A numerical study of flow over a confined backward-facing step

Numerical solutions using the SIMPLE algorithms for laminar flow over a backward-facing step are presented. Five differencing schemes were used: hybrid; quadratic upwind (QUICK); second-order upwind (SOUD); central-differencing and a novel scheme named second-order upwind biased (SOUBD). The SOUBD scheme is shown to be part of a family of schemes which include the central-differencing, SOUD and QUICK schemes for uniform grids. The results of the backward-facing step problem are presented and are compared with other numerical solutions and experimental data to evaluate the accuracy of the differencing schemes. The accuracy of the differencing schemes was ascertained by using uniform grids of various grid densities. The QUICK, SOUBD and SOUD schemes gave very similar accurate results. The hybrid scheme suffered from excessive diffusion except for the finest grids and the central-differencing scheme only converged for the finest grids.     

A class of two-level explicit difference schemes for solving three dimensional heat conduction equation

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｄｅａｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｉｔｉａｌ＿ｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｖａｌｕｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｔｈｒｅｅ＿ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｈｅａｔｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎＤ :0≤ｘ,ｙ ,ｚ≤Ｌ ,0 ≤ｔ≤Ｔ ｕ ｔ= 2 ｕ ｘ2 2 ｕ ｙ2 2 ｕ ｚ2 ,ｕ｜ｘ=0 =ｆ1(ｙ,ｚ,ｔ) ,　ｕ｜ｘ=Ｌ =ｆ2 (ｙ ,ｚ,ｔ) ,ｕ｜ｙ=0 =ｇ1(ｚ,ｘ,ｔ) ,　ｕ｜ｙ=Ｌ =ｇ2 (ｚ,ｘ,ｔ) ,ｕ｜ｚ=0 =ｈ1(ｘ ,ｙ ,ｔ) ,　ｕ｜ｚ=Ｌ =ｈ2 (ｘ ,ｙ ,ｔ) ,ｕ｜ｔ=0 =φ(ｘ ,ｙ,ｚ) .(1 )(2 )…     

A－HIGH－ORDER ACCURACY EXPLICIT DIFFERENCE SCHEME FOR SOLVING THE EQUATION OF TWO－DIMENSIONAL PARABOLIC TYPE

Ａ－ＨＩＧＨ－ＯＲＤＥＲＡＣＣＵＲＡＣＹＥＸＰＬＩＣＩＴＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＳＣＨＥＭＥＦＯＲＳＯＬＶＩＮＧＴＨＥＥＱＵＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＷＯ－ＤＩＭＥＮＳＩＯＮＡＬＰＡＲＡＢＯＬＩＣＴＹＰＥＭａＭｉｎｇｓｈｕ（马明书）（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＪｕｎｅ２,１...     

Augmented upwind numerical schemes for the groundwater transport advection‐dispersion equation with local operators

When solute transport is advection‐dominated, the advection‐dispersion equation approximates to a hyperbolic‐type partial differential equation, and finite difference and finite element numerical approximation methods become prone to artificial oscillations. The upwind scheme serves to correct these responses to produce a more realistic solution. The upwind scheme is reviewed and then applied to the advection‐dispersion equation with local operators for the first‐order upwinding numerical approximation scheme. The traditional explicit and implicit schemes, as well as the Crank‐Nicolson scheme, are developed and analyzed for numerical stability to form a comparison base. Two new numerical approximation schemes are then proposed, namely, upwind–Crank‐Nicolson scheme, where only for the advection term is applied, and weighted upwind‐downwind scheme. These newly developed schemes are analyzed for numerical stability and compared to the traditional schemes. It was found that an upwind–Crank‐Nicolson scheme is appropriate if the Crank‐Nicolson scheme is only applied to the advection term of the advection‐dispersion equation. Furthermore, the proposed explicit weighted upwind‐downwind finite difference numerical scheme is an improvement on the traditional explicit first‐order upwind scheme, whereas the implicit weighted first‐order upwind‐downwind finite difference numerical scheme is stable under all assumptions when the appropriate weighting factor (θ) is assigned.     

