Optical phonon modes and structure of ZnGa2Se4 and ZnGa2S4

We present the infrared and Raman study of the optical phonon modes of the defective compounds ZnGa₂Se₄ and ZnGa₂S₄. Most of the compounds have been found to crystallize in the thiogallate structure (defect chalcopyrite) with space group where all cations and vacancies are ordered. For some Zinc compounds a partially disordered cationic sublattice with various degrees of cation and vacancy statistical distribution, which lead to the higher symmetry (defect stannite), has been reported. For ZnGa₂Se₄ we have found three modes of A symmetry, showing Raman activity only. In addition, we have observed each five modes of B and E symmetry, showing infrared as well as Raman activity. The number of modes and their symmetry assignment, based on polarized measurements, clearly indicate space group for the investigated crystals of ZnGa₂Se₄.Regarding ZnGa₂S₄ we have found three modes exclusively showing Raman activity (2A⊕1B₁), and only eight modes showing infrared as well as Raman activity (3B₂⊕5E). The assignment of the modes has been derived by analyzing the spectral positions of the vibrational modes in comparison to a number of compounds. From the number and symmetry assignment of the optical phonon modes we confirm that ZnGa₂S₄ most likely crystallizes in space group .     

Effect of a periodic magnetic field on phase matching condition in second harmonic generation at interactions of laser-plasma

In this paper, the process of second harmonic generation (SHG) is studied in underdense plasma in the presence of a periodic magnetic field. It is shown that the difference of momentums of photon of second harmonic and two photons of main wave can be provided by momentum of everyone of Fourier components of periodic magnetic field so that momentum of nth Fourier component can be chosen by . It is also proven that the highest efficiency of second harmonic generation will be provided by the first Fourier component of periodic magnetic field . It is revealed that periodic magnetic field can produce longitudinal waves at and as well.     

Surface defect states of CdTexS1 − x quantum dots

Properties of surface defect states of CdTe_xS_1 − x quantum dots with an average diameter of 7 nm are investigated experimentally. The stoichiometric ratio is found to be for by use of the energy dispersive analysis of x-ray. The photoluminescence spectrum, the photoluminescence excitation spectrum, and the surface passivation are adopted to characterize the properties of surface defect states. The energy levels of surface defect states of CdTe_xS_1 − x quantum dots are also determined.     

Determination of electrical and solar cell parameters of FTO/CuPc/Al Schottky devices

A Schottky structure is fabricated using CuPc sandwiched between fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) and aluminium electrodes. The electrical properties of the device are measured at room temperature. Permittivity of the device is calculated from capacitance measurements. The saturation current density, , diode ideality factor, n=3.02 and barrier height, are determined for the Schottky juction. Reverse bias versus is interpreted in terms of Schottky emission. Solar cell parameters are determined from the J-V characteristics. Power conversion efficiency, η of 0.0024% is obtained for the cell. Band gap energy of the material is determined from UV-visible absorption spectrum.     

Investigation of nonlinear optical properties of organic dye by Z-scan technique using He-Ne laser

The third-order nonlinear optical properties of Basic Green 1 dye were measured by the Z-scan technique and measurements were carried out at different concentrations and several incident intensities. The results showed that the Basic Green 1 dye exhibited large nonlinear refractive coefficient () and nonlinear absorption coefficient () at the wavelength 632.8 nm of He-Ne. The negative sign of the nonlinear refractive index n₂ indicates that this material exhibits self-defocusing optical nonlinearity. These results show that Basic Green 1 dye has potential applications in nonlinear optics.     

Measurements of insulator band parameters using combination of single-electron and two-electron spectroscopy

We describe the application of low energy time-of-flight coincidence (e,2e) spectroscopy for measurements of the energy band parameters of a dielectric. The (e,2e) spectrometer can operate also in a single-electron mode by switching off coincidence conditions, and can be used for recording electron energy loss spectra (EELS). Thus, the combination of (e,2e) and EELS allows the measurement of energy gap E_g, valence bandwidth ΔE_val, electron affinity χ and excitonic levels position E_ex of a dielectric. The energy band parameters of LiF film deposited on Si(001) surface are measured: ΔE_val=      

The effect of the Bi source on optical properties of Bi2Te3 nanostructures

nanostructures were synthesized by using different Bi sources via a simple solvothermal process, in which and BiCl₃ were used as the Bi sources. Optical properties of nanostructures prepared with and BiCl₃ as the Bi sources were investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The Raman scattering spectrum of hexagonal nanoplates prepared by using as the Bi source shows that the infrared (IR) active mode A_1u, which must be odd parity and is Raman forbidden for bulk crystal due to its inversion symmetry, is greatly activated and shows up clearly in the Raman scattering spectrum. We attribute the appearance of the infrared active A_1u mode in the Raman spectrum to crystal symmetry breaking of hexagonal nanoplates. However, the Raman scattering spectrum of nanostructures with irregular shape prepared by using as the Bi source only exhibits the two characteristic Raman modes of crystals. Micro-Raman measurements on nanostructures with different morphologies offer us a potential way to tailor optical properties of nanostructures by controlling the morphologies of the nanostructures, which is very important for practical applications of nanostructures in thermoelectric devices.     

