混合水溶液K~+超级电容器AC//Na_(0.7)MnO_(2.05)的研究

制备并表征了棒状水钠锰矿Na_(0.7)MnO_(2.05),研究了其在K_2SO_4水溶液中电化学性能和制作成电容器的性能。结果表明:在0.5 M K_2SO_4水溶液中具有优异的高功率性能和循环性能;其和活性炭组成的混合超级电容器在400 W/kg和2.18 k W/kg的功率密度下,能量密度分别高达18 Wh/kg和14.2 Wh/kg,具有较好的循环性能,在1 A/g的电流密度下,5 000次循环后,电容量还保持有90%。     

线团形貌层状二氧化锰的制备及其在不对称电化学电容器中的应用

将无定型MnO2在1 mol/L NaOH水溶液中150℃水热处理12 h后,得到了具有线团形貌的层状二氧化锰。利用XRD、SEM和低温N2吸-脱附等手段对样品的形貌和结构进行了表征。采用循环伏安、恒流充放电以及交流阻抗技术对样品的电化学性质进行了研究。研究结果表明,在三电极体系中,线团状MnO2在0~1.0 V(vs.SCE)的电压范围内具有较好的电容性质,其质量比电容为154 F/g。利用线团状MnO2为正极,石墨烯为负极以及1 mol/L Na2SO4水溶液为电解液组装了不对称型的电化学电容器。电化学测试表明,该电容器可在0~1.8 V的电压范围内可逆循环,其能量密度为21.6 W·h/kg,远远高于基于线团状MnO2(4.86 W·h/kg)和石墨烯(4.3 W·h/kg)的对称型电容器。     

Ni(OH)2修饰的三聚氰胺泡沫用于可压缩超级电容器电极

通过化学镀和电化学镀的方法制备了一种Ni(OH)₂电化学活性材料修饰三聚氰胺泡沫(MF)可压缩骨架的超级电容器电极材料MF/Ni(OH)₂。MF/Ni(OH)₂可压缩电极材料表现出最佳的电容性能,例如循环稳定性(即使在40 mA/cm^-3的电流密度下经过2000次充放电循环后,可压缩电极仍能保持90.63%的初始电容)和可压缩稳定性(即使在压缩率为50%时,仍具有97.88%的电容保持率)。层状可压缩超级电容器由MF/Ni(OH)₂弹性材料作为阳极,镍/碳(Ni/C)为阴极以及实验室中常用的滤纸作隔膜材料组成。这种超级电容器装置在不同的压缩下表现出良好的电化学性能和优异的压缩稳定性。最后,使用可压缩的超级电容器来点亮LED灯,以展示其在柔性电子设备中的应用。这些优化的电化学和机械性能表明MF/Ni(OH)₂可作为可压缩超级电容器的应用中的候选电极。     

基于过渡金属硫化物/还原氧化石墨烯复合物的高性能超级电容器

组装高能量密度的非对称超级电容器需要使用比电容大、 体积变化小且循环稳定性好的电极材料. 过渡金属硫化物(TMSs)与纳米碳材料的复合物是此类电极材料之一. 采用水热法合成了由Cu-Mo硫化物在微波剥离的还原氧化石墨烯表面生长的复合材料(CuS-MoS₂/MErGO). 此复合材料在电流密度为2 A/g时具有高达861.5 F/g的比电容和良好的循环稳定性. 将1.6 V的电池电压施加在由NiS/MErGO为正极, CuS-MoS₂/MErGO为负极组装成的不对称超级电容器上时, 该电容器的功率密度为1.28 kW/kg, 且能量密度保持为54.2 W·h·kg^-1. 结果表明, TMS复合材料是一种很有前途的高性能电化学储能材料, 尤其是用于非对称超级电容器的组装.     

立方体咪唑骨架衍生镍钴氢氧化物的微波制备及其电化学性能

采用微波辅助加热法,以类沸石二甲基咪唑钴（ZIF-67）为模板和钴源,快速制备了三维中空结构的镍钴氢氧化物（Ni-Co LDH）。通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和比表面积及孔径分析仪（BET）探究了微波反应时间对材料形貌、结构的影响;通过循环伏安法（CV）、恒电流充放电（GCD）曲线和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）分析了材料的电化学性能。结果显示,Ni-Co LDH-15 min电极材料的电化学性能最优：在0.5 A/g时,比电容高达2371.0 F/g;电流密度扩大20倍,材料具有较好的倍率性能（78.5%）。以镍钴氢氧化物为正极,活性炭为负极组装成非对称式超级电容器,在功率密度为448.05 W/kg时,能量密度高达19.17 W·h/kg,且循环5000圈后电容保持率高达88.7%,表明镍钴氢氧化物是一种具有优异电化学性能和实际应用潜力的超级电容器电极材料。     

