properties of elastic “inclusions” (unknown, not observable solid objects, characterized by their elastic properties) from partial observations of acoustic waves scattered by these inclusions. A finite element numerical method, based on a variational acousto-elastodynamics formulation, is derived and used to solve the forward, and then, the time-reversed problem. A criterion, derived from the reverse time migration framework, is introduced, to help construct images of the inclusions to be determined. Numerical illustrations on configurations that mimic the breast cancer configuration are proposed, and show that one can differentiate between two inclusions, even with different properties.     

Upper error bounds on calculated outputs of interest for linear and nonlinear structural problems

This Note introduces new strict upper error bounds on outputs of interest for linear as well as time-dependent nonlinear structural problems calculated by the finite element method. Small-displacement problems without softening, such as (visco)plasticity problems, are included through the standard thermodynamics framework involving internal state variables. To cite this article: P. Ladevèze, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Uniqueness in the water-wave problem for bodies intersecting the free surface at arbitrary anglesL'unicité du problème des ondes de surface pour les corps qui intersectent la surface libre sous des angles arbitraires

This Note deals with the linearized water-wave problem involving a surface-piercing cylinder in water of infinite depth. A solution to this problem is proved to be unique for all values of the radian frequency when the cylinder intersecting the free surface at arbitrary angles is subjected to certain geometric arrangements. To cite this article: N. Kuznetsov, C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).