Thermogravimetric investigation ofwastes from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

Two components of electronic wastes (sample A – a mixture of three types of printed circuit boards, sample B – a mixture of electronic junctions with metal wires) were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric data (TG and DTG) give information on the thermal stability of A and B samples and allows finding the correct conditions for their degradation using pyrolysis in an experimental system, built on the laboratory scale for utilization of hazardous wastes. X-ray fluorescence measurements prove that brominated flame retardant is present in sample A, whilst chlorinated flame retardant is a probable component of sample B. Preliminary liquid chromatography of oil products obtained as a result of thermal waste degradation shows that the hydrocarbons released during pyrolysis could be used as a fuel.     

Pyrolysis oil from fast pyrolysis of maize stalk

Maize stalk was fast pyrolysed at temperatures between 420 °C and 580 °C in a fluidized-bed, and the main product of pyrolysis oil was obtained. The experimental results showed that the highest pyrolysis oil yield of 66 wt.% was obtained at 500 °C for maize stalk. Chemical composition of the pyrolysis oil acquired was analyzed by GC–MS and its heat value, stability, miscibility and corrosion characteristics were determined. These results showed that the pyrolysis oil could be directly used as a fuel oil for combustion in a boiler or a furnace without any upgrading. Alternatively, the fuel could be refined to be used by vehicles.     

裂解色谱法研究渣油中硫化物的结构及组成特征

采用裂解气相色谱(PY-GC)方法研究重油中的大分子硫化物。实验考察了裂解时间和裂解温度对裂解反应的影响,在此基础上确定了裂解色谱条件,并分析了渣油裂解产物的组成。通过对大港、俄罗斯、前郭、孤岛及俄罗斯-大庆混合减压渣油等5种渣油的裂解实验,发现不同来源的渣油裂解产物中硫化物的组成和含量存在较大差异。实验中所得到的裂解产物中硫化物的组成为渣油中硫化物的组成提供了重要信息。     

Characterization of liquid products of automobile tire pyrolysis

The liquid product of automobile tire pyrolysis and its fractions were studied. The amount of the liquid hydrocarbon fraction is 40–45% of the total weight of pyrolysis products. The hydrocarbon fraction is similar in its characteristics to low-sulfur heavy crude oil. Fractionation of the hydrocarbon fuel was performed. The maximal yield of the light distillation fraction is 39% (temperature interval 180–340°C). The extent to which the characteristics of the light fraction obtained meet the regulations was evaluated. The light fraction of hydrocarbon fuel produced by pyrolysis is recommended for use as a component of diesel motor fuel after additional purification.     

聚乙烯类废弃塑料延迟焦化方法制取燃料油的研究

通过对比废弃塑料（PE）和渣油的热重曲线（TG/DTG）,研究了两者的热解特性,论证了利用延迟焦化方法处理聚乙烯类废弃塑料的理论可行性;同时通过模拟延迟焦化实验,针对性地考察了废弃聚乙烯延迟焦化及废弃聚乙烯与渣油共延迟焦化的反应特性,采用模拟蒸馏方法分析了燃料油产物的成分组成,探讨了废弃聚乙烯延迟焦化方法制取燃料油的生产可行性。结果表明,PE的主要热解温区为350℃~480℃,渣油的为250℃~460℃,两者的热解特性有很大的相似性。PE热解的液体产物中汽油和柴油馏分达到62％,蜡油馏分为38％;PE热解的气相产物为小分子的烃类和氢气。PE与渣油共延迟焦化的液体产物中汽油馏分明显比渣油单独焦化的增加。     

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of the gaseous products of the two-stage pyrolysis of heavy oils

The two-stage pyrolysis of fuel oil and vacuum residues separated from Egyptian crude oil have been carried out using a batch-type reactor technique. In the first stage, feedstocks undergo catalytic cracking in the presence of platinum as a catalyst at temperatures ranging between 380 and 460 °C and 440 and 520 °C for fuel oil and vacuum residues, respectively. Products are carried by argon gas for subsequent pyrolysis in the second stage at temperatures ranging between 700 and 820 °C and 700 and 800 °C for fuel oil and vacuum residues, respectively. The gas yields are about 94.1 and 82.0 wt% of the total products. The gases comprise saturated (C₁----C₅) and unsaturated hydrocarbons (ethylene, propylene, and butenes). By using platinum wire in the pyrolysis of fuel oil, the ethylene yield increases slightly as the temperature of the first stage increases, while it remains almost unchanged in the pyrolysis of vacuum residue. On the other hand, the propylene yield decreases slightly as the temperature of the first stage increases in the two feedstocks. By using a platinum sheet, the ethylene yield is doubled under the same conditions and increases slightly with an increase of temperature in the second stage. On the other hand, the propylene yield varies inversely with the temperature of the second stage by using platinum, whether as wire or sheet, although the yield is higher when platinum sheet is used under the same conditions.     