Numerical solution of Navier–Stokes equations using multiquadric radial basis function networks

A numerical method based on radial basis function networks (RBFNs) for solving steady incompressible viscous flow problems (including Boussinesq materials) is presented in this paper. The method uses a ‘universal approximator’ based on neural network methodology to represent the solutions. The method is easy to implement and does not require any kind of ‘finite element‐type’ discretization of the domain and its boundary. Instead, two sets of random points distributed throughout the domain and on the boundary are required. The first set defines the centres of the RBFNs and the second defines the collocation points. The two sets of points can be different; however, experience shows that if the two sets are the same better results are obtained. In this work the two sets are identical and hence commonly referred to as the set of centres. Planar Poiseuille, driven cavity and natural convection flows are simulated to verify the method. The numerical solutions obtained using only relatively low densities of centres are in good agreement with analytical and benchmark solutions available in the literature. With uniformly distributed centres, the method achieves Reynolds number Re = 100 000 for the Poiseuille flow (assuming that laminar flow can be maintained) using the density of , Re = 400 for the driven cavity flow with a density of and Rayleigh number Ra = 1 000 000 for the natural convection flow with a density of . Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improvement on stability and convergence of A. D. I. schemes

IntroductionAlternatingdirectionimplicit(A.D.I.)schemeswhichwasdiscoveredin1950',hasbecomeoneofthemostimportantmethodsintheapproximationofthesolutionsofparabolicpartialdifferentialequationsinmulti-dimensionalspace.Someofresultsaboutstabilityandconvergencearetooweakandincomplete,we'lltrytoimprovetheminthispaper.Considerinitial-boundaryvalueproblemintwospacevariablesLetΩhbeauniformrectangularmeshofO.h>0isthespacestepinxandydireehon*ProjectsupPOI'tedbytheNahonalNaturalScienceFoundahonofChi…     

A numerical study of heat island flows: Stationary solutions

We present two‐dimensional numerical simulations of a natural convection problem in an unbounded domain. The flow circulation is induced by a heat island located on the ground and thermal stratification is applied in the vertical direction. The main effect of this stably stratified environment is to induce the propagation of thermal perturbations in the horizontal direction far from the local thermal source. Numerical stationary solutions at Ra?10⁵ are computed in large elongated computational domains: convergence with respect to the domain sizes is investigated at different resolutions. On fine grids, with mesh size , a thermal sponge layer is added at the vertical boundaries: this local damping technique improves the convergence with respect to the domain length. Boussinesq equations are discretized with a second‐order finite volume scheme on a staggered grid combined with a second‐order projection method for the time integration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of spatial discretization schemes on numerical solutions of viscoelastic fluid flows

This study examines the effect of discretization schemes for the convection term in the constitutive equation on numerical solutions of viscoelastic fluid flows. For this purpose, a temporally evolving mixing layer, a two-dimensional vortex pair interacting with a wall, and a fully developed turbulent channel flow are selected as test cases, and eight different discretization schemes are considered. Among them, the first-order upwind difference scheme (UD) and artificial diffusion scheme (AD), which are commonly used in the literature, show most stable and smooth solutions even for highly extensional flows. However, the stress fields are smeared too much by these schemes and the corresponding flow fields are quite different from those obtained by higher-order upwind difference schemes. Among higher-order upwind difference schemes investigated in this study, a third-order compact upwind difference scheme (CUD3) with locally added AD shows stable and most accurate solutions for highly extensional flows even at relatively high Weissenberg numbers.     

Perturbation finite volume method for convective-diffusion integral equation

A perturbation finite volume (PFV) method for the convective-diffusion integral equation is developed in this paper. The PFV scheme is an upwind and mixed scheme using any higher-order interpolation and second-order integration approximations, with the least nodes similar to the standard three-point schemes, that is, the number of the nodes needed is equal to unity plus the face-number of the control volume. For instance, in the two-dimensional (2-D) case, only four nodes for the triangle grids and five nodes for the Cartesian grids are utilized, respectively. The PFV scheme is applied on a number of 1-D linear and nonlinear problems, 2-D and 3-D flow model equations. Comparing with other standard three-point schemes, the PFV scheme has much smaller numerical diffusion than the first-order upwind scheme (UDS). Its numerical accuracies are also higher than the second-order central scheme (CDS), the power-law scheme (PLS) and QUICK scheme. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10272106, 10372106)     

Performance of very‐high‐order upwind schemes for DNS of compressible wall‐turbulence

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate very‐high‐order upwind schemes for the direct numerical simulation (DNS ) of compressible wall‐turbulence. We study upwind‐biased (UW ) and weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO ) schemes of increasingly higher order‐of‐accuracy (J. Comp. Phys. 2000; 160 :405–452), extended up to WENO 17 (AIAA Paper 2009‐1612, 2009). Analysis of the advection–diffusion equation, both as Δx→0 (consistency), and for fixed finite cell‐Reynolds‐number Re_Δx (grid‐resolution), indicates that the very‐high‐order upwind schemes have satisfactory resolution in terms of points‐per‐wavelength (PPW ). Computational results for compressible channel flow (Re∈[180, 230]; M?_CL ∈[0.35, 1.5]) are examined to assess the influence of the spatial order of accuracy and the computational grid‐resolution on predicted turbulence statistics, by comparison with existing compressible and incompressible DNS databases. Despite the use of baseline O(Δt²) time‐integration and O(Δx²) discretization of the viscous terms, comparative studies of various orders‐of‐accuracy for the convective terms demonstrate that very‐high‐order upwind schemes can reproduce all the DNS details obtained by pseudospectral schemes, on computational grids of only slightly higher density. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monotonicity and 1-Dimensional Symmetry for Solutions of an Elliptic System Arising in Bose–Einstein Condensation

