GCr15钢-CVDCr_7C_3镀层摩擦副摩擦振动的研究

本文系统地研究了GCr15钢球-CVDCr_7C_3镀层钢盘摩擦副滑动干摩擦引起的摩擦力(切向力)振动特性及其对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。试件系统在垂直和水平方向上均处于低刚度、小阻尼状态。试验信号由微机采集、处理并进行频谱分析。结果表明,摩擦力振动的类型与正压力有关,而与拖动速度无关;摩擦力呈周期性自持振动时具有与相对滑动速度典型的非线性关系,振动频率接近(略低)于系统在切向的固有频率,而与拖动速度无关;摩擦力呈非平稳随机振动时,振动频率与系统在法向的振动频率有关,而与系统在切向的固有频率及拖动速度都无关;摩擦偶件运动的平稳性与摩擦力振动的类型有关,而与平均摩擦系数无关;摩擦力所耗费的能量与正压力呈比例关系。     

GCr15钢球／Cr7C3涂层盘摩擦副在大气与真空中摩擦学性能的比较

本文比较了Cr_7C_3硬质涂层盘与钢球组成的滑动摩擦副在真空和大气中的干摩擦磨损特性,发现在真空中的平均滑动摩擦系数μ和钢球体积磨损率△W都比在大气中的低;对于动态滑动摩擦系数μ,存在一个临界滑动距离Sc,当滑动距离S小于这一距离时,μ_(真空)>μ_(大气),而当S超过这一距离时,则μ_(真空)<μ_(大气)。通过磨痕形貌扫描电子显微镜观测和微区X-射线能谱成分分析,发现由于真空中的粘着作用和摩擦热效应都明显增强,涂层中的Cr原子更容易向钢磨损表面转移并形成(Fe,Cr)碳化物膜,因而使μ和△W均下降。文章还讨论了转移膜的形成速率与载荷及滑动速度的关系,以及转移膜与摩擦振动的关系等。     

盘-销摩擦系统摩擦接触力测试与特性分析

测量分析动态摩擦接触力是研究摩擦振动与噪声发生机理的关键.本文中建立了盘-销系统摩擦尖叫试验台架,成功再现了摩擦尖叫.采用三向力传感器对有无摩擦尖叫条件下的动态摩擦接触力进行了测量,并利用小波信号分解、概率密度函数、功率谱密度函数、时频分析等方法进行了分析和讨论.研究发现:在发生摩擦尖叫时,动态摩擦力和法向力发生高频波动,是系统噪声的激励源;无摩擦尖叫时的摩擦力和法向力的动态分量为典型的白噪声随机过程,呈非高斯分布;有摩擦尖叫时的摩擦力和法向力为窄带高频类谐波信号,摩擦力呈非高斯分布,而法向力近似为高斯分布;模态耦合是导致盘-销系统发生动态接触力高频波动以及摩擦尖叫的原因.     

基于Nyquist稳定判据的磨合过程稳定性研究

在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上进行了船用柴油机缸套-活塞环摩擦配副磨合磨损试验,采集磨合过程中摩擦振动信号,应用Nyquist稳定判据,通过摩擦振动Nyquist曲线对磨合系统稳定性进行分析.结果表明:摩擦振动Nyquist曲线反映了磨合系统稳定性变化.当摩擦副磨合开始时(0～10 min),摩擦振动Nyquist曲线不包围(-1,j0)点,磨合系统处于稳定磨损阶段;在摩擦副磨合进行过程中(10～40 min),摩擦振动Nyquist曲线包围(-1,j0),磨合系统处于不稳定磨损阶段;当摩擦副达到磨合时(40 min后),摩擦振动Nyquist曲线不包围(-1,j0),磨合系统处于稳定磨损阶段.因此,磨合系统的特性可揭示磨合过程稳定性变化规律.     

聚四氟乙烯在真空条件下的摩擦特性

本文描述了一台专用的真空摩擦试验装置,并给出了真空度为10~(-3)托下,PTFE-花岗石、PTFE—镀铬铜和PTFE—钢球三种摩擦副材料的f-v实验曲线;给出了接触压力为不同数值时PTFE—花岗石的动、静摩擦系数,并比较了它们在大气和真空下的f—v曲线。试验结果表明,PTFE—花岗石的动、静摩擦系数之差是三种摩擦副中最低的,仅为0.02。而PTFE—镀铬铜的动摩擦系数最低(0.067),但其动、静摩擦系数之差最大。故选用PTF正-花岗石作为真空中低速、低负荷工作台导轨面材料有可能收到减小低速爬行的效果。     

