Single-atom entropy squeezing for two two-level atoms interacting with a single-mode radiation field

In this paper we consider a system of two two-level atoms interacting with a single-mode quantized electromagnetic field in a lossless resonant cavity via l-photon-transition mechanism. The field and the atoms are initially prepared in the coherent state and the excited atomic states, respectively. For this system we investigate the entropy squeezing, the atomic variances, the von Neumann entropy and the atomic inversions for the single-atom case. Also we comment on the relationship between spin squeezing and linear entropy. We show that the amounts of the nonclassical effects exhibited in the entropy squeezing for the present system are less than those produced by the standard Jaynes-Cummings model. The entropy squeezing can give information on the corresponding von Neumann entropy. Also the nonclassical effects obtained from the asymmetric atoms are greater than those obtained from the symmetric ones. Finally, the entropy squeezing gives better information than the atomic variances only for the asymmetric atoms.     

Superposition of two coherent states π out of phase with average photon number as relative phase

This paper discusses nonclassical features of the superposition of two coherent states π out of phase with each other and parameterized solely by amplitude α, that is, when the relative phase has a relationship with average photon number ∣α∣². In particular, it discusses oscillatory and sub-Poissonian photon statistics, degree of quadrature squeezing, and quasiprobability distribution functions. We examine that some nonclassical properties of these states are different from those of the even and odd coherent states.     

Temperature dependent symmetry to asymmetry transition in wide quantum wells

Quasi-two dimensional electron systems exhibit peculiar transport effects depending on their density profiles and temperature. A usual two dimensional electron system is assumed to have a δ like density distribution along the crystal growth direction. However, once the confining quantum well is sufficiently large, this situation is changed and the density can no longer be assumed as a δ function. In addition, it is known that the density profile is not a single peaked function, instead can present more than one maxima, depending on the well width. In this work, the electron density distributions in the growth direction considering a variety of wide quantum wells are investigated as a function of temperature. We show that the double peak in the density profile varies from symmetric (similar peak height) to asymmetric while changing the temperature for particular growth parameters. The alternation from symmetric to asymmetric density profiles is known to exhibit intriguing phase transitions and is decisive in defining the properties of the ground state wavefunction in the presence of an external magnetic field, i.e from insulating phases to even denominator fractional quantum Hall states. Here, by solving the temperature and material dependent Schrödinger and Poisson equations self-consistently, we found that such a phase transition may be elaborated by taking into account direct Coulomb interactions together with temperature.     

Asymmetric Tunneling Conductance and the Non-Fermi Liquid Behavior of Strongly Correlated Fermi Systems

Tunneling differential conductivity (or resistivity) is a sensitive tool to experimentally test the non-Fermi liquid behavior of strongly correlated Fermi systems. In the case of common metals the Landau–Fermi liquid theory demonstrates that the differential conductivity is a symmetric function of bias voltage V. This is because the particle–hole symmetry is conserved in the Landau–Fermi liquid state. When a strongly correlated Fermi system turns out to be near the topological fermion condensation quantum phase transition, its Landau–Fermi liquid properties disappear so that the particle–hole symmetry breaks making the differential tunneling conductivity to be asymmetric function of V. This asymmetry can be observed when a strongly correlated metal is in its normal, superconducting or pseudogap states. We show that the asymmetric part of the dynamic conductance does not depend on temperature provided that the metal is in its superconducting or pseudogap states. In normal state, the asymmetric part diminishes at rising temperatures. Under the application of magnetic field the metal transits to the Landau–Fermi liquid state and the differential tunneling conductivity becomes a symmetric function of V. These findings are in good agreement with recent experimental observations.     

Nonclassical and non-Gaussian properties of states generated by the superposed photon added-and-subtracted operation on squeezed vacuum

A new kind of non-Gaussian quantum state is constructed by operating the superposed operator (SO) (cos θaa^† + sin θa^†a) on a squeezed vacuum state (SVS) S(r)|0〉. It is found that the SOSVS is just a superposition state between S(r)|0〉 and S(r)|2〉 with only even numbers of photons. The nonclassicality is investigated by exploring the negativity of Wigner function (WF) and the sub-Poissonian distribution of Mandel's Q-parameter. The non-Guassianity is exhibited via the fidelity between the SOSVS and the SVS and the marginal distribution of its Wigner function. It is found that such SO on the SVS can enhance the nonclassicality and change the non-Gaussianity of the SOSVS. This provides the possibility of generating quantum states with specific nonclassical and non-Gaussian properties.     