We study monotonicity and 1-dimensional symmetry for positive solutions with algebraic growth of the following elliptic system: $$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u = -u \upsilon^2 &\quad {\rm in}\, \mathbb{R}^N\\ -\Delta \upsilon= -u^2 \upsilon &\quad {{\rm in}\, \mathbb{R}^N},\end{array}\right.$$ for every dimension ${N \geqq 2}$ . In particular, we prove a Gibbons-type conjecture proposed by Berestycki et al.     

Higher‐order bounded differencing schemes for compressible and incompressible flows

In recent years, three higher‐order (HO) bounded differencing schemes, namely AVLSMART, CUBISTA and HOAB that were derived by adopting the normalized variable formulation (NVF), have been proposed. In this paper, a comparative study is performed on these schemes to assess their numerical accuracy, computational cost as well as iterative convergence property. All the schemes are formulated on the basis of a new dual‐formulation in order to facilitate their implementations on unstructured meshes. Based on the proposed dual‐formulation, the net effective blending factor (NEBF) of a high‐resolution (HR) scheme can now be measured and its relevance on the accuracy and computational cost of a HR scheme is revealed on three test problems: (1) advection of a scalar step‐profile; (2) 2D transonic flow past a circular arc bump; and (3) 3D lid‐driven incompressible cavity flow. Both density‐based and pressure‐based methods are used for the computations of compressible and incompressible flow, respectively. Computed results show that all the schemes produce solutions which are nearly as accurate as the third‐order QUICK scheme; however, without the unphysical oscillations which are commonly inherited from the HO linear differencing scheme. Generally, it is shown that at higher value of NEBF, a HR scheme can attain better accuracy at the expense of computational cost. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

About a condition for blow up of solutions of cauchy problem for a wave equation

ＣｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｔｈｅＣａｕｃｈｙｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｆｏｒｔｈｅｗａｖｅｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｉｎＲＮ×Ｒ＋（Ｎ≥２）：２ｕ（ｘ,ｔ）ｔ２－ｘｉａｉｊ（ｘ）ｘｊｕ＝｜ｕ｜ｐ－１·ｕ　　（（ｘ,ｔ）∈ＲＮ×（０,Ｔ））,ｕ（ｘ,０）＝ｇ（ｘ）　（ｘ∈ＲＮ）,ｕｔ（ｘ,０）＝ｈ（ｘ）　（ｘ∈ＲＮ）,（１）ｗｈｅｒｅｕ（ｘ,ｔ）ｉｓｎｏｎｔｒｉｖｉａｌｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｆｉｎｉｔｅｓｐｅｅｄｏｆｐｒｏｐａｇａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｓｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄｏｎａｆｏｒｗａｒｄｃｏｎｅ（ｘ,ｔ）·ｔ≥０,｜…     

Stochastic Variational Inequalities and Applications to the Total Variation Flow Perturbed by Linear Multiplicative Noise

In this work, we introduce a new method to prove the existence and uniqueness of a variational solution to the stochastic nonlinear diffusion equation ${{\rm d}X(t) = {\rm div} \left[\frac{\nabla X(t)}{|\nabla X(t)|}\right]{\rm d}t + X(t){\rm d}W(t) {\rm in} (0, \infty) \times \mathcal{O},}$ where ${\mathcal{O}}$ is a bounded and open domain in ${\mathbb{R}^N, N \geqq 1}$ and W(t) is a Wiener process of the form ${W(t) = \sum^{\infty}_{k = 1}\mu_{k}e_{k}\beta_{k}(t), e_{k} \in C^{2}(\overline{\mathcal{O}}) \cap H^{1}_{0}(\mathcal{O}),}$ and ${\beta_{k}, k \in \mathbb{N}}$ are independent Brownian motions. This is a stochastic diffusion equation with a highly singular diffusivity term. One main result established here is that for all initial conditions in ${L^2(\mathcal{O})}$ , it is well posed in a class of continuous solutions to the corresponding stochastic variational inequality. Thus, one obtains a stochastic version of the (minimal) total variation flow. The new approach developed here also allows us to prove the finite time extinction of solutions in dimensions ${1\leqq N \leqq3}$ , which is another main result of this work.     

Multivariant finite elements for three-dimensional simulation of viscous incompressible flows

Within multivariant elements, which have restricted degrees of freedom at some nodes, different velocity components have different variations. Shape functions for the multivariant elements Q P_o and R P_o are developed. With such shape functions the value of a velocity component within a multivariant element is shown to depend upon all the independent components of velocity at the nodes of the element. The use of the Q₁ P₀ element to simulate flows with discontinuous boundary conditions generated disturbance throughout the flow domain, giving erroneous pressure and velocity distributions. The Q P_o element restricted the disturbance due to such discontinuities to a small region near the singular points, whereas the P P_o element completely eliminated the fluctuations. Flows with discontinuous boundary conditions were simulated with reasonable accuracy by partially relaxing the no-slip condition on the Q₁ P_o elements near the singular points.     

Motion of a vortex filament in the local induction approximation: a perturbative approach

Very recently, Shivamoggi and van Heijst (Phys Lett A 374:1742, 2010) reformulated the Da Rios-Betchov equations in the extrinsic vortex filament coordinate space and were able to find an exact solution to an approximate equation governing a localized stationary solution. The approximation in the governing equation was due to the author’s consideration of a first-order approximation of ${\frac{{\rm d}x}{{\rm d}s} = 1/ \sqrt{1+y_x^2 +z_x^2}}$ ; previously, an order-zero approximation was considered by Dmitriyev (Am J Phys 73:563, 2005). Such approximations result in exact solutions, but these solutions may break down outside of specific parameter regimes. Presently, we avoid making the simplifying assumption on ${\frac{{\rm d}x}{{\rm d}s}}$ , which results in a much more difficult governing equation to solve. However, we are able to obtain perturbation solutions, by way of the δ—expansion method, which cast light on this more general problem. We find that such solutions more readily agree with the numerical solutions, while our solutions also match those exact solutions present in the literature for certain values of the parameters (corresponding to ${y_x^2 +z_x^2 < <1 }$ ).     

Transition bifurcation branches in non-linear water waves

We are concerned with the numerical computation of progressive free surface gravity waves on a horizontal bed. They are regarded as families of bifurcation branches (λ,A)_Q of constant discharge Q. Numerically we determine two transition values Q₁ and Q₂ with corresponding transition bifurcation branches that classify waves into three disjoint branch sets B₁, B₂ and B₃. Their members are families of waves (λ,A)_Q satisfying the conditions 0<Q² ?Q, Q <Q² ?Q and Q <Q² <B/27, respectively. The bifurcation patterns are analysed in some detail from the computed bifurcation diagram, which shows that in B₁ bifurcation is to the left and the amplitude A increases as the wavelength λ decreases; in B₂ bifurcation is to the right and turning points are observed nearly at breaking point. In B₃ bifurcation is to the right and A increases monotonically with λ.     

Assessment of different reconstruction techniques for implementing the NVSF schemes on unstructured meshes

Three new far‐upwind reconstruction techniques, New‐Technique 1, 2, and 3, are proposed in this paper, which localize the normalized variable and space formulation (NVSF) schemes and facilitate the implementation of standard bounded high‐resolution differencing schemes on arbitrary unstructured meshes. By theoretical analysis, it is concluded that the three new techniques overcome two inherent drawbacks of the original technique found in the literature. Eleven classic high‐resolution NVSF schemes developed in the past decades are selected to evaluate performances of the three new techniques relative to the original technique. Under the circumstances of arbitrary unstructured meshes, stretched meshes, and uniform triangular meshes, for each NVSF scheme, the accuracies and convergence properties, when implementing the four aforementioned far‐upwind reconstruction techniques respectively, are assessed by the pure convection of several scalar profiles. The numerical results clearly show that New‐Technique‐2 leads to a better performance in terms of overall accuracy and convergence behavior for the 11 NVSF schemes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the operator of symmetric differentiation on a compact Riemannian manifold with boundary

We state a particular case of one of the theorems which we shall prove. Let Ω be a bounded open set in ℝ ⁿ with smooth boundary and let σ=(σ _ij )be a symmetric second-order tensor with components σ _ij εH ^k(Ω) for some (positive or negative) integer k; H ^k are Sobolev spaces on Ω. Then we have for some u _i εH ^k +1(Ω),i=1,...,n, if and only if (if k<0, the integral is in fact a duality) for any symmetric tensor (ω with components and such that ). Some applications in the theory of elasticity are also given.