摩擦力和摩擦振动的分形行为研究

在不同的摩擦磨损试验机上提取了摩擦磨损过程中摩擦力和摩擦振动的时间序列信号,采用关联维数方法研究了摩擦力和摩擦振动的分形行为．结果表明：摩擦力和摩擦振动信号具有分形特征;随着摩擦磨损过程的进行,信号分形维数的变化出现规律性的递增或递减;对于“收敛”或磨合磨损过程,不同阶段摩擦信号的分形维数趋于增大;对于“发散”的摩擦磨损过程,不同阶段的摩擦信号的关联维数趋于减小．摩擦力和摩擦振动的分形维数的变化规律同摩擦磨损过程中表面形貌分形维数的变化规律相似。     

两种含氟空间润滑油的真空摩擦磨损行为研究

利用真空四球摩擦试验机系统考察了全氟聚醚（Z25）和甲基氟氯苯基硅油（FCPSO）两种空间润滑油在空气、真空和高纯氮气气氛中的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）分别分析了磨损表面的微观形貌及典型元素的化学状态。结果表明：Z25在3种气氛中均表现出低摩擦高磨损的特性,且真空中摩擦系数最低,这主要是由于Z25对摩擦副具有润滑和腐蚀的双重作用;FCPSO在3种气氛中均表现出高摩擦低磨损的特性,且真空中磨斑直径最小,这主要是由于FCPSO在摩擦副表面形成了FeCl2边界保护膜.     

表面力能学性质对聚合物摩擦性能的影响

固体间的摩擦大部分是表面现象,所以摩擦副的表面性质与它们的摩擦性能之间具有密切的关系。为了研究这种关系,作者在概括文献中所报导的有关工作的基础上,论述了表面力能学性质与聚合物摩擦力之间的关系。通过对几种材料的摩擦试验结果的归纳、分析,有力地说明了表面力能学性质对无润滑滑动摩擦过程中的摩擦力的粘着项有明显的影响,而与滚动和润滑下的滑动摩擦基本上无关。     

钢-聚四氟乙烯摩擦界面的摩擦起电行为

作为界面摩擦中普遍存在的一种物理现象,摩擦起电由于其对摩擦界面的高度灵敏性而被广泛研究. 以钢-聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)为研究对象,通过采集摩擦过程中的摩擦系数、钢球的接地电流以及PTFE的表面电势,对其摩擦界面的起电行为进行了详细研究. 三种信号的波动幅值呈正相关性,反映了摩擦-摩擦起电的内在联系. 在钢-PTFE的摩擦过程中,材料的转移诱导使得PTFE的表面电势在达到饱和值后会反向演化. 利用钢-PTFE摩擦副进入稳定摩擦阶段的时间与摩擦电势的反向演化时间的关联性设计钢-PTFE或其他金属-聚合物摩擦副的摩擦状态监测系统,对实现机械运动过程中的摩擦副运动原位监测和故障预警具有重要价值.      

氟橡胶O形圈低压气体密封微动摩擦特性试验

对低压条件下气体密封橡胶O形圈的微动摩擦性能展开了试验研究.对橡胶O形圈与不锈钢2Cr13摩擦副摩擦力—微小位移的变化曲线进行测量.重点分析了微动运动状态下的循环次数、密封压力以及压缩率对O形圈摩擦性能的影响.结果表明:在微动状态下.O形圈摩擦力存在迟滞特性.摩擦力随着微小位移的增大呈明显线性增大;随着循环次数的增加.微动状态下的摩擦力趋于稳定;随着密封压力和O形圈压缩率的增加.摩擦力变化明显.幅度超过30%.     

Erosion in conical diffusers in particulate-laden cavitating flow

This paper highlights the serious damage that can occur in diffusing sections of pipework in which a cavitating particulate-laden fluid is flowing. The combined effects of particle erosion and cavitation are shown to remove considerably more material than would be expected from summing the effects of the individual mechanisms. It is demonstrated that, to be sure of avoiding this accelerated surface erosion, the transition from a smaller flow section to a larger one needs to be an abrupt expansion. If pressure recovery is important, a possible design solution is proposed. In the case of swirling flow, the expansion again needs to be abrupt. Evidence was also obtained which showed that, by allowing air to be entrained into the low pressure region in the flow, the cavitation and the erosion can be substantially reduced.     

Mixing in Circular and Non-circular Jets in Crossflow

Coherent structures and mixing in the flow field of a jet in crossflow have been studied using computational (large eddy simulation) and experimental (particle image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence) techniques. The mean scalar fields and turbulence statistics as determined by both are compared for circular, elliptic, and square nozzles. For the latter configurations, effects of orientation are considered. The computations reveal that the distribution of a passive scalar in a cross-sectional plane can be single- or double-peaked, depending on the nozzle shape and orientation. A proper orthogonal decomposition of the transverse velocity indicates that coherent structures may be responsible for this phenomenon. Nozzles which have a single-peaked distribution have stronger modes in transverse direction. The global mixing performance is superior for these nozzle types. This is the case for the blunt square nozzle and for the elliptic nozzle with high aspect ratio. It is further demonstrated that the flow field contains large regions in which a passive scalar is transported up the mean gradient (counter-gradient transport) which implies failure of the gradient diffusion hypothesis.     

