Traffic flow and safety analysis

Traffic rule is a key factor affecting traffic flow and safety.We develop our models,including the cellular automata traffic flow model as well as the linear regression one,aiming at calculating traffic flow and evaluating safety conditions with varied traffic rules.Then,we thoroughly investigate four types of paths in a freeway,namely two straight lanes,three straight lanes,ramps,and roundabouts as case studies and discuss the different traffic rules as comparison.The results demonstrate that"Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass"rule is not as effective as the free rule in promoting traffic flow;however,this rule ensures safety for drivers better than the free rule.Additionally,a new traffic rule,which sets different posted speed limits for adjacent lanes,is proposed to promote better traffic flow with safety requirements satisfied.Furthermore,we apply effective rules and alternatives,left driving norms as well as intelligent system as extension and obtain better results.Finally,model’s sensitivity analysis regarding to probability of decelerating and posted speed limits proves the stability of our results.     

用于结构可靠性分析中的系统描述性抽样法

在用蒙特卡罗法计算结构系统可靠性时,动用了系统描述性抽样法。用系统描述性抽样代替蒙特卡罗的随即抽样过程,从而使得计算效率与降低方差都得到了明显地改善。     

Study on safety characteristics of the spur gear pair considering time-varying backlash in the established multi-level safety domains

Nonlinear Dynamics - Multi-state meshing characteristics induced by backlash and contact ratio in the gear pair are an unsolved puzzle about its relationship to safety characteristics of the gear...     

Shock waves in aviation security and safety

Accident investigations such as of Pan Am 103 and TWA 800 reveal the key role of shock-wave propagation in destroying the aircraft when an on-board explosion occurs. This paper surveys shock wave propagation inside an aircraft fuselage, caused either by a terrorist device or by accident, and provides some new experimental results. While aircraft-hardening research has been under way for more than a decade, no such experiments to date have used the crucial tool of high-speed optical imaging to visualize shock motion. Here, Penn State's Full-Scale Schlieren flow visualization facility yields the first shock-motion images in aviation security scenarios: 1) Explosions beneath full-size aircraft seats occupied by mannequins, 2) Explosions inside partially-filled luggage containers, and 3) Luggage-container explosions resulting in hull-holing. Both single-frame images and drum-camera movies are obtained. The implications of these results are discussed, though the overall topic must still be considered in its infancy. Received 22 July 2001 / Accepted 19 July 2002 Published online 4 November 2002 Correspondence to: G.S. Settles (e-mail: gss2@psu.edu) An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 23rd International Symposium on Shock Waves at Fort Worth, Texas, from July 22 to 27, 2001.     

高速动车组被动安全性和耐撞性研究

随着列车高速和重载的发展,对列车被动安全性的研究日益重要.本文以CRH3动车组为载体,应用碰撞仿真软件PAM-CRASH和多学科协同优化软件iSIGHT进行碰撞数值模拟分析和吸能结构优化,得到CRH3动车组在大变形碰撞时的变形模式及各碰撞参数,并对动车组的吸能结构进行评估及最优设计,实现车辆的被动安全保护和耐撞性优化设...     

侵彻弹体快速烤燃安全特性实验研究

为了考核大尺寸侵彻弹体的快速烤燃安全特性,利用自行研制的快速烤燃装置开展了实验。将质量为290 kg的侵彻弹体平吊在距航空燃油液面0.4 m的高度进行快速加热,实时采集弹体表面温度并拍摄实验过程,同时测量距弹体质心水平7 m处的反射冲击波超压,最后从加热时间、弹体表面温度、实验后现场破坏情况、反射冲击波超压峰值、反应机理及响应类型等方面对大尺寸侵彻弹体的快速烤燃安全特性进行了详细分析。实验结果表明:侵彻弹体在537 ℃高温中加热16 min 4 s后开始发生剧烈反应,且弹体内腔下方炸药最先响应形成热点,逐渐积聚的高温高压气体将壳体撕裂后快速泄压,在7 m处测量得到的反射冲击波超压峰值为33.622 kPa,远小于该弹体在空气中完全爆轰产生的冲击波超压峰值。综合判断该侵彻弹体的快速烤燃响应类型为爆燃,其安全特性满足要求。     

椭圆形桩井护壁爆破振动安全判据

钻爆法作为桩基开挖的主要破岩手段,所产生的爆破振动引起桩井护壁结构发生动态响应,进而影响桩井结构的稳定性。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA3D,以峰值质点振动速度和有效拉应力作为指标,模拟了椭圆形桩井护壁结构对爆破振动的动态响应。计算结果表明:不同掘井深度的椭圆形桩井护壁对不同段药量爆破振动的动态响应呈相似规律,最大质点峰值振速及峰值拉应力分布一致,均位于护壁井口端的弧形壁部分,响应强度随段药量的减小而减小;护壁结构的峰值拉应力与峰值振速呈线性关系,基于抗拉强度准则,确定了该工程条件下护壁的安全振动速度阈值为8 cm/s,现场测试验证了预设判据的合理性。     