光子消灭算符高次幂的本征态及其性质

本文提出一种构造光子消灭算待高次幂α^N的正交归一本征态的一般方法,并着重研究了N=3场合下正交归一本征态的数学结构和量子统计性质,发现这些本征态均具有非经典效应,它们组成一个以非经典光场态作基矢的完备表象。 关键词：     

Mass asymmetry dependence of angular distribution in237Np(α29 and 44 MeV,f): single particle effect

Angular distributions of fission products have been measured as a function of mass asymmetry in the odd-Z ²³⁷Np(α_{29 and 44 MeV},f) system using a recoil-catcher technique and off-line gamma spectrometry. Higher angular anisotropies were observed for the asymmetric mode products compared to the symmetric mode products at both energies. Average anisotropies for individual modes are lower than those for neighbouring even-even fissioning nucleus²⁴²Pu due to odd-nucleon spin effect. Present data have been analysed according to the transition state model assuming two modes of fission with characteristic saddle-shapes, barriers and multichance fission probabilities. It is seen that angular distributions for the symmetric and asymmetric modes are decided at and well past the corresponding saddle points respectively. Odd-nucleon spin contribution (〈k ²〉) to the tilting mode variance have been deduced. For (²⁴¹)Am fission, 〈k ²〉 values for the asymmetric and symmetric modes are ≤ 14 and > 14 ?² respectively. The 〈k ²〉 value averaged over several nuclei from preactinide (²⁰¹Ti) to actinide (²⁴⁸Cf) is 11.5 ± 4.2 ?². Average 〈k ²〉 value is in close agreement with the theoretical estimate.     

Quantum treatment for two two-level atoms in interaction with an SU(1,1) quantum system

We consider the interaction between two identical two-level atoms prepared in superposition states and an SU(1, 1) quantum system prepared in the Perelemov coherent state. We determine the timedependent wave function through the Schrödinger equation for the resonance case, and, consequently, we obtain the density matrix. We consider the phenomenon of collapses and revivals of the atomic population inversion for different values of the parameters and show the coherent trapping. We investigate the entanglement in the system where we discuss the linear entropy for different values of the involved parameters and for some states. Finally we examine the second-order correlation function to distinguish between the classical and nonclassical behaviors. We show that the system is sensitive to the variation in both the Bargmann index k and the Perelomov coherent parameter μ, as well as the atomic phase parameters.     

Activated Random Walkers: Facts, Conjectures and Challenges

We study a particle system with hopping (random walk) dynamics on the integer lattice ? ^d . The particles can exist in two states, active or inactive (sleeping); only the former can hop. The dynamics conserves the number of particles; there is no limit on the number of particles at a given site. Isolated active particles fall asleep at rate λ>0, and then remain asleep until joined by another particle at the same site. The state in which all particles are inactive is absorbing. Whether activity continues at long times depends on the relation between the particle density ζ and the sleeping rate λ. We discuss the general case, and then, for the one-dimensional totally asymmetric case, study the phase transition between an active phase (for sufficiently large particle densities and/or small λ) and an absorbing one. We also present arguments regarding the asymptotic mean hopping velocity in the active phase, the rate of fixation in the absorbing phase, and survival of the infinite system at criticality. Using mean-field theory and Monte Carlo simulation, we locate the phase boundary. The phase transition appears to be continuous in both the symmetric and asymmetric versions of the process, but the critical behavior is very different. The former case is characterized by simple integer or rational values for critical exponents (β=1, for example), and the phase diagram is in accord with the prediction of mean-field theory. We present evidence that the symmetric version belongs to the universality class of conserved stochastic sandpiles, also known as conserved directed percolation. Simulations also reveal an interesting transient phenomenon of damped oscillations in the activity density.     

Singularity Avoidance of Charged Black Holes in Loop Quantum Gravity

Based on spherically symmetric reduction of loop quantum gravity, quantization of the portion interior to the horizon of a Reissner-Nordström black hole is studied. Classical phase space variables of all regions of such a black hole are calculated for the physical case M ²>Q ². This calculation suggests a candidate for a classically unbounded function of which all divergent components of the curvature scalar are composed. The corresponding quantum operator is constructed and is shown explicitly to possess a bounded operator. Comparison of the obtained result with the one for the Schwarzschild case shows that the upper bound of the curvature operator of a charged black hole reduces to that of Schwarzschild at the limit Q→0. This local avoidance of singularity together with non-singular evolution equation indicates the role quantum geometry can play in treating classical singularity of such black holes.     

A comparative study of secondary ion yield from model biological membranes using Aun and C60 primary ion sources

Au_n⁺ and C₆₀⁺ primary ion sources have been used to acquire spectra from phospholipids, symmetric liposomes and asymmetric liposomes. We demonstrate that when using different ion beams different chemical information can be obtained. Symmetric and asymmetric liposomes, with 95% asymmetry, were produced and analysed