一种低声速沉积层海底参数声学反演方法

软泥底环境下沉积层参数的声学反演是国际水声领域的一个研究热点.浅海中,当高声速基底和海水之间存在一层低声速(小于海水声速)的沉积层时,小掠射角情况下不同频率声传播损失会出现周期性增大现象.基于此现象,提出一种适用于低声速沉积层的海底参数声学反演方法.首先,推导给出小掠射角情况下传播损失周期增大的频率间隔与沉积层声速、厚度及近海底海水声速之间的解析表达式;其次,利用一次黄海实验中软泥底环境下的宽带声传播信号,提取了小掠射角下传播损失增大的频率周期;再次,把该解析表达式作为约束条件,结合Hamilton密度与声速的经验公式,采用匹配场处理反演给出沉积层的声速、密度、厚度及基底的声速、密度;然后,利用声传播损失数据反演得到泥底环境下不同频率的声衰减系数,通过拟合发现泥底声衰减系数随频率近似呈线性关系;最后,给出了双层海底模型和半无限大海底模型等效性的讨论.反演结果为低声速沉积层海底声传播规律研究与应用提供了海底声学参数.     

利用声衰减反演气泡群分布的方法研究

通过测量含气泡水的声衰减反演气泡群参数是获取水中气泡分布的重要方法,但是经典方法忽略了较高浓度气泡水中的强频散特性和气泡振动参数的改变,导致反演较高浓度气泡群分布时会产生巨大误差.为解决这个问题,本文基于等效媒质理论建立起了声衰减和相速度的联系,并考虑了含气泡水平均量对气泡阻尼系数和共振频率的影响.在此基础上,通过将反演气泡分布和修正相速度及气泡振动参数交替迭代的方法,有效地消除了高浓度气泡水中由频散和气泡振动特性改变引起的误差.与实验数据对比发现,气泡群孔隙率达到10^-5时,考虑含气泡水的频散特性会显著降低反演误差;而当气泡群孔隙率达到10^-3时,气泡阻尼系数和共振频率的修正会对反演结果变得重要.本文方法在反演孔隙率为10^-3-10^-2的高浓度气泡群时,仍有较好效果,这可为获取水下较高浓度气泡群分布提供方法借鉴.     

Mid-frequency geoacoustic inversion using bottom loss data from the Shallow Water 2006 Experiment

Geoacoustic inversion work has typically been carried out at frequencies below 1 kHz, assuming flat, horizontally stratified bottom models. Despite the relevance to Navy sonar systems many of which operate at mid-frequencies (1-10 kHz), limited inversion work has been carried out in this frequency band. This paper is an effort to demonstrate the viability of geoacoustic inversion using bottom loss data between 2 and 5 kHz. The acoustic measurements were taken during the Shallow Water 2006 Experiment off the coast of New Jersey. A half-space bottom model, with three parameters density, compressional wave speed, and attenuation, was used for inversion by fitting the model to data in the least-square sense. Inverted sediment sound speed and attenuation were compared with direct measurements and with inversion results using different techniques carried out in SW06. Inverted results of the present work are consistent with other measurements, considering the known spatial variability in this area. The observations and modeling results demonstrate that forward scattering from topographical changes is important at mid-frequencies and should be taken into account in sound propagation predictions and geoacoustic inversion. To cope with fine-scale topographic variability, measurement technique such as averaging over tracks may be necessary.     

海底单参数频域反演与沉积物分类

为了快速获取海底声学特性,从降低反演参数维数入手,提出一种基于海底单参数(小掠射角下海底反射损失随掠射角的变化率)的频域反演方法,并用于沉积物分类。在海底单参数模型基础上,对海底反射信号进行频域相关处理,利用几何射线理论,推导获得海底单参数与归一化频域自相关系数下降至0.5时频移量之间的关系表达式。通过研究海底单参数与沉积物类型之间的等效关系,对海底沉积物进行分类。对波兰波罗的海实验数据进行实际反演,得到1000~2500 Hz频段内的海底单参数值,进而判定实验海域海底沉积物类型为极细砂。结果表明,根据单参数反演值预报的声传播损失与实验测量值符合较好,利用频域反演结果获得的海底沉积物类型与取样结果一致,验证了实验海域频域反演方法的有效性及分类结果的正确性。      