Longitudinal vehicle dynamics control for improved vehicle safety

The aim is to investigate the improvements in vehicle safety that can be achieved by limiting the vehicle speed based on GPS path information. The control strategy is aimed at reducing vehicle speed before a potentially dangerous situation is reached, in contrast with widely used stability control systems that only react once loss of control by the driver is imminent. An MSC.ADAMS/View simulation model of an off-road test vehicle was developed and validated experimentally. A longitudinal speed control system was developed by generating a reference speed based on the path information. This reference speed was formulated by taking into account the vehicle’s limits due to lateral acceleration, combined lateral and longitudinal acceleration and the vehicle’s performance capabilities. The model was used to evaluate the performance of the control system on various tracks. The control system was implemented on the test vehicle and the performance was evaluated by conducting field tests. Results of the field tests indicated that the control system limited the acceleration vector of the vehicle’s centre of gravity to prescribed limits, as predicted by the simulations, thereby decreasing the possibility of accidents caused by rollover or loss of directional control due to entering curves at inappropriately high speeds.     

一种新型危险品仓库结构设计及其安全距离

安全距离是危险品仓库建设和研究中重点关注的问题之一。为减小危险品仓库的安全距离,结合现行规范和危险品仓库建设现状,针对一种由浅埋式库房主体、顶部堆土和钢筋混凝土分配板组成的新型危险品仓库形式开展了3组缩尺模型野外爆炸试验,记录了各组试验的爆炸过程,统计了冲击波超压峰值和爆炸破片的飞散范围,给出了爆炸冲击波的安全距离,分析了分配板、库房强度等因素对冲击波传播和破片飞散的影响。研究表明,这种新型危险品仓库可实现定向泄爆,有效限制库房两侧及后方爆炸冲击波的传播和爆炸破片的飞散,使库房两侧及后方的安全距离最大减小77%;与覆土库相比,库房后方的安全距离可减小约50%。钢筋混凝土分配板是新型危险品仓库的重要组成部分,同无分配板库房相比,最大可使后方安全距离减小30%。与波纹钢库房主体相比,强度较高的钢筋混凝土库房主体可使库房后方的安全距离最大减小38%。     

爆破振动速度预测安全保证系数的确定

基于爆破振动速度预测公式回归分析的基本原理,提出根据建筑物不同安全等级应选择一定的可靠性指标,并推导了预测爆破振动速度公式中所含安全保证系数的计算过程。为简化计算过程,又进一步提出了基于监测数据量、回归分析相关系数以及可靠性指标的关于安全保证系数计算的经验公式。经过大量监测数据验证了该经验公式的计算精度和可靠性均能满足工程实际需要,从而修正了萨氏公式预测精确度不够的缺陷,可为重要建筑物周边的安全爆破设计提供参考。     

碾压混凝土坝变形安全监控模型研究

研究了碾压混凝土坝本体、施工层面及坝基等各部分的变形规律,采用不同的模型描述了上述各部分的本构关系,据此分析了影响碾压混凝土坝变形的主要影响因素,探讨了水压分量、温度分量以及时效分量的影响因子,并重点对不同荷载作用下的时效分量的组成进行了研究,提出了碾压混凝土坝变形安全监控模型。文末结合工程实例,分析了变形安全监控模型的建模过程,讨论了变化荷载作用下时效分量的模拟方法。     

桥梁结构抗爆安全评估研究进展

随着恐怖袭击和偶发爆炸事故造成的桥梁爆炸事故不断增多,桥梁结构抗爆安全问题越来越受到关注。本文中系统总结了桥梁结构抗爆安全评估的研究进展,分析桥墩、桥面、桥索和桥塔爆炸载荷作用下桥梁的理论简化方法和结构的动力响应,和桥梁的连续性、冗余性和鲁棒性对结构连续性倒塌的影响,通过对建筑和桥梁抗连续倒塌的研究现状及相关规范的归纳,明确了桥梁连续倒塌的特性及现行桥梁设计方法的缺陷。而后,就承载能力评估、耐久性评估和适用性评估等桥梁安全评估问题的研究进展进行了梳理,并对桥梁爆破拆除技术和近地下爆炸对桥梁产生的响应和破坏作用进行分析,并针对当前研究的现状,分别提出建议。     

‘Pop’ safety valves: a compressible flow analysis

Pressure versus lift characteristics of Pop-type safety valves have been predicted from a model in which pressures on various parts of the valve disc can be deduced from compressible flow analysis of three passages in series. In particular, it has been shown that the characteristic snap-open and snap-shut phenomena are inherent in the solutions to the sets of equations, and are critically dependent on the setting of the adjusting ring, bearing out what is known in practice. The model has shown satisfactory agreement with experimental data from a $\text{1}\text{2}\text{″}$ (12.55 mm) pop valve operating in air.     

