中性中间玻色子Z~0和它的发现

西欧联合核子中心在质子、反质子对撞机上观察到了中性中间玻色子Z0(简称Z0粒子)事例[1],这是今年内西欧中心继带电中间玻色子W±发现后的又一重大发现. 质子、反质子对撞时,质子、反质子中的层子、反层子(国外称为夸克.反夸克)相撞,“结合”到一起而产生Z0粒子.Z0粒子的质量很     

暗物质的直接实验探测

暗物质研究是21世纪粒子物理、天体物理和宇宙学最重要的前沿科学课题之一.暗物质被天文学中的引力效应所观察到,但对它的存在和认识仍旧是个谜.文章主要论述了对弱作用大质量暗物质粒子(WIMP)直接探测的基本原理、各种直接探测技术、当前的实验进展和发展方向.最后给出了最近的实验物理结果.     

暗物质问题简介

暗物质的属性问题是当代物理学面临的一大挑战.文章简要回顾了暗物质的发现历史,已有的暗物质观测证据和粒子物理中的暗物质候选者以及暗物质丰度起源相关理论,还介绍了近年来暗物质的空间间接探测和地下直接探测及其在理论上研究的新进展.     

搜寻小质量暗物质

若干天文观测间接推断,暗物质约占宇宙物质的85％,它几乎仅通过引力跟自身以及普通物质相互作用.流行的观点认为,暗物质为超出粒子物理标准模型描述的一种或多种新粒子.纵然搜索数十载,亦无暗物质存在的可信证据.     

WIMPs 暗物质

 暗物质是21 世纪宇宙学和粒子物理研究的热点问题。WIMPs 是一种流行的暗物质粒子候选者,即weakly interacting massive particles 的缩写,译为“弱作用重粒子”。目前我国计划中的暗物质粒子探测实验项目都是围绕着WIMPs 暗物质开展的。本文将详细地阐述与WIMPs 暗物质相关的基本问题,并力图澄清一些易于误解的概念。     

粒子物理和宇宙学中的两片乌云——谈暗物质和暗能量

宇宙暗物质和暗能量是21世纪粒子物理和宇宙学研究中的两个重大的科学问题.文章首先简述了宇宙学研究的历史和现状以及对粒子物理学提出的新的挑战,接着较详细地介绍了暗物质、暗能量和反物质相关的科学问题以及在国际上这个研究领域近年来所取得的进展,最后展望了中国在暗物质和暗能量实验探测研究方面的前景.     

PandaX暗物质直接探测实验

正1.暗物质的直接探测暗物质粒子物理研究是当代基础物理学最前沿的研究方向之一。天体物理和宇宙学的研究表明,暗物质在包括我们的银河系在内的宇宙中大量存在,它占据了宇宙总质量的26.8%,而日常所见的原子分子一类的普通物质只占4%。然而,到现在为止,物理学家还不了解暗物质的本质是什么。理     

重子物质与反重子暗物质统一的起源

美国和加拿大的物理学家提出一种新粒子可以解决现代物理的两个重要疑难问题:暗物质是什么以及为什么宇宙中的物质远比反物质多?预计这种有待发现的粒子主要衰变成正物质,而其反粒子主要衰变成隐藏的反物质.研究人员声称,这种粒子在早期宇宙中的存在可以说明为何宇宙中物质比反物质多,以及暗物质实际上是隐藏的反物质.     

对北京谱仪上新观测态的一个理论解释

最近, 北京谱仪在J/ψ的辐射衰变中发现, 在正反质子的阈附近有反常增强, 即可能存在共振态X(1860)和X(1835). 针对这一发现, 提出了新粒子的三胶子胶球态解释方案, 并且应用QCD求和规则计算了此胶球态的质量. 考虑到理论上的不确定因素, 计算结果表明该胶球态的质量峰位于1.9GeV到2.7GeV之间. 事实上, 北京谱仪发现的新共振态的确表现出了一些三胶子态的行为. 结论是, 此新粒子很有可能是重子偶素和胶球态的混合态.     

暗物质的理论研究进展

文章简要综述了以下内容:(1)晴物质存在的证据,以及它为什么很可能与目前粒子物理研究紧密相关;(2)晴物质的性质,并以超对称模型和额外维模型为例,讨论了包含暗物质粒子的模型;(3)最近Pamela/Atic/Fermi实验观测对于暗物质性质的新认识;(4)讨论和展望.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.