Transition process in a fluid layer in a rotating paraboloid in response to a sudden change in its angular velocity

The process of establishment of the rigid-body rotation state in a liquid layer in a rotating paraboloid upon a sudden increase in its angular velocity is studied theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical study is performed within the framework of linear shallow-water theory with account for the bottom Ekman friction. Analytical solutions describing the transition process are obtained and the dependence of the establishment time on the liquid depth and the radius of curvature of the paraboloid is investigated. It is shown that the effect of free surface deformation may lead to a significant increase in the establishment time. Good agreement with the results of special laboratory experiments is found.     

Turbulent transport in an inclined jet in crossflow

The present study experimentally investigates a turbulent jet in crossflow relevant to film cooling applications. The jet is inclined at 30°, and its mean velocity is the same as the crossflow. Magnetic resonance imaging is used to obtain the full three-dimensional velocity and concentration fields, whereas Reynolds stresses are obtained along selected planes by Particle Image Velocimetry. The critical role of the counter-rotating vortex pair in the mixing process is apparent from both velocity and concentration fields. The jet entrainment is not significantly higher than in an axisymmetric jet without crossflow, because the proximity of the wall inhibits the turbulent transport. Reynolds shear stresses correlate with velocity and concentration gradients, consistent with the fundamental assumptions of simple turbulence models. However the eddy viscosity is strongly anisotropic and non-homogeneous, being especially low along the leeward side of the jet close to injection. Turbulent diffusion acts to decouple mean velocity and concentration fields, as demonstrated by the drop in concentration flux within the streamtube issued from the hole. Volume-averaged turbulent diffusivity is calculated using a mass–flux balance across the streamtube emanating from the jet hole, and it is found to vary slowly in the streamwise direction. The data are compared with Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes simulations with standard k − ε closure and an optimal turbulent Schmidt number. The computations underestimate the strength of the counter-rotating vortex pair, due to an overestimated eddy viscosity. On the other hand the entrainment is increasingly underpredicted downstream of injection. To capture the correct macroscopic trends, eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity should vary spatially in different ways. Therefore a constant turbulent Schmidt number formulation is inadequate for this flow.     

Capillary effects in steady-state flow in heterogeneous cores

Effects of capillary heterogeneity at the macroscopic scale have previously been analyzed for static conditions or in the context of outflow end-effects. This paper presents a systematic study for the case of one-dimensional, steady-state flow, that complements recent work on transient displacement. We consider the saturation response to various forms of heterogeneity. Included are analytical results for certain model cases, some general results, and numerical solutions for variously correlated spatial variations. The sensitivity to process parameters, such as rate, heterogeneity length scale and correlation, is studied. Physical interpretations are offered and potential applications in the estimation of heterogeneity are discussed.     

Mean stress in a granular medium in dynamics

In this paper we propose to construct a mean stress tensor for a granular medium, valid in static and in dynamics, which takes into account the contact reactions and the body forces acting at the grain level. A simple analytical example shows that taking account of inertia forces is essential to insure the symmetry of the mean stress tensor in dynamics. Finally, numerical simulations illustrating this definition of the mean stress tensor are presented for a granular medium ensiled.     

Gas-Dynamic Processes in Two-Phase Flows in MHD Generators

A plane problem of a two-phase monodisperse flow of combustion products of plasma-forming composite solid propellants in the duct of a Faraday's MHD generator with continuous electrodes, including an accelerating nozzle, MHD channel, and diffuser, is considered. An algorithm based on the pseudo-transient method is developed to solve the system of equations describing the two-phase flow. Gas-dynamic processes in the channels of the Pamir-1 setup are numerically studied. It is shown that shock-free deceleration of a supersonic flow to velocities close to the equilibrium velocity of sound in a two-phase mixture and significantly lower than the velocity of sound in the gas is possible in two-phase flows.     

Nonlinear waves in electromigration dispersion in a capillary

We construct exact solutions to an unusual nonlinear advection–diffusion equation arising in the study of Taylor–Aris (also known as shear) dispersion due to electroosmotic flow during electromigration in a capillary. An exact reduction to a Darboux equation is found under a traveling-wave ansatz. The equilibria of this ordinary differential equation are analyzed, showing that their stability is determined solely by the (dimensionless) wave speed without regard to any (dimensionless) physical parameters. Integral curves, connecting the appropriate equilibria of the Darboux equation that governs traveling waves, are constructed, which in turn are shown to be asymmetric kink solutions (i.e., non-Taylor shocks). Furthermore, it is shown that the governing Darboux equation exhibits bistability, which leads to two coexisting non-negative kink solutions for (dimensionless) wave speeds greater than unity. Finally, we give some remarks on other types of traveling-wave solutions and a discussion of some approximations of the governing partial differential equation of electromigration dispersion.