Catalytic performances of kaoline and silica alumina in the thermal degradation of polypropylene

Polypropylene was cracked thermally and catalytically in the presence of kaoline and silica alumina in a semi batch reactor in the temperature range 400℃～550℃ in order to obtain suitable liquid fuels.The dependencies between process temperatures,types of catalyst,feed compositions and product yields of the obtained fuel fractions were found.It was observed that up to 450℃ thermal cracking temperature,the major product of pyrolysis was liquid oil and the major product at other higher temperatures(475℃～550℃) ...     

玉米芯快速热解油特性研究

利用层析法对玉米芯快速热解油进行分析。结果表明,裂解温度对热解油产率及其族馏分构成的影响很大。通过气相色谱(GC)分析表明,脂肪族馏分碳数分布主要在C12~34,在烷烃碳数分布上,脂肪族馏分与柴油相当。并利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)分析了600℃下得到的热解油特征,表明玉米芯快速热解油作为燃料和高品位化学品原料来源具有潜在的发展前景。     

Characteristics of soot particles formed by diesel pyrolysis

This experiment involving diesel fuel pyrolysis was performed to study the process of soot formation without oxidation. The effects of temperature, residence time, and lubricating oil presence on soot formation were investigated through measurement of particle size distribution, morphology, and C/H ratio as well as through thermal analysis. The results show that the formation of soot during diesel pyrolysis depended strongly on both temperature and residence time. The critical temperature for the creation of soot with a primary particle diameter of 20 nm was about 1100 °C. Greater temperatures and residence times resulted in diesel soot particles that were more mature, i.e., with a higher C/H ratio, larger particle size, and higher ignition temperature. The carbonization of diesel soot through pyrolysis was also weakly affected by the addition of 5% lubricating oil to the diesel fuel. The results of this experiment provide information for modeling the formation of diesel soot without oxidation as well as for developing soot generators for after-treatment systems.     

Pyrolysis of nuclear reactor circulator oil in carbon dioxide

The ingress of circulator oil into the carbon dioxide coolant of a nuclear reactor can cause problems such as the deposition of carbon on the fuel elements.This paper describes the first stage of degradation when oil is pyrolysed, in carbon dioxide at temperatures between 600 and 900°C, and in helium at 900°C, for 20s. The degradation products were determined using gas chromatography with either a selective carbon monoxide monitor or a flame ionization detector. The chromatograph was combined with a mass spectrometer for the identification of the degradation produces.Hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a wide range of hydrocarbons are the initial degradation products. The amounts of individual reaction product, and the total amount formed (P) increased with pyrolysis temperature, T, according and the total amount = 1/T. The sensitivity to temperature of product formation varied from one product to another. Formation of carbon monoxide was least sensitive to temperature.It is clear that a chemical reaction takes place between the oil and carbon dioxide since the total amounl of product produced is much greater in carbon dioxide than in helium and the relative amounts of product produced in carbon dioxide differ considerably from those produced by pyrolysis in helium: for example, no carbon monoxide is detected when the oil is pyrolysed in helium.     

Pyrolysis of vegetable oil soaps—Palm, olive, rapeseed and castor oils

Saponified, palm, olive, rapeseed and castor oils were pyrolysed (at 750 °C for 20 s) by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass selective and flame ionisation detection (Py-GC/MSD and FID) to clarify their thermochemical behaviours. The liquefiable compounds recovered from palm, olive and rapeseed oils mainly contained linear alkenes (up to C₁₉) and alkanes (up to C₁₇), both similar to those found in gasoline (C₄-C₁₀) and diesel fuel (C₁₁-C₂₂) boiling range fractions of petroleum, whereas in the case of castor oil a significant amount of undesired oxygen-containing products (e.g., ketones and phenols) were formed. The obtained data on reaction mechanisms can also be utilised in applications where various biofuels are produced, for example, from the extractive-derived by-product (tall oil) of kraft pulping.     