以稻壳热解炭制备镧负载多孔炭复合电极材料

利用稻壳热解炭为原料制备镧负载多孔炭复合电极材料(La/PCs),先将稻壳热解炭分离出炭前驱体,再采用原位活化/负载的方法制备一系列镧负载多孔炭复合电极材料,分别考察了煅烧温度和浸渍比对其吸附性能和电化学性能的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜/X射线能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和Brunauer-Emmett-Teller比表面积(BET)法研究了该系列镧负载多孔炭复合电极材料的金属结构与价态、元素组成及表面形貌,并分析了孔结构与电容值之间可能存在的关系.结果表明,在6 mol/L KOH电解液中, La/PC＿900/10材料的电容值为269.45 F/g.在电流密度为0.5 A/g时,由其组装的对称超级电容器具有23.45 W·h/kg的能量密度,此时的功率密度为0.70 kW/kg,并且循环5000次后的电容保持率为86.41%.La/PC＿900/10良好的电容性能显示了其作为碳基电极应用于高性能超级电容器的潜力.研究结果为稻壳热解炭的利用和镧在新能源材料领域的应用提供了一条可行路径.     

生物质巨菌草衍生炭的合成及在超级电容器中的应用

将巨菌草低温预碳化处理,得到粉末炭质材料(JPC),再用不同比例的KOH在不同温度下进行活化处理,得到了以微孔和介孔分布为主的无定形炭材料(JPCK1).所合成的炭材料JPCK1-900-4X的比表面积高达3368 m²/g,具有较大的孔隙体积和0.95%(原子分数)的氮含量.电化学测试结果表明,JPCK1-900-4X在超级电容器应用中表现出优异的储能潜力;在电流密度为0.5 A/g时其比电容为311.7 F/g,电流密度提高到10 A/g时比电容为230 F/g;在电流密度为10 A/g时经过5000次充放电循环后其电容保持率为97.5%;在两电极体系下,当功率密度为250 W/kg时,其能量密度可达17.7 W·h/kg.     

石英晶体微天平分析不同介孔二氧化锰材料的电化学性能

以碳酸锰(MnCO3)为前体,空气氛围下采用不同温度(300℃、350℃、400℃)煅烧, 制备了3种介孔二氧化锰(MnO2)材料,分别与粘结剂混合喷涂至石英晶片作为电极,利用石英晶体微天平(QCM)监测了3种材料在0.1 mol/L Na2SO4溶液中随循环伏安过程的电化学性能变化.分析结果表明,3种材料在首圈循环中都呈现出显著的质量增加,发生了不可逆反应过程; 300℃煅烧制备的MnO2材料具备更好的电化学稳定性和容量保持能力.将300℃, 350℃和400℃煅烧的MnO2各自作为正极与活性炭负极组成超级电容器, 进行充放电测试,首圈均有35％～40％的容量损失; 三者稳定循环时放电容量分别为15.9, 12.9和11.7 mA h/g.QCM的分析与充放电测试结果相一致,表明QCM可用于比较不同介孔二氧化锰材料的电化学性能.     

海藻基含杂原子碳材料的制备及电化学性质

以天然海藻为原料,经条件优化制备了含杂原子的碳材料Sar CW-900及Lam CW-900,对其形貌、元素成分、孔性质和石墨化程度进行分析并讨论其活化机理.将2种材料作为电化学电容器及锂离子电池的电极材料活性物质,分别进行电化学性能测试.结果表明,Sar CW-900及Lam CW-900在被用作电化学电容器电极材料时,比电容分别为106 F/g及85 F/g,经5000次循环伏安稳定性测试,比电容值稳定在101 F/g及81 F/g,分别降低不到4%和5%,是理想的电容器电极材料;在被用作锂离子电池电极材料时,经100次循环比容量分别保持在100. 3及33. 9 mA·h/g,低于纯石墨的理论值,但具有较高的稳定性.     

镍钴氢氧化物的制备及其电化学性能

采用化学共沉淀法成功制备了片状镍钴氢氧化物,并探究了不同镍钴物质的量比对样品形貌及电化学性能的影响。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)及比表面积孔径分析仪(BET)对样品的结构、形貌进行了表征,并利用循环伏安法、恒电流充放电法等对其电化学性能进行了分析。结果表明,n(Ni)∶n(Co)=4∶1的样品直接用作电极材料时,具有最好的电化学性能:在0.5 A/g的电流密度下拥有1852 F/g的高比容量;电流密度增大20倍时,仍拥有1330 F/g的高比容量。以镍钴氢氧化物为正极,活性炭为负极组装的非对称式超级电容器在346 W/kg的功率密度下,能量密度达52 Wh/kg,在循环10000圈之后电容保持率为92%。优异的电化学性能表明,片状镍钴氢氧化物是很有应用潜力的电极材料之一。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.