Anomalous thermostat and intraband discrete breathers

We investigate the dynamics of a macroscopic system which consists of an anharmonic subsystem embedded in an arbitrary harmonic lattice, including quenched disorder. The coupling between both parts is bilinear. Elimination of the harmonic degrees of freedom leads to a nonlinear Langevin equation with memory kernels and noise term for the anharmonic coordinates . For zero temperature, i.e. for , we prove that the support of the Fourier transform of and of the time averaged velocity-velocity correlation functions of the anharmonic system cannot overlap. As a consequence, the asymptotic solutions can be constant, periodic, quasiperiodic or almost periodic, and possibly weakly chaotic. For a sinusoidal trajectory with frequency we find that the energy E_T transferred to the harmonic system up to time T is proportional to T^α. If equals one of the phonon frequencies ω_ν, it is α=2. We prove that there is a zero measure set L such that for in its full measure complement R?L, it is α=0, i.e. there is no energy dissipation. Under certain conditions L contains a subset L^′ such that for the dissipation rate is nonzero and may be subdissipative (0≤α<1) or superdissipative (1<α≤2), compared to ordinary dissipation (α=1). Consequently, the harmonic bath does act as an anomalous thermostat, in variance with the common belief that elimination of a macroscopically large number of degrees of freedom always generates dissipation, forcing convergence to equilibrium. Intraband discrete breathers are such solutions which do not relax. We prove for arbitrary anharmonicity and small but finite coupling that intraband discrete breathers with frequency exist for all in a Cantor set C(k) of finite Lebesgue measure. This is achieved by estimating the contribution of small denominators appearing for , related to . For the small denominators do not lead to divergencies such that is a smooth and bounded function in t.     

Periodic boundary conditions and the correct molecular-dynamics ensemble

The use of periodic boundary conditions in molecular-dynamics simulations leads to the microcanonical ensemble of Ray and Zhang [J.R. Ray, H. Zhang, Phys. Rev. E 59 (1999) 4781] in which the total linear momentum and the generator of infinitesimal Galilean boosts are conserved quantities in addition to the total energy E, the volume V, and the number of particles N of the system. We find that the invariance of should be of importance in the analysis of ensemble averages of quantities that only depend on the spatial coordinate . As an application we study the density profile of an isolated system of hard disks with periodic boundary conditions in the absence of external forces. We find that the periodic boundary conditions give rise to an anomalous inhomogeneity in the density profile of the system. This inhomogeneity is only relevant for systems with a very small number of disks and is related to the conservation of the center of mass coordinates.     

New nonlinear mechanisms of midlatitude atmospheric low-frequency variability

This paper studies the dynamical mechanisms potentially involved in the so-called atmospheric low-frequency variability, occurring at midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. This phenomenon is characterised by recurrent non-propagating and temporally persistent flow patterns, with typical spatial and temporal scales of 6000-10 000 km and 10-50 days, respectively.We study a low-order model derived from the 2-layer shallow-water equations on a β-plane channel. The main ingredients of the low-order model are a zonal flow, a planetary scale wave, orography, and a baroclinic-like forcing.A systematic analysis of the dynamics of the low-order model is performed using techniques and concepts from dynamical systems theory. Orography height (h₀) and magnitude of zonal wind forcing (U₀) are used as control parameters to study the bifurcations of equilibria and periodic orbits. Along two curves of Hopf bifurcations an equilibrium loses stability () and gives birth to two distinct families of periodic orbits. These periodic orbits bifurcate into strange attractors along three routes to chaos: period doubling cascades, breakdown of 2-tori by homo- and heteroclinic bifurcations, or intermittency ( and ).The observed attractors exhibit spatial and temporal low-frequency patterns comparing well with those observed in the atmosphere. For the periodic orbits have a period of about 10 days and patterns in the vorticity field propagate eastward. For , the period is longer (30-60 days) and patterns in the vorticity field are non-propagating. The dynamics on the strange attractors are associated with low-frequency variability: the vorticity fields show weakening and strengthening of non-propagating planetary waves on time scales of 10-200 days. The spatio-temporal characteristics are “inherited” (by intermittency) from the two families of periodic orbits and are detected in a relatively large region of the parameter plane. This scenario provides a characterisation of low-frequency variability in terms of intermittency due to bifurcations of waves.     

New heavy mesons as hadronic molecules

We discuss a possible interpretation of the , D_s1(2460), and B_s1(5778) mesons as hadronic molecules. Using an effective Lagrangian approach we calculate their weak, strong and radiative decays. The new impact of the molecular structure of these states is the presence of u(d) quarks in the K, D^(∗) and B^(∗) mesons which gives rise to the direct strong isospin-violating transitions and in addition to the modes generated by η−π⁰ mixing as was considered before in the literature.     

On the asymptotic behavior of average energy and enstrophy in 3D turbulent flows

Rigorous upper and lower bounds are proved for the Taylor and the Kolmogorov wavenumbers for the three-dimensional space periodic Navier-Stokes equations. Under the assumption that Kolmogorov’s two-thirds power law holds, the bounds sharpen to and respectively, where is the Grashof number. This provides a rigorous proof that the power law implies (1) the energy cascade, (2) Kolmogorov dissipation law, and (3) a connection between κ_T and κ_?. The portion of phase space where a key a priori estimate on the nonlinear term is sharp is shown to be significant by means of a lower bound on any probability measure associated with an infinite-time average.