Copyrolysis of scrap tires with oily wastes

In this study, the conversion of hazardous wastes into liquid fuels was investigated. The pyrolysis of bilge water oil and oil sludge from ships, scrap tires and their blends was carried out at 400 and 500 °C in absence and presence of catalyst. A commercial fluid catalytic cracking catalyst and Red Mud were used as catalyst. Pyrolysis products were separated as gas, oil and char. The pyrolytic oils were characterized by using gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR). The effect of temperature and catalyst on the product distribution and the composition of oil from pyrolysis were investigated. Co-pyrolysis of scrap tire with oily wastes from ships produced oil that could be used as fuel, while its pyrolysis alone produced oil that could be used as a chemical feedstock. The results obtained in this study showed that co-pyrolysis of oily wastes with scrap tires could be an environmentally friendly way for the transformation of hazardous wastes into valuable products such as chemicals or fuels.     

Identification and classification of components in flash pyrolysis oil and hydrodeoxygenated oils by two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Hydrodeoxygenated pyrolysis oils (HDO) are considered promising renewable liquid energy carriers. To gain insights in the various reaction pathways taking place during the hydrodeoxygenation reaction of pyrolysis oil, two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric analyses (2D-GC-TOF-MS) was applied on the feedstock and product oil. Chromatographic parameters like injection temperature and column choice of the 1D-(2)D ensemble are discussed. Fractionation of the oils by hexane extraction was applied to show the distribution of analytes over the phases. Some 1000 and 2000 components in the pyrolysis and HDO oil, respectively could be identified and classified. The TOF-MS detection considerably improved the understanding of the molecular distribution over the 1D-(2)D retention time fields in the contour plot, in order to classify the analytes in functional groups. By group-type classification of the main components (>0.3% relative area), it was possible to characterize the oils by 250 and 350 analytes, respectively pyrolysis oil and HDO oil, describing 75% of the chromatographable fraction. The 2D-GC-TOF-MS method showed to be a useful and fast technique to determine the composition of (upgraded) pyrolysis oil and is potentially a very useful tool for exploratory catalyst research and kinetic studies. The 2D-GC-TOF-MS technique is not only useful for the chemical study as such, but also provides the basic knowledge for method transfer to a 2D-GC-FID (flame ionization detector) application.     

Synthetic Liquid Fuels Obtained by Thermolysis of Animal Waste

Modern methods of recycling organic waste are not considered viable today. Therefore, an important advantage of the proposed technology is to obtain mineral fuel products as an output. The technologies of high-temperature processing are based on thermal decomposition of waste without oxygen at high temperature. In pyrolysis, wastes are converted into gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. Thereby, the properties and composition of the liquid feedstock obtained by pyrolysis with a boiling temperature in the range of X.I. (38) - 180 °C, 180 - 320 °C and more than 320 °C were investigated. Residue with a boiling temperature over 320° C (52.4% vol.) is the main portion of the synthetic liquid fuels (SLF). It can be attributed to fuel oil grade 100 and used as boiler fuel or fuel oil additives according to the studied physicochemical parameters.     

