乙醇气体标准物质包装容器的选择及分析条件的优化

采用不同分装方法考察了低含量乙醇气体在国内现有气瓶中的吸附情况,通过对比选择出最适合的乙醇气体的气瓶,然后使用高浓度乙醇气体对其进行预饱和,最后再次通过分装实验来验证其吸附情况.此外,通过选择不同的色谱柱、柱温、柱流速和分流比等条件,对乙醇分析的色谱条件进行了优化.     

亚砜类非离子型表面活性剂在固/液界面上的吸附I: 硅胶/水溶液界面上的吸附

测定了癸基和辛基-甲亚基亚砜在硅胶/水溶液界面的吸附以及溶液在石英界面的接触角. 研究了温度和pH值对吸附的影响. 吸附等温线似应归入Giles分类的L4型. 饱和吸附层的平均分子面积为27-30A^2. 二个同系物的γ/γ-c/cmc曲线彼此重叠. 吸附温度系数在低浓度范围是负性的在高浓度范围是正性的. 接触角的测量表面吸附使硅胶表面疏水. 从实验结果考虑到吸附过程由二个阶段组成: 一是在低浓度范围由固体表面和亚砜基之间的相互作用, 另一过程是在高浓度范围中, 被吸附的表面活性剂分子及其在溶液中的疏水作用.     

基于氢键作用的杯芳烃超分子识别乙醇的传感机理及分析应用

采用4种杯芳烃衍生物为吸附涂膜材料, 考察了涂膜石英晶体微天平(QCM)传感器对环境大气中微量乙醇气体的识别性能, 发现C-乙基杯[4]连苯三酚芳烃(3)是识别乙醇气体最有效的活性涂膜材料. 制备了C-乙基杯[4]连苯三酚芳烃·2CH₃CH₂OH(5)单晶体并进行X射线衍射结构解析, 发现其识别机制是基于超分子主体3与客体乙醇分子之间形成的C-H…π, O-H…π及O-H…O氢键作用. 当涂膜质量为24.70 μg 时, 涂膜QCM传感器对乙醇的响应最灵敏, 达到10.53 Hz/(mg·L^-1). 分析了乙醇气体的吸附和解吸附动力学过程, 得到传感器对乙醇气体吸附和解吸附的初速度分别为-0.04600 Hz/s和0.03896 Hz/s. 该方法响应快, 具有选择性、 可逆性、 重现性和稳定性好的优点, 对乙醇样品测定的回收率为94.8% ~105.2%, 与气相色谱法的测定结果一致, 表明该方法可用于生活环境中乙醇气体的检测.     

非离子表面活性剂对多壁碳纳米管在乙醇中高浓度分散的作用

如果能在无需聚合物或共价官能团辅助的条件下, 将多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)高浓度地分散在乙醇中, 那么向各种复合材料引入MWNTs的过程就会更加便捷. 为此, 制备了多种含有表面活性剂的多壁碳纳米管乙醇悬浮液并对比考查了它们的稳定性. 非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100 和Tween 65显示出了在乙醇中分散悬浮高浓度MWNTs的能力, 能够使1.0 g·L-1 MWNTs乙醇悬浮液的上层清液经240 h后浓度仍分别在0.50和0.35 g·L-1以上. 这样长时间稳定的、没有聚合物或共价官能团辅助的MWNTs乙醇悬浮液, 其浓度比文献报道的值高. 进一步探讨了这些非离子表面活性剂分子结构对于分散MWNTs的优势, 并直观给出了其吸附于碳纳米管表面的可能形式. X射线光电子能谱和透射电子显微镜的表征结果都证实了表面活性剂分子吸附于碳纳米管表面.     

标准物质使用小技巧

正打开后的标准物质如何保存标准物质证书中有时会规定"一次性使用",这些标准物质一般不稳定或具有较高的量值准确度,如安瓿瓶分装的国家一级溶液标准物质,在打开包装后量值易发生超出不确定度范围的变化,应按照要求尽快移取,不能留存后反复使     