The nonlinear propagation of acoustic waves in a viscoelastic medium containing cylindrical micropores

Based on an equivalent medium approach, this paper presents a model describing the nonlinear propagation of acoustic waves in a viscoelastic medium containing cylindrical micropores. The influences of pores' nonlinear oscillations on sound attenuation, sound dispersion and an equivalent acoustic nonlinearity parameter are discussed. The calculated results show that the attenuation increases with an increasing volume fraction of micropores. The peak of sound velocity and attenuation occurs at the resonant frequency of the micropores while the peak of the equivalent acoustic nonlinearity parameter occurs at the half of the resonant frequency of the micropores. Furthermore, multiple scattering has been taken into account, which leads to a modification to the effective wave number in the equivalent medium approach. We find that these linear and nonlinear acoustic parameters need to be corrected when the volume fraction of micropores is larger than 0.1%.     

海底沉积物压缩波声速比与物理特性的关系

海底沉积物因组成结构复杂导致声学特性复杂多样,多种理论解释模型存在参数较多且各具适用性现象·通过运用体积平均和等效参数的方法对海底沉积物声波传播机理进行研究,提出一种少参数的海底沉积物与底层海水的压缩波声速比通用模型(General Model of Sound Speed Ratio,GMSSR).GMSSR模型包含弹性结构分布因子、孔隙度、等效密度比、等效弹性模量比4个物理特性参数。分析海底沉积物两相介质结构的串联和并联两种极限情况分析,基于弹性结构分布因子和串并联结构的体积平均分布建立一般情况下海底沉积物的等效弹性模量表达式·应用GMSSR合理地分析各海域测量的海底沉积物声速比经验模型的共性和解释南海实测数据分散的范围,表明:(1)表层海底沉积物主要是以串联结构为主,接近于悬浮液状态或者体积分量很少的并联堆积状态;(2)等效弹性模量比的影响因素大于等效密度比,结构变化往往通过影响弹性结构分布因子而影响等效弹性模量比,从而引起声速比的变化;(3)不同研究海域的声速比-孔隙度经验关系具有相似性,可以通过GMSSR模型分析得出;(4)基于弹性结构分布因子的差异,可以合理解释南海海域测量表层海底沉积物声速比较大的分散性。      

不确定海洋声场中的检测性能损失环境敏感度度量

现有的检测算法在实际的不确定海洋环境中会出现失配情况, 进而导致检测性能下降, 但是定量分析这种检测性能损失的工作却很少见, 因此本文定义了检测性能损失敏感度函数, 并给出了基于蒙特卡罗方法的计算方法.检测性能损失敏感度是一个表征海洋环境不确定度的物理量, 它反映了海洋参数变动和检测性能损失之间的关系.利用地中海某处海洋环境进行仿真, 针对各个海洋环境参数, 计算了全海域的检测性能敏感度. 结果表明: 1)检测性能损失呈现了很强的空间性, 在20 km处, 水面声速有4 m/s的变化下, 检测损失最小为1%, 而最大达到60%.声信道中的检测性能较为稳定, 其在远距离上更是如此; 2)各个海洋环境参数对检测性能损失有不同的影响, 水体声速剖面和第一层海底介质的声速和厚度是对检测性能影响最大的量; 3)环境参数敏感度呈现很强的频率特性, 海底底质参数包括底质厚度、密度和吸收系数等随着频率的升高对检测性能的损失影响变小. 关键词： 检测性能损失 环境敏感度 不确定海洋环境     

一种基于简正波模态频散的远距离宽带海底参数反演方法

在浅海环境中, 海底环境参数对声传播有着重要的影响. 由于利用单个宽带声源进行海底参数反演时, 随着距离的增大, 误差变大, 本文提出利用warping变换对在浅海波导中传播的, 不同距离上的两个宽带爆炸声源进行简正波的有效分离, 实现了宽带爆炸声源的远距离海底参数反演. 采用全局寻优遗传算法对提取出的模态频散到达时间差与理论计算的模态频散到达时间差进行匹配处理, 并结合随距离连续变化的声传播损失, 实现了利用单水听器进行海底参数的反演. 实验结果表明: 运用反演出的海底参数提取模态频散时间差和实测数据提取出的模态频散时间差吻合得较好; 而通过传播损失反演得到的海底衰减系数与频率呈指数关系. 最后, 对反演结果进行了后验概率分析, 并将本组爆炸声源的反演结果用于另一组不同距离上爆炸声源时仍然有效, 来评价反演结果的有效性.     

Geoacoustic inversion based on reflection model of effective density fluid approximation

In order to obtain the physical and geoacoustic properties of marine sediments,an inverse method using reflection loss of different grazing angles is presented.The reflection loss is calculated according to the reflection model of effective density fluid approximation.A two-step hybrid optimization algorithm combining differential evolution and particle swarm optimization along with Bayesian inversion is employed in estimation of porosity,mean grain size,mass density and bulk modulus of grains.Based on the above physical parameters,geoacoustic parameters,including sound speed and attenuation,are further calculated.According to the numerical simulations,we can draw a conclusion that all the parameters can be well estimated with the exception of bulk modulus of grains.In particular,this indirect inverse method for bottom geoacoustic parameters performs high accuracy and strong robustness.The relative errors are 0.092%and 17%,respectively.Finally,measured reflection loss data of sandy sediments at the bottom of a water tank is analyzed,and the estimation value,uncertainty and correlation of each parameter are presented.The availability of this inverse method is verified through comparison between inverse results and part of measured parameters.     

基于等效密度流体近似反射模型反演海底参数

为了获取海底沉积物的物理和地声特性,根据等效密度流体近似反射模型得到的不同掠射角下的海底反射损失,利用差分进化算法和粒子群算法相结合的两级混合优化算法以及Bayesian反演方法对海底沉积物的孔隙度、平均颗粒粒度、颗粒质量密度以及颗粒体积弹性模量进行反演,再根据这4个物理参数的估计值进一步计算出海底地声参数,包括声速和衰减。通过反演结果与仿真真值的比较可以看出,除颗粒体积弹性模量外,得到的估计结果是令人满意的,特别是这种间接反演海底地声参数的方法对地声参数的估计具有较高的精确性和较强的稳健性,相对误差分别为0.092%和17%。最后,对实验室水池池底沙质沉积物的反射损失数据进行处理,给出了沙质沉积物各参数的估计值、不确定性和相关性,并通过反演结果与部分实测参数值的比较验证了反演方法的可行性。      

一种地声参数的联合反演方法

根据地声参数对不同声场物理量影响不同,提出了一种利用简正波频散特征结合声传播损失反演地声参数的联合反演方法。首先,考虑到简正波的频散特性(群速度)对海底的密度和声速较为敏感,而对海底吸收系数不敏感,利用自适应时频分析方法,获得不同频率不同号数简正波的到达时间差,以此作为代价函数,采用全局优化算法,反演出海底密度和海底声速的分层结构,并用概率统计的方法评价反演结果的有效性。反演出海底密度和声速后,利用实验船辐射噪声得到随距离连续的声传播损失来反演出海底吸收系数。最后,把反演的参数很好的用于声源匹配定位验证了反演结果的有效性。      

Geoacoustic Inversion Based on a Vector Hydrophone Array

We propose a geoacoustic inversion scheme employing a vector hydrophone array based on the fact that vector hydrophone can provide more acoustic field information than traditional pressure hydrophones. Firstly, the transmission loss of particle velocities is discussed. Secondly, the sediment sound speed is acquired by a matchedfield processing （MFP） procedure, which is the optimization in combination of the pressure field and vertical particle velocity field. Finally, the bottom attenuation is estimated from the transmission loss difference between the vertical particle velocity and the pressure. The inversion method based on the vector hydrophone array mainly has two advantages： One is that the MFP method based on vector field can decrease the uncertain estimation of the sediment sound speed. The other is that the objective function based on the transmission loss difference has good sensitivity to the sediment attenuation and the inverted sediment attenuation is independent of source level. The validity of the inverted parameters is examined by comparison of the numerical results with the experimental data.     

Statistical geoacoustic inversion from vertical correlation of shallow water reverberation

Statistical geoacoustic inversion results based on reverberation vertical correlation （RVC） data from 300 Hz to 800 Hz are presented. The data were obtained during Yellow Sea Experiment-2005 （YSE-05）. An uncertainty analysis is carried out. It is found that the inversion sea bottom sound velocities decrease when the frequency increases. So it is difficult to determine the sea bottom sound velocity. In order to solve this problem, a two-layer bottom model is assumed, and a multi-frequency inversion approach based on Genetic Algorithm is proposed. The approach is demonstrated using YSE-05 experiment data. Both RVC and normal modes depth functions （NMDFs） calculated using the inverted geoacoustic parameters are in good agreement with the experimental measurements.     

海洋混合悬浮颗粒对蓝绿激光的散射特性研究

激光在水下的传输很大程度上会受到海水中悬浮颗粒物的影响,而目前对于海洋中悬浮颗粒物光散射的理论研究大多是针对单一成分的悬浮粒子而进行的,但是在真实海洋中悬浮颗粒物都是以多种成分混合的颗粒群形式而存在的,因此研究真实海洋中混合悬浮颗粒物对蓝绿激光的散射特性具有重要意义。该研究选取了对蓝绿激光传输产生较大影响的浮游藻类植物、悬浮泥沙、碎屑、悬浮气泡和矿物质这五种常见的悬浮颗粒物作为研究对象,充分考虑真实海况中这五种悬浮颗粒物的不同混合情况,构建了海水中混合球形悬浮颗粒物对蓝绿激光的散射特性模型。数值计算了海水中五种物质混合的球形悬浮颗粒物对532 nm蓝绿激光的统计平均光散射参量和平均散射相函数,分析不同混合悬浮颗粒物的混合比对平均散射、吸收和消光系数以及单次反照率随着粒子有效半径和粒子数浓度变化的影响,同时分析了不同粒子尺寸下的不同混合比对混合悬浮颗粒物的平均散射相函数随着角度变化的影响。数值结果表明,当悬浮泥沙在整个混合模型中占比越大时,平均散射系数越大,而当悬浮藻类粒子在整个混合模型中占比增大时,平均吸收系数增大,由此可知海洋中对光造成主要影响的五种常见悬浮颗粒物中,悬浮泥沙对光散射作用影响最大,悬浮藻类粒子对光吸收作用影响最大。随着悬浮颗粒物浓度的增大,混合粒子的单次反照率保持不变,由此可知混合悬浮颗粒物的平均光散射参量随着粒子浓度的增长速率是一致的。海洋中混合悬浮颗粒物的平均散射相函数随着粒子的有效半径的增大而增大,散射作用最大的混合比下的悬浮颗粒物其平均散射相函数最大,悬浮颗粒物的前向散射较强。该工作对蓝绿激光在海水中传输、信道建模,水下无线光通信的研究以及激光探测都具有重要的理论指导意义。     

In-plane attenuation zone and its optimization in a plate with periodic holes

It is difficult to design a plate with wide attenuation zones in low frequency region based on Bragg scattering mechanism. A plate with periodic rhombic holes is optimized and designed. Based on the finite element method under periodic boundary conditions, the in-plane dispersion curves of periodically perforated plate are calculated via COMSOL. The frequency responses of periodically perforated plate axe investigated via ANSYS simulation. The plates with periodic holes are suspended and dynamically tested under sinusoidal excitations. The results show that a periodically perforated plate with rhombus holes has wider attenuation zones than plates with circular and hexagonal holes. Material properties have a great influence on attenuation zones: nitrile-butadiene rubber and silicon rubber can easily obtain low-frequency zones, while increasing porosity creates lower and wider zones. The width of attenuation zone increases as the horizontal angle of the rhombus holes increases. An analysis of the attenuation zones* generation mechanism shows that the plate with periodic holes exhibits characteristics of Bragg scattering and local resonant phononic crystal, indicating an inherent relationship between two types of mechanisms. The optimized plate has a complete attenuation zone ranging from 5281.76-8824.30 Hz. The vibrations are significantly reduced when the number of periods is no less than two. The attenuation range obtained via the numerical method is generally consistent with the experiment. The research sheds light on the noise insulation plate and has the potential to improve the sound environment in various applications due to its simple manufacturing.     

重塑砂质含气沉积物的声响应特性与模型预测分析

海洋沉积物中气泡的存在对沉积物的声学特性有显著影响.为实现在实验室内对不同初始应力条件下含气沉积物的声学特性测量,研制了一套可用于土工三轴仪的双探针声学测量系统,基于CT扫描试验获得重塑含气砂样品中气泡群的尺寸分布,确定其共振频率范围.试验结果表明:细砂沉积物声速随气体含量的增加呈指数型降低,衰减系数随气体含量的增加呈...     

Spectral properties of the interference head wave

The interference head wave propagating through a sediment with a linear sound speed gradient is studied as a function of the parameter zeta, which is itself a function of acoustic frequency f, sediment sound speed and its gradient, and range. For zeta<1 the amplitude spectrum of the interference head waves goes as |S(f)|/f, where S(f) is the source spectrum. For increasing zeta beyond unity a more complicated modulation of S(f) ensues, which is explained by a channel transfer function H1(f), constructed analytically from a summation of terms involving zeroth-order refracted waves (referred to as a ray approach). For zeta greater than or approximately equal to 2 this summation compares well with a wave theory result for the interference head wave involving a fluid-fluid boundary. The amplitude spectrum of the interference head wave in the absence of sediment attenuation is |S(f)| x |H1(f)| and it is essential to know these to obtain an estimate of sediment attenuation from field observations. Examples of |S(f)| x |H1(f)| are presented for which H1(f) is computed directly using the ray approach and indirectly using the parabolic wave equation. A brief discussion on the application of these results towards the inversion of sediment attenuation is given.     

周期多孔板的面内振动衰减域及其优化

针对Bragg散射型周期多孔板难以实现较低起始频率并维持较宽衰减域的问题,优化设计了一种含菱形孔的周期多孔板。采用有限元法结合周期边界条件,并运用COMSOL对周期多孔板的面内弹性波频散关系进行计算,通过ANSYS模拟有限尺寸周期多孔板的频率响应,将周期多孔板悬吊进行了正弦波激励的振动试验。研究结果表明,含菱形孔的周期多孔板相比于含圆形和六边形孔的周期多孔板具有更宽的衰减域;材料属性对衰减域影响较大,丁晴橡胶和硅橡胶易于获得低频衰减域;孔隙率的增大有利于获得低频宽带的衰减域;增大菱形孔水平夹角能获得较宽的衰减域。对衰减域的形成机理分析发现,含菱形孔的周期多孔板同时具有Bragg散射型和局域共振型声子晶体的特性,表明两种衰减域机理具有内在的联系。优化设计的周期多孔板存在一条5281.76 Hz至8824.30 Hz的完全衰减域,经过至少2个周期,振动即得到较明显衰减。数值和试验得到的衰减区具有较高的一致性。该研究为减振降噪板的开发提供了新的思路,且由于制作过程便捷,在改善建筑声环境中具有潜在的应用前景。      

利用海底反射信号进行地声参数反演的方法

针对现有反演方法的缺点,提出了一种基于海底反射信号的地声参数高分辨反演方法.它利用短距离声源在不同深度上发射宽带线性调频信号,采用垂直阵进行接收,首先通过匹配滤波方法提取多径到达信息,然后利用海底反射损失曲线,反演海底表层的声速和密度,最后利用浅底层反射信号估计沉积层参数.由于海水中直达波受到内波的强烈影响,选择海底表面反射作为参考,用以可靠地计算浅底层反射的相对到达时间和幅度,从而估计出沉积层的厚度、速度和衰减系数.通过海上实验,验证了利用浅底层反射信号反演参数的有效性. 关键词： 海底参数 反演 浅底层反射信号