Peat semicoking and hydrocracking

This work deals with thermochemical conversion of peat into solvent-soluble oil and volatile gaseous products by using pyrolysis and catalytical hydrocracking methods. Distribution of liquid compounds between solubilized in water, benzene, and in acetone was determined and as a result the oil yield as total solubles was calculated. Chromatographic and FTIR-spectroscopic methods were used to characterize the composition of conversion products. Investigation of peat pyrolysis regularities in comparison with those of oil shale by using Rock-Eval analysis demonstrated essential differences between peat and oil shale as pyrolysis feedstock. As a result of hydrocracking the total oil yield was increased more than twice compared with that of semicoking, 29.8 and 13%, respectively. Hydrocracking and semicoking led to significant deoxygenation of oil and solid residual conversion products via oxygen removal as carbon dioxide and water. Hydroxyl-, carboxyl-, carbonyl- and other oxygen functionalities in peat initial matter being hydrocracked and modified, the oil was characterized by elevated hydrocarbon content and decreased that of polar oxygen compounds. As the oxygen content of the product decreases, the energy content significantly increases and peat oil, particularly its hydrophobic fractions, can be used for synthetic liquid fuel.     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pyrolysis oil by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Pyrolysis oils have attracted a lot of interest, as they are liquid energy carriers and general sources of chemicals. In this work, gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) techniques were used to provide both qualitative and quantitative results of the analysis of three different pyrolysis oils. The chromatographic methods and parameters were optimized and solvent choice and separation restrictions are discussed. Pyrolysis oil samples were diluted in suitable organic solvent and were analyzed by GC×GC-TOFMS. An average of 300 compounds were detected and identified in all three samples using the ChromaToF (Leco) software. The deconvoluted spectra were compared with the NIST software library for correct matching. Group type classification was performed by use of the ChromaToF software. The quantification of 11 selected compounds was performed by means of a multiple-point external calibration curve. Afterwards, the pyrolysis oils were extracted with water, and the aqueous phase was analyzed both by GC-FID and, after proper change of solvent, by GC×GC-TOFMS. As previously, the selected compounds were quantified by both techniques, by means of multiple point external calibration curves. The parameters of the calibration curves were calculated by weighted linear regression analysis. The limit of detection, limit of quantitation and linearity range for each standard compound with each method are presented. The potency of GC×GC-TOFMS for an efficient mapping of the pyrolysis oil is undisputable, and the possibility of using it for quantification as well has been demonstrated. On the other hand, the GC-FID analysis provides reliable results that allow for a rapid screening of the pyrolysis oil. To the best of our knowledge, very few papers have been reported with quantification attempts on pyrolysis oil samples using GC×GC-TOFMS most of which make use of the internal standard method. This work provides the ground for further analysis of pyrolysis oils of diverse sources for a rational design of both their production and utilization process.     

FLASHCHAIN模型应用于汪清油页岩热解研究

采用~(13)C-NMR技术表征出汪清三个矿区油页岩的碳原子化学结构,并获得碳骨架结构的12个重要参数。利用热重和傅里叶红外联用技术(TG-FTIR)得出了在50℃/min升温速率和热解终温600℃下油页岩热解时轻质气体的生成规律。采用基于燃料化学结构的FLASHCHAIN模型对热解产物的析出进行了模拟,并与实验结果相比较。结果表明,FLASHCHAIN模型用来模拟汪清油页岩热解时,在520℃之前有较好的效果,当温度高于520℃时,由于二次热解反应及页岩中矿物质分解对热解过程的影响,导致模型的预测值与实验值存在一定的误差,且随着温度的升高两者之间的误差也随之加大。     

使用裂解气相色谱对几种阻燃聚丙烯材料热稳定性及阻燃机理的探讨

用裂解气相色谱（PyGC)考察了经三种类型阻燃剂（含磷、含溴、含溴和磷）改性的聚丙烯的热稳定性。利用PyGC-MS法分析不同样品的高温裂角产物,以此来推测阻燃材料受热分解时气相以及凝聚相所发生的反应,推断阻燃机理,分析影响阻燃效果的因素,为阻燃剂的开发提供有益参考。结果证实,它们都影响聚丙烯的热降解。溴系阻燃剂和磷系阻燃剂是分别从气相阻断、凝固相加速成炭实现阻止燃烧的,而磷-溴型阻燃剂同时具备单纯含磷或者含溴阻燃能力。     

微拟球藻热解及其催化热解制备生物油研究

在氮气气氛下对微拟球藻直接热解及其在H-ZSM-5上的催化热解实验进行了研究。在573K～773K考察了热解温度对热解油产物分布的影响。与木质纤维素生物质的热解相比,微拟球藻的热解不仅温度更低,而且油的收率更高。催化剂H-ZSM-5在热解中起到了脱极性官能团和芳构化的作用,使得热解油中的芳香族化合物含量增多,极性化合物含量减少。与木质纤维素生物质相比,微拟球藻热解获得的油热值更高,适合进一步加工为燃油。     

Solid acid catalysts for synthesis of biodiesel fuel from pyrolyzed natural and synthetic polymeric materials

New heterogeneous catalysts for synthesis of a biodiesel fuel, modified with strongly acidic groups, were developed. The catalysts are produced by pyrolysis and subsequent sulfation of fruit kernels and granulated porous copolymers and resins. The structural-sorption and catalytic properties of the materials obtained were studied in the reaction of catalytic re-esterification of rapeseed oil by methanol and ethanol. The conditions in which carbon materials with high content of surface acid groups are obtained were optimized.