胶原在聚乳酸旋涂膜表面的吸附研究

采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了胶原在聚乳酸旋涂膜表面的吸附,考察了溶液浓度(0～9.25μg/mL)和温度(10～50℃)对胶原吸附的影响.实验结果表明,随着胶原浓度的增加,胶原在聚乳酸表面的吸附量和吸附初速率都相应增加.采用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型拟合实验数据得到吸附等温线方程,分别为q=11690.99c1+0.99c和q=610c3.179.实验结果显示,Langmuir模型拟合效果要好于Freundlich模型.采用Lagergren拟一阶吸附速率方程和Lagergren拟二阶速率方程拟合不同浓度下的吸附动力学数据.在低浓度下Lagergren拟一阶速率方程拟合效果比较好,在高浓度下Lagergren拟二阶速率方程拟合效果比较好,说明在低浓度时扩散过程是胶原吸附的控速步骤,高浓度时胶原和聚乳酸表面的相互作用是吸附的控速步骤.原子力显微镜显示,吸附在聚乳酸表面的胶原形成网状结构.胶原的吸附受温度影响显著,说明胶原是一种对温度非常敏感的物质.实验结果表明随着温度的升高,在10～40℃范围内胶原的吸附量逐渐降低,在40～45℃范围内锐减,40℃是本实验条件下胶原的变性温度.     

血清雌二醇标准物质的研制

介绍高浓度血清雌二醇标准物质的研制。采集的全血不加任何添加剂和抗凝剂,离心分离出血清,分装。采用同位素稀释–液相色谱串联质谱法(ID–LC–MS/MS)对高浓度血清雌二醇标准物质进行定值及均匀性和稳定性检验,对定值不确定度进行了评定。结果表明,高浓度血清雌二醇标准物质定值结果为3.06 ng/g,扩展不确定度为0.08 ng/g(k=2),均匀性和稳定性符合国家标准物质技术要求。采用IFCC RELA比对样品和欧洲标准局标准物质血清17β-雌二醇标准物质对定值方法进行确认,测量结果的标准偏差在该标准物质量值的不确定度范围内。研制的标准物质量值经过日本计量院验证,测量结果为(3.03±0.1)ng/g。该标准物质的量值具有溯源性和准确性。     

氮中1μmol·mol-1氧硫化碳气体标准物质长期稳定性研究

本文考察了低浓度氧硫化碳气体标准物质的长期稳定性,并对其长期稳定的影响因素进行探究。实验中采用称量法制备氮中1μmol·mol^-1氧硫化碳气体标准物质,分别使用内壁涂氟处理和普通铝合金无缝气瓶两种包装容器进行充装,考察了该标准物质连续6个月的长期稳定及变化规律。研究证明,在内壁未作处理的普通铝合金无缝气瓶内,微量水分会与氧硫化碳发生化学反应,导致氧硫化碳浓度降低;在内壁涂氟处理的铝合金无缝气瓶内,氧硫化碳能够保持良好的稳定性。     

吸附柱出口温度随时间的变化规律及其数值模拟

在不同温度 (15℃、20℃、25℃) 下,测试了活性炭C40/4吸附有机气体丙酮的吸附热引起吸附柱出口温度的变化.理论分析了吸附过程的能量守恒模型,在其他物质守恒,动量守恒和吸附平衡数学模型的基础上,采取有限差分方法,并借助计算软件ATHENA VIUAL WORKBENCH对模型进行了数值解.探讨了物质轴向扩散系数,吸附热对吸附柱出口温度随时间变化规律的影响,发现吸附质轴向扩散系数是一个很小的数,可忽略不计,从而简化了模型.数值计算结果与实验结果能很好地相吻合.为获得吸附过程中有效传热系数提供了有效的解决方法,并为吸附过程的设计、预测和优化提供支持.     

葡萄劣变过程中挥发性物质的FTIR光谱分析

葡萄在运输和贮藏过程中极易发生变质,对葡萄劣变进行预警可有效降低大规模腐败的风险.研究了葡萄在劣变过程中所产生挥发性物质的FTIR光谱特性.实验证明了葡萄劣变中挥发性物质的主要成分为乙酸乙酯、乙醇、二氧化碳和水汽.通过光谱定量化分析研究挥发性物质在劣变中的变化规律,发现葡萄在劣变开始发生时的气体释放速率会发生阶跃性变化.论文采用主成分分析法(PCA)对挥发性物质的红外光谱进行了分类,可以准确地区分未变质、轻度变质和重度变质的葡萄.论文的结论说明挥发性物质的FTIR光谱分析可以有效鉴别贮藏中葡萄的劣变程度.而且由于挥发性气体在葡萄劣变中的阶跃变化性质,使这种鉴别方法具有不易受葡萄数量、存放方式影响的优点.论文的研究为葡萄劣变监测设备研制提供了理论和技术基础.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.