B炸药装药发射安全性落锤模拟加载实验研究

为了了解影响B炸药装药发射安全性的主要因素,利用大落锤模拟加载装置,采用上下法模拟榴弹发射时炸药装药所受的主要应力特性,对不同装药条件进行了模拟实验研究。实验结果表明,影响B炸药装药发射安全性的主要因素是其装药质量,对B炸药装药质量进行有效控制,可保证B炸药装填大口径榴弹的发射安全性。     

确定岩质边坡安全阈值的新方法

应用二维离散单元程序UDEC,以黄麦岭磷矿采场岩质边坡为例,通过分析边坡质点位移矢量的变化规律,定义了边坡的极限平衡状态和破坏状态,提出一种新的确定安全速度阈值的方法,并确定了黄麦岭磷矿采场岩质边坡的安全速度阈值。分析结果表明,新方法确定的安全阈值与现场监测确定的阈值吻合得较好。因此,应用该法来确定边坡的安全阈值是可行的。     

Mathematical programming approaches for the safety assessment of semirigid elastoplastic frames

This paper presents two complementary mathematical programming based approaches for the accurate safety assessment of semirigid elastoplastic frames under quasistatic loads. The inelastic behavior of the flexible connections and material plasticity are accommodated through piecewise linearized nonlinear yield surfaces. As is necessary for this class of structures, geometric nonlinearity is taken into account. Moreover, only a 2nd-order geometric approximation is included as this is sufficiently accurate for practical structures. The work described has a twofold contribution. First, we develop an algorithm that can robustly and efficiently process the complete (path-dependent) nonholonomic response of the structure in a stepwise (path-independent) holonomic fashion. The governing formulation is cast in mixed static-kinematic variables and leads naturally to what is known in the mathematical programming literature as a mixed complementarity problem (MCP). The novelty of the proposed algorithm is that it processes the MCP directly without using some iterative (and often cumbersome) predictor–corrector procedure. Second, in the spirit of simplified analyses, the classical limit analysis approach is extended to compute the limit load multiplier under the simultaneous influence of joint flexibility, material and geometric nonlinearities, and limited ductility. Our formulation is an instance of the challenging class of optimization problems known as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). Various nonlinear programming based algorithms are proposed to solve the MPEC. Finally, four numerical examples, concerning practical structures and benchmark cases, are provided to illustrate application of the analyses as well as to validate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed schemes.     

Piecewise linear model for water column oscillator simulating reactor safety system

A water column oscillation system, which is simulating the pressure balanced injection system in an advanced nuclear power plant, consists of free surfaces in a main-tank and a sub-tank. A cover gas simulating residual heat vapor generation is injected into the main-tank constantly and ejected intermittently. The water level can be described by a set of two piecewise linear ordinary differential equations with four independent parameters. The solution shows chaotic features under specific conditions. The behavior and bifurcation are examined.     

基于正态分布的爆破振动评价与安全药量计算

工程爆破是非常重要的一种施工方法，但同时爆破引起的岩石振动也是爆破公害之一。由于爆破场地的复杂性，爆破地震引起的某位置质点振速峰值v与单段最大药量Q、爆心距R没有严格的函数关系，只能将振速视为随机变量，因此振动只能从概率的角度来描述。为了控制振动强度，达到较高的可靠度，必须计算振速小于目标设施安全振速的概率。本文中基于概率，将振速峰值近似视为服从正态分布，对目标设施进行安全分析以及安全炸药量计算，最后通过案例应用，解释概率公式计算炸药量的合理性。     

Study on the operational safety of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds

The characteristic wind curve （CWC） was com- monly used in the previous work to evaluate the operational safety of the high-speed trains exposed to crosswinds. How- ever, the CWC only provide the dividing line between safety state and failure state of high-speed trains, which can not evaluate the risk of derailment of high-speed trains when ex- posed to natural winds. In the present paper, a more realistic approach taking into account the stochastic characteristics of natural winds is proposed, which can give a reasonable and effective assessment of the operational safety of high-speed trains under stochastic winds. In this approach, the longitudi- nal and lateral components of stochastic winds are simulated based on the Cooper theory and harmonic superposition. An algorithm is set up for calculating the unsteady aerody- namic forces （moments） of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. A multi-body dynamic model of the rail vehicle is established to compute the vehicle system dynamic response subjected to the unsteady aerodynamic forces （mo- ments） input. Then the statistical method is used to get the mean characteristic wind curve （MCWC） and spread range of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. It is found that the CWC provided by the previous analyticalmethod produces over-conservative limits. The methodol- ogy proposed in the present paper can provide more signif- icant reference for the safety operation of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds.