Ab-initio calculation of resonance states of H2O

In a dissociation attachment experiment of water, three peaks were observed at 7,9, and 12 eV. The origin of the third peak has been believed to be ²B². However, the calculated energy of this state is 0.6 eV higher than the experimental value. This discrepancy is quite large compared with the case of the lower two peaks. In this study we propose new candidates for resonant states responsible for the third peak. The configurations considered are (3a₁)^?1(3pa₁)², (3a₁)^?1(3pb₁)², (3a₁)^?1(3pb₂)², (3a₁)^?1(3pa₁)¹(3pb₁)¹, (3a₁)^?1(3pb₂)¹(3pa₁)¹, and (3a₁)^?1(3pb₂)¹(3pb₁)¹ which have the parent state (3a₁)^?1(3pa₁)¹, (3a₁)^?1(3pb₁)¹, or (3a₁)^?1(3pb₂)¹. The energy levels arising from these configurations are calculated by a method of configuration interaction. A Few resonance states, which could be responsible for the third peak, are found. New decay process of these states are proposed.     

Synthesis of 8-Aza-2′-deoxyadenosine and related 7-Amino-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine 2′-Deoxyribofuranosides: Stereoselective glycosylation via the nucleobase anion

The synthesis of 8-aza-2′-deoxyadenosine ( = 7-amino-3H-1,2,3 triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine N³-(2′-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranoside); 1 ) as well as the N²- and N¹-(2′-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosides) 2 and 3 is described. Glycosylation of the anion of 7-amino-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine ( 6 ) in DMF yielded three regioisomeric protected 2′-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosides, i.e. the N³-, N²-, and N⁴-glycosylated isomers 7 (14%), 9 (11%), and 11 (3%), respectively, together with nearly equal amounts of their α-D-anomers 8 (13%), 10 (12%), and 12 (4%; Scheme 1). The reaction became Stereoselective for the β-D-nucleosides if the anion of 7-methoxy-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine ( 13 ) was glycosylated in MeCN: only the N³-, N², and N¹-(2′-deoxy-β-D-nucleosides) 14 (29%), 15 (32%), and 16 (23%), respectively, were formed (Scheme 2). NH₃ Treatment of the methoxynucleosides 14–16 afforded the aminonucleosides 1–3 . The anomeric configuration as well as the position of glycosylation were determined by combination of ¹³ C-NMR , ¹ H-NMR , and 1D-NOE difference spectroscopy. Compound 1 proved to be a substrate for adenosine deaminase, whereas the regioisomers 2 and 3 were not deaminated.     

Synthesis and Circular Dichroism of Both Enantiomers of 2-deuterofluoroacetic acid ( Fluoro[2H1]acetic acid)

Sharpless epoxidation of (E)-1-(trimethylsilyl)[1-²H₁]oct-1-en-3-o1 ( 3a ) yielded (1S,2S,3S)- and (1R,2R,3R)-1-(trimethylsilyl)-1,2-epoxy[1-²H₁]octan-3-ols ( 4a and 4b , resp.) which were converted in three steps into (S)- and (R)-fluoro[ ²H₁]acetic acid ( 7a and 7b , resp.) in good yields. Their high isotopic and optical purity was established by ¹H- and ¹⁹F-NMR, mass, and circular-dichroism spectroscopy.     

Synthesis and Characterization of trans‐PdII Trimethylsilylchalcogenolates

The trans‐bis(trimethylsilyl)chalcogenolate palladium complexes, trans‐[Pd(ESiMe₃)₂(PnBu₃)₂] [E = S ( 1 ) and Se ( 2 )] were synthesized in good yields and high purity by reacting trans‐[PdCl₂(PBu₃)₂] with LiESiMe₃ (E = S, Se), respectively. These complexes were characterized by ¹H, ¹³C{¹H}, ³¹P{¹H} (and ⁷⁷Se{¹H}) NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The reaction of 2 with propionyl chloride led to the formation of trans‐[Pd(SeC(O)CH₂CH₃)₂(PnBu₃)₂] ( 3 ), a trans‐bis(selenocarboxylato) palladium complex and thus established a new method for the formation of this type of complex. Complex 3 was characterized by ¹H, ¹³C{¹H}, ³¹P{¹H} and ⁷⁷Se{¹H} NMR spectroscopy and a single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis.     

Analysis of autoionizing Rydberg series Cu I 3d 9 4snl with the multichannel quantum defect theory

Using atomic beam technique, a combination of collisional and laser excitation, and photoion detection, autoionizing Cu I states in the region of the ionization limits Cu II 3d ⁹ 4s(^3,1 D) were investigated. In spite of the complicated structure of the signals due to the four different ionization limits³ D ₃,³ D ₂,³ D ₁ and¹ D ₂ and the large number of possible (LSJ)-states, which can be reached by this experimental technique, the majority of the signals could be attributed to definite Rydberg series 3d ⁹ 4s(³ D ₃,³ D ₂,³ D ₁,¹ D ₂)nl (LSJ). Perturbations were analyzed by the three- and four-channel quantum defect theory and by Hartree-Fock calculations. General formulas for the calculation of the photoionization cross section by the four-channel quantum defect theory in the case of two closed and two open channels are given.     

Radical Localization in a Series of Symmetric NiII Complexes with Oxidized Salen Ligands

Square‐planar nickel(II) complexes of salen ligands, N,N′‐bis(3‐tert‐butyl‐(5R)‐salicylidene)‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamine), in which R=tert‐butyl ( 1 ), OMe ( 2 ), and NMe₂ ( 3 ), were prepared and the electronic structure of the one‐electron‐oxidized species [ 1 – 3 ]^+. was investigated in solution. Cyclic voltammograms of [ 1 – 3 ] showed two quasi‐reversible redox waves that were assigned to the oxidation of the phenolate moieties to phenoxyl radicals. From the difference between the first and second redox potentials, the trend of electronic delocalization 1 ^+.> 2 ^+.> 3 ^+. was obtained. The cations [ 1 – 3 ]^+. exhibited isotropic g tensors of 2.045, 2.023, and 2.005, respectively, reflecting a lower metal character of the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) for systems that involve strongly electron‐donating substituents. Pulsed‐EPR spectroscopy showed a single population of equivalent imino nitrogen atoms for 1 ^+., whereas two distinct populations were observed for 2 ^+.. The resonance Raman spectra of 2 ^+. and 3 ^+. displayed the ν_8a band of the phenoxyl radicals at 1612 cm^?1, as well as the ν_8a bands of the phenolates. In contrast, the Raman spectrum of 1 ^+. exhibited the ν_8a band at 1602 cm^?1, without any evidence of the phenolate peak. Previous work showed an intense near‐infrared (NIR) electronic transition for 1 ^+. (Δν_1/2=660 cm^?1, ε=21 700 M ^?1 cm^?1), indicating that the electron hole is fully delocalized over the ligand. The broader and moderately intense NIR transition of 2 ^+. (Δν_1/2=1250 cm^?1, ε=12 800 M ^?1 cm^?1) suggests a certain degree of ligand‐radical localization, whereas the very broad NIR transition of 3 ^+. (Δν_1/2=8630 cm^?1, ε=2550 M ^?1 cm^?1) indicates significant localization of the ligand radical on a single ring. Therefore, 1 ^+. is a Class III mixed‐valence complex, 2 ^+. is Class II/III borderline complex, and 3 ^+. is a Class II complex according to the Robin–Day classification method. By employing the Coulomb‐attenuated method (CAM‐B3LYP) we were able to predict the electron‐hole localization and NIR transitions in the series, and show that the energy match between the redox‐active ligand and the metal d orbitals is crucial for delocalization of the radical SOMO.     

四个基于间苯二(取代水杨醛酰腙)的有机锡配合物的溶剂热合成、结构和荧光性能

采用间苯二（取代水杨醛酰腙）（H₄L）与R₃²SnOH溶剂热反应,或间苯二甲酰肼、3-叔丁基水杨醛和三环己基氢氧化锡一锅溶剂热法反应,合成了4个新的有机锡配合物（SnR²）₂L（1~4）,其中,H₄L=m-Ph（CONH—N=CH（o-OH） PhR¹）₂;R¹=NEt₂,R²=Ph（1）;R¹=3,5-di-tert-butyl=3,5-t-2Bu,R²=Ph（2）;R¹=3,5-t-2Bu,R²=Cy（3）;R¹=3-tert-butyl=3-t-Bu,R²=Cy（4）。经元素分析、红外光谱和（¹H、¹³C、¹¹9Sn）核磁共振谱表征,并用X射线衍射方法确证配合物1~4的结构。配体H₄L的2个取代水杨醛酰腙链向内取向并与锡原子配位形成3个内向E型配合物1~3,取代水杨醛酰腙链向外取向并与锡原子配位形成外向E型配合物4。配合物1、2和4属于三斜晶系P1空间群,配合物3属于单斜晶系P2₁/c空间群。中心锡与配位原子构成畸形双角三锥构型。配体、配合物-三氯甲烷溶液的荧光性能表明,当具有弱荧光的配体m-Ph（CONH—N=CH（o-OH） PhNEt₂）₂（H₄L¹）和无荧光的配体m-Ph（CONH—N=CH（o-OH） Ph（3,5-t-2Bu））₂（H₄L²）分别与苯基锡、环己基锡配位后,配合物-三氯甲烷溶液发出强荧光。     

Microcalorimetric Studies of the Toxic Action of La^3＋ on Halobacterium Halobium R1 Growth

A microcalorimetric technique was used to evaluate the influence of La^3 on Halobacterium halobium R1 growth.By means of LKB-2277 bioactivity monitor,ampoule methos at 37℃,the thermogenic curves of Halobacterium halobium R1 growth were obtained.In order to analyze the results,the maximum power Pm and the growth rate constants k were determined,showing that values of Pm and k are linked to the concentration of La^3 .Addition of low concentration of La^3 can cause a decrease of the maximum heat production and growth rate constant.However,high concentration of La^3 may promote growth of Halobacterium halobium R1,but at much higher concentration of La^3 ,the growth of Halobacterium halobium R1 is inhibited again.For comparison,the shapes of Halobacterium halobium R1 cell were observed by means of transmission electron microscope.According to the thermogenic curves and TEM photos of Halobacterium halobium R1 under different conditions,it is clear that metabolic mechanism of Halobacterium halobium R1 growth is changed with the addition of La^3 .     

A configuration interaction study of the spin dipole-dipole parameters for formaldehyde and methylene

The electron spin dipole-dipole contribution to the zero field splitting has been evaluated for the ³A₂ (n → π*) and ³A₁ (π → π*) states of formaldehyde using a CI wave function constructed from contracted Gaussian-lobe functions. The values D = 0.539 cm^?1 and E = 0.031 cm^?1 were obtained for the ³A₂(n → π*) state and D = ?0.588 cm^?1 and E = 0.058 cm^?1 were obtained for the ³A₁ (π → π*) state using the CI wave function constructed from SCF orbitals of the respective parent configurations. An analysis of the effect of CI on the parameters is given for the ³A₂ (n n → π*) state of formaldehyde and the ³B₁ ground state of methylene. Numerical results are given which show that internally consistent self-consistent field orbitals (ICSCF ) are superior to canonical SCF orbitals as a starting point for a CI calculation. Our CI wave function for the ¹A₁ ground state gave an energy of ?114.13658 hartrees which is significantly lower than any previously reported energy calculation. This wave function gives a dipole moment of 2.22 Debye (C⁺O^?) in good agreement with the experimental value of 2.33 ± 0.02 Debye.     

鬼臼毒素及其衍生物热分解反应的动力学研究

The thermal behavior and thermal decomposition kinetic parameters of podophyllotoxin （1） and 4 derivatives, picropodophyllin （2）, deoxypodophyllotoxin （3）, fl-apopicropodophyllin （4）, podophyllotoxone （5） in a temperature-programmed mode have been investigated by means of DSC and TG-DTG. The kinetic model functions in differential and integral forms of the thermal decomposition reactions mentioned above for first stage were established. The kinetic parameters of the apparent activation energy Ea and per-exponential factor A were obtained from analy- sis of the TG-DTG curves by integral and differential methods. The most probable kinetic model function of the decomposition reaction in differential form was （1- a）^2 for compounds 1-3,2/3·a^-1/2 for compound 4 and 1/2（1-a）·[-In（1-a）]^-1 for compound 5. The values of Ea indicated that the reactivity of compounds 1-5was increased in the order： 5〈4〈2〈1〈3. The values of the entropy of activation △S^≠, enthalpy of activation △H^≠ and free energy of activation △G^≠ of the reactions were estimated. The values of △G^≠ indicated that the thermal stability of compounds 1-3 with the samef（a） was increased in the order： 2〈3〈1.     

Aquation of chloropentaamminecobalt(III) Perchlorate in chloride-ion containing water–nonaqueous solvent mixtures

The equilibrium quotients for the formation of Co(NH₃)₅Cl²⁺ from Co(NH₃)₅OH₂³⁺ and Cl^? were 3.74±0.25 M^?1 and 6.07±0.54 M^?1 at 45.0°C in 10:1 mole ratio water: dimethyl sulfoxide and in 25 w/w % aqueous ethanol, respectively, and those forthe formation of the ion pair Co(NH₃)₅OH₂³⁺ . Cl^? were 1.21±0.20 M^?1 and 1.58±0.17 M^?1, respectively, in the same solvents. The aquation and anation rateconstants were determined at 45.0°C for these two solvents over the range of chloride-ion concentrations 0.0 ≤ [Cl^?] ≤ 0.9 M. The aquation rate constant was essentially independent of chloride-ion concentration in each solvent over this range. The inverse of the pseudo-first-order anation rate constant was linearly dependent on the inverse of the chloride-ion concentration in each solvent. The least squares relationships between (1/k_an) and (1/[Cl^?]) gave intercepts and ratios of intercept to slope which were analyzed interms of I_d and D mechanisms. It was concluded that the data were not satisfied by a D mechanism, but that they were consistent with an I_d mechanism.     

Proton‐Conducting Magnetic Coordination Polymers

Three isostructural lanthanide‐based two‐ dimensional coordination polymers (CPs) {[Ln₂(L)₃(H₂O)₂]_n ? 2n CH₃OH) ? 2n H₂O} (Ln=Gd³⁺ ( 1 ), Tb³⁺ ( 2 ), Dy³⁺ ( 3 ); H₂L=cyclobutane‐1,1‐dicarboxylic acid) were synthesized by using a low molecular weight dicarboxylate ligand and characterized. Single‐crystal structure analysis showed that in complexes 1 – 3 lanthanide centers are connected by μ₃‐bridging cyclobutanedicarboxylate ligands along the c axis to form a rod‐shaped infinite 1D coordination chain, which is further linked with nearby chains by μ₄‐connected cyclobutanedicarboxylate ligands to form 2D CPs in the bc plane. Viewing the packing of the complexes down the b axis reveals that the lattice methanol molecules are located in the interlayer space between the adjacent 2D layers and form H‐bonds with lattice and coordinated water molecules to form 1D chains. Magnetic properties of complexes 1 – 3 were thoroughly investigated. Complex 1 exhibits dominant ferromagnetic interaction between two nearby gadolinium centers and also acts as a cryogenic magnetic refrigerant having a significant magnetic entropy change of ?ΔS_m=32.8 J kg^?1 K^?1 for ΔH=7 T at 4 K (calculated from isothermal magnetization data). Complex 3 shows slow relaxation of magnetization below 10 K. Impedance analysis revealed that the complexes show humidity‐dependent proton conductivity (σ=1.5×10^?5 S cm^?1 for 1 , σ=2.07×10^?4 S cm^?1 for 2 , and σ=1.1×10^?3 S cm^?1 for 3 ) at elevated temperature (>75 °C). They retain the conductivity for up to 10 h at high temperature and high humidity. Furthermore, the proton conductivity results were correlated with the number of water molecules from the water‐vapor adsorption measurements. Water‐vapor adsorption studies showed hysteretic and two‐step water vapor adsorption (182000 μL g^?1 for 1 , 184000 μL g^?1 for 2 , and 1874000 μL g^?1 for 3 ) in the experimental pressure range. Simulation of water‐vapor adsorption by the Monte Carlo method (for 1 ) confirmed the high density of adsorbed water molecules, preferentially in the interlayer space between the 2D layers.     

Synthesis of 32‐phenyl‐substituted methyl E/Z‐pyropheophorbide‐a's from methyl E/Z‐pyropehophorbide‐a 131‐ketoximes

Methyl E/Z‐pyropheophorbide‐a 13¹‐ketoximes 2a,b and their O‐acetyl derivatives 3a,b were oxidized with osmium(VIII) oxide to give aldehydes 4a,b and 5a,b , respectively. The Wittig reactions of the aldehyde chlorines 4a,b and 5a,b with benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride were performed to form the corresponding methyl (3¹E/Z,13¹E/Z)‐3²‐phenylpyropheophorbide‐a 13¹‐ketoximes 6aa‐bb and their O‐acetyl derivatives 7aa‐bb ; hydrolysis of these ketoximes 6aa,ba and 6ab,bb in formic acid produced methyl (E/Z)‐3²‐phenylpyropheophorbide‐a's 8a,b .     

Rare‐Earth Metal Alkyl Complexes with 3‐Arylamido‐Functionalized Indolyl Ligands: Synthesis,Characterization and Reactivity†

A series of dinuclear rare‐earth metal alkyl complexes {[μ‐η²:η¹:η¹‐3‐( L NCH)(CH₂SiMe₃)Ind]RE(CH₂SiMe₃)(THF)}₂ ( L ¹ = 2‐^tBuC₆H₄, RE = Y, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb; L ² = 2,4,6‐Me₃C₆H₂, RE = Dy, Er; Ind = indolyl) and {[μ‐η²:η¹:η¹‐3‐( L NCH₂)Ind]RE(CH₂SiMe₃)(THF)}₂ ( L ¹, RE = Y, Dy, Er, Yb; L ², RE = Er, Yb) bearing 3‐arylamido functionalized indolyl ligands having diverse bonding modes with metal ions were synthesized either by the insertion reaction of the imino group to the RE—C bond or by the alkane elimination reaction. In the preparation of above complexes, rare‐earth metal alkyl complexes [μ‐η⁵:η¹:η¹‐3‐( L ²NCH)(CH₂SiMe₃)Ind]Gd(CH₂SiMe₃)(THF)}₂ with a μ‐η⁵:η¹:η¹ coordination mode to the gadolinium ion and {[μ‐η³:η¹:η¹‐3‐( L ²NCH₂)Ind]Dy(CH₂SiMe₃)(THF)}₂ with a μ‐η³:η¹:η¹ coordination mode to the dysprosium ion were unexpectedly isolated. The reactions of 3‐( L ²N=CH)Ind with Er(CH₂SiMe₃)₃(THF)₂ at room temperature, generated a tetranuclear imino‐indolyl erbium intermediate {[μ‐η¹:η¹‐3‐( L ²N=CH)Ind]Er(CH₂SiMe₃)₂(THF)}₄, which can transform into the amido functionalized indolyl erbium complex in hot toluene. Moreover, the reactivities of the newly synthesized ytterbium complex with N‐heterocyclic compounds were investigated, affording the corresponding products of the mixed pyridyl‐indolyl, imidazolyl‐indolyl, and ortho‐metalated complexes. The yttrium complexes showed a high regioselectivity and steroselectivity for the isoprene polymerization with 1,4‐trans selectivity up to 91.7% and 1,4‐cis selectivity up to 96.1% in the presence of cocatalysts, respectively.     

Furan derivatives. Part 8 On substituent effects in the synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-3H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furans

4,5-Dihydro-3H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furans 4 and 6 which have various substituents (R¹ and R²) have been synthesized from 8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthyloxyacetic acids 1 and 3 or their ethyl esters 2 . The reaction of acids 1 and 3 with sodium acetate in acetic anhydride gave a mixture of furans 4 and 6 and lactones 5 and 7 . The ratios of the products were varied according to the types of substituents (R¹ and R²) in acids 1 and 3 . As the substituent R¹ (R² = hydrogen) in acids 1 was changed from hydrogen to a methyl, ethyl or isopropyl group, production of furans 4 became more difficult. However, when a phenyl group was used as the substituent, furan 4 was obtained in good yield. Similarly, as the substituent R² (R¹ = hydrogen) in acids 1 was changed from hydrogen to a methyl, ethyl or isopropyl group, furan formation was more difficult. In contrast, acids 3 which had electron-withdrawing substituents such as chlorine, bromine or a nitro group at the 4-position afforded furans 6 in good yield. 4,5-Dihydro-3H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furans 4 and 4,5-dihydro-3H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furan-2-carbocylic acids 8 were synthesized from the reaction of esters 2 and potassium hydroxide in dioxane. When the substituents R¹ or R² in esters 2 were varied from hydrogen to a methyl, ethyl or isopropyl group the total yields of furans 4 and furancarboxylic acids 8 were reduced.     

Synthesis and amoebicid properties of emetin analogs. Analysis of the new compounds by 13C-NMR. B/C-cis or trans-fused (+/-) 1-alkyl-3-desethyl-emetin (author's transl)]

Synthesis and amoebicid properties of emetin analogs. Analysis of the new compounds by ¹³C-NMR. B/C-cis or trans-fused (±) 1-alkyl-3-desethyl-emetin. New 1-alkyl-3-desethyl-emetines were prepared for pharmacological purposes. The usual emetine synthesis sequence applied to cis-1-alkylbenzo [a]quinolizidin-2-ones afforded new cis-1-alkyl-3-desethyl-emetines. The trans-fused isomers were also prepared. The relative configuration are determined by ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR. spectra.     

Variants of Solid-State and Solution Structures of (η3-Allyl)- {2-[2′-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazole-P,N}palladium(II) hexafluorophosphates and tetraphenylborates

Crystal and solution structures of the enantiomerically pure and the racemic pairs of (η³-allyl) {2-[2′-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-4-phenyloxazole}palladium(II) hexafluorophosphates ( 1 , and rac- 1 , resp.) and tetraphenylborates ( 2 , and rac- 2 , resp.) as well as (η³-allyl){2-[2′-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-4-isopropyloxazole}palladium(II) tetraphenylborate ( 3 ) were characterized by X-ray crystallography and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. In the solid state, rac- 1 and rac- 2 proved to be disordered with both diastereoisomeric complexes in the crystal. The complexes 2 and 3 exist only in the ‘exo’ form. The X-ray structures show that the [Pd^II(η³-allyl)] moiety may adopt different configurations between a nearly symmetrical three-electron Pd^II(π³-allyl) system and an asymmetrical allyl group with a η¹- and a η²-bonding to the metal center. The [Pd^II(η³-allyl)] system of rac- 1 and of ‘endo’ rac- 2 is closer to the former, and that of 2 , ‘exo’-rac- 2 , and 3 closer to the later geometry. The ¹H-NMR spectra of the hexafluorophosphates 1 and rac- 1 show two sets of signals of the allylic protons in an ‘exo’/‘endo’ ratio of 2:3. The tetraphenylborates 2, rac- 2 , and 3 give only one set of broad signals of the allylic protons.     

Kinetics of reactions of OBrO with NO,O3, OClO,and ClO at 240–350 K

Kinetics for the reactions of OBrO with NO, O₃, OClO, and ClO at 240–350 K were investigated using the technique of discharge flow coupled with mass spectrometry. The Arrhenius expression for the OBrO reaction with NO was determined to be k₁ = (2.37 ± 0.96) × 10^?13 exp[(607 ± 63)/T] cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1. The reactions of OBrO with O₃, OClO, and ClO are slow chemical processes at 240–350 K. Upper limit rate constants for the OBrO reactions with O₃, OClO, and ClO at 240–350 K were estimated to be k₂ < 5.0 × 10^?15 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1, k₃ < 6.0 × 10^?14 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1, and k₄ < 1.5 × 10^?13 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 430–437, 2002