Dirac and Faddeev–Jackiw quantization of a five-dimensional Stüeckelberg theory with a compact dimension

A detailed Hamiltonian analysis for a five-dimensional Stüeckelberg theory with a compact dimension is performed. First, we develop a pure Dirac’s analysis of the theory; we show that after performing the compactification, the theory is reduced to four-dimensional Stüeckelberg theory plus a tower of Kaluza–Klein modes. We develop a complete analysis of the constraints, we fix the gauge and we show that there are present pseudo-Goldstone bosons. Then we quantize the theory by constructing the Dirac brackets. As complementary work, we perform the Faddeev–Jackiw quantization for the theory under study, and we calculate the generalized Faddeev–Jackiw brackets, we show that both the Faddeev–Jackiw and Dirac’s brackets are the same. Finally we discuss some remarks and prospects.     

Microwave-Triggered Metal-Enhanced Chemiluminescence (MT-MEC): Application to Ultra-fast and Ultra-sensitive Clinical Assays

In this rapid communication we describe a new approach to protein detection with chemiluminescence. By combining common practices in protein detection with chemiluminescence, microwave technology, and metal-enhanced chemiluminescence, we show that we can use low power microwaves to substantially increase enzymatic chemiluminescent reaction rates on metal substrates. As a result, we have found that we can in essence trigger chemiluminescence with low power microwave (Mw) pulses and ultimately, perform on-demand protein detection assays. Using microwave triggered metal-enhanced chemiluminescence (MT-MEC), we not only improve the sensitivity of immunoassays with enhanced signal-to-noise ratios, but we also show that we can accurately quantify protein concentrations by integrating the photon flux for discrete time intervals.     

Symmetry Reductions, Exact Solutions and Conservation Laws of Asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov Equation

By applying a direct symmetry method, we get the symmetry of the asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov equation （ANNV）. Taking the special case, we have a finite-dimensional symmetry. By using the equivalent vector of the symmetry, we construct an eight-dimensional symmetry algebra and get the optimal system of group-invariant solutions. To every case of the optimal system, we reduce the ANNV equation and obtain some solutions to the reduced equations. Furthermore, we find some new explicit solutions of the ANNV equation. At last, we give the conservation laws of the ANNV equation.     

Three-dimensional integrable models and associated tangle invariants

In this paper we show that the Boltzmann weights of the three-dimensional Baxter-Bazhanov model give representations of the braid group if some suitable spectral limits are taken. In the trigonometric case we classify all possible spectral limits which produce braid group representations. Furthermore, we prove that for some of them we get cyclotomic invariants of links and for others we obtain tangle invariants generalizing the cyclotomic ones.     

Integrating factors and conservation theorem for holonomic nonconservative dynamical systems in generalized classical mechanics

In this paper,we present a general approach to the construction of conservation laws for generalized classical dynamical systems.Firstly,we give the definition of integrating factors and ,secondly,we study in detail the necessary conditions for the existence of conserved quantities.Then we establish the conservation theorem and its inverse for the hamilton‘s canonical equations of motion of holonomic nonconservative dynamical systems in generalized classical mechanics.Finally,we give an example to illustrate the application of the results.     

一类延迟混沌系统沿主轴方向上Lyapunov指数的计算方法

提出了一种计算延迟混沌系统沿主轴方向上Lyapunov指数的方法：矩阵迭代法.给出了其计算方法的原理及推导过程;同时推导了一类泰勒展开法,介绍了已有的Wolf替代法计算延迟混沌系统的Lyapunov指数.分析了三种不同计算方法的优缺点,最后进行了数值模拟,验证方法的有效性. 关键词： Lyapunov指数 延迟混沌系统 矩阵迭代法 泰勒展开法     

Exploring Evolutionary Fitness in Biological Systems Using Machine Learning Methods

Here, we propose a computational approach to explore evolutionary fitness in complex biological systems based on empirical data using artificial neural networks. The essence of our approach is the following. We first introduce a ranking order of inherited elements (behavioral strategies or/and life history traits) in considered self-reproducing systems: we use available empirical information on selective advantages of such elements. Next, we introduce evolutionary fitness, which is formally described as a certain function reflecting the introduced ranking order. Then, we approximate fitness in the space of key parameters using a Taylor expansion. To estimate the coefficients in the Taylor expansion, we utilize artificial neural networks: we construct a surface to separate the domains of superior and interior ranking of pair inherited elements in the space of parameters. Finally, we use the obtained approximation of the fitness surface to find the evolutionarily stable (optimal) strategy which maximizes fitness. As an ecologically important study case, we apply our approach to explore the evolutionarily stable diel vertical migration of zooplankton in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Using machine learning we reconstruct the fitness function of herbivorous zooplankton from empirical data and predict the daily trajectory of a dominant species in the northeastern Black Sea.     

Seeing in colour

Understanding perception of colour is challenging because what we see is not always what is there, which is a phenomenon we call illusions. Here we review the nature of colour vision, and the problems facing most current models and explanations. Focusing on our recent research on humans, bees and computers, we describe a new, more ecologically based explanation that provides a clear framework for why we see what we do.     

Application of ray-path geometry modification to the design of a collimating structure for LEDs

We investigate a system that is able to trace the ray path we decided previously, in particular, we would like to change a cylindrical raypath into a plane one after a given coordinate of the propagation axis. The technique we used is completely general, so we can calculate every kind of system to move some rays path in another one we want.     

Waves and rays in uniaxial birefringent crystals

In this paper, we present a more elaborate and complete way of the formalism that we have developed in successive steps for ray tracing through uniaxial birefringent media in view of the optical design. With the obtained formulas we analyze in detail what we see through a cleavage calcite crystal.     

LEFT-INVARIANT PSEUDO-EINSTEIN METRICS ON LIE GROUPS

In this article, we focus on left-invariant pseudo-Einstein metrics on Lie groups. To begin with, we give some examples of pseudo-Einstein metrics on Lie groups. Also we calculate the Levi-civita connection, and then Ricci tensor associated with left-invariant pseudo-Riemannian metrics on the unimodular Lie groups of dimension three. Furthermore, we show that the left-invariant pseudo-Einstein metric on SL(2) is unique up to a constant. At last, we study the left-invariant pseudo-Riemannian metrics on compact Lie groups and classify the pseudo-Einstein metrics on the low-dimensional compact Lie groups.     

On the Relationships Between the Moments of a POVM and the Generator of the von Neumann Algebra It Generates

In the present paper, we review some recent results about commutative positive operator valued measures (POVMs) and single out some open problems. We introduce a conjecture about the extension of some recent results and prove some important consequences of such conjecture. In particular, we prove that it implies the universal character of some of the mathematical objects we introduce, i.e., the fact that they do not depend on the POV measure we are considering. We analyze the relevance of this result. Finally, we point out that some of the results we present admit a constructive proof and we show the relevance of this fact to the theory of commutative POV measures.     

Rumsfeld hadrons

A missing link in the Standard Model is understanding hadrons, particles that respond to the strong interactions. In this article I summarise our knowledge in three classes, which are reminiscent of Donald Rumsfeld's (in)famous: ‘things that we know we know; things that we know we don't know; and things that we don't know that we don't know'. Recent discoveries in particle physics concerning strongly interacting hadrons fall into those categories. It is of course the third category that is the most tantalising, but lessons from the first two may help resolve the third.     

Anti-synchronization Between Two Coupled Networks with Unknown Parameters Using Adaptive and Pinning Controls

In this paper, we study anti-synchronization between two coupled networks where the node dynamics has an unknown system parameter. By designing adaptive and pinning control schemes, we realize the anti-synchronization.By Lyapunov stability theory, we obtain two theorems on the appearance of anti-synchronization. In addition, we derive a criterion for the pinning number of nodes. Finally we provide two numerical examples to show the effectiveness of our proposed control schemes. When the anti-synchronization is achieved, we successfully identify the unknown system parameter.     

Influence of thermalization on the initial condition for heavy ion collisions

In this paper, we discuss the important role of the thermalization process in the initial distribution of QGP. We find that the negligible heat conduction inside QGP can be expressed as an effective Fourier law and we further analyse qualitatively the results caused by a thermalized initial condition. Based on this arguments, we construct a simple phenomenological model and work with the hydro code, and then we compare our results with the experimental data and the results of the standard initial model. It is found that, as we have argued, a thermalized initial condition suppresses the value of the elliptic flow.     

Construction of a unitary analytic scattering amplitude (I). Scalar particles

By imposing cos θ analyticity, we extend earlier investigations into the problem of constructing a unitary scattering amplitude from experimental measurements. The new approach is superior to earlier work, inasmuch as (a) the partial waves fall off exponentially, (b) we can handle cross sections with zeros, (c) we have a convergent Newton-Kantorovich interaction even when the fixed-point theorems do not apply, (d) we can study bifurcation points, (e) in the inelastic region, we find that analyticity does not remove the continuum ambiguity, (f) for quasi-elastic reactions (e.g. photoproduction) we resolve the Watson ambiguity for the phase shifts. We work at fixed energy, and throughout this first paper we neglect spin and isospin.     

On non-commutative geodesic motion

In this work we study the geodesic motion on a noncommutative space–time. As a result we find a non-commutative geodesic equation and then we derive corrections of the deviation angle per revolution in terms of the non-commutative parameter when we specify the problem of Mercury’s perihelion. In this way, we estimate the noncommutative parameter based in experimental data.     

大学物理多媒体教学的研究

结合大学物理课程实施多媒体教学的实践,分析了多媒体教学的优势,讨论了多媒体教学课件的制作及遵循的原则,同时提出了大学物理课中多媒体教学应注意的问题,从而提高大学物理课程教学质量。     

Photon-Solitons and Some Experimental Possibilities

In this paper we show that the possible existence of the photon as a soliton [1] can be studied with the help of well-known experimental results and we propose some new experiments which can help to examine some properties of the soliton. First, we compare the soliton energy density to the energy density of Planck and we show that the two densities are consistent. Second, we make an attempt to explain some old experiments with our soliton model of the photon and we show that the results of such experiments do not contradict the existence of such solitons. We also discuss the possibilities for new, improved experiments, which can help to distinguish the soliton interaction from the interaction of a classical electromagnetic wave with charged particles.     

CP violation: the past, the present and the future

We have just entered a period during which we expect considerable progress toward understanding CP violation. Here we review what we have learnt so far, and what is to be expected in the near future. To do this we cover the foundation of CP violation at a level which can be understood by physicists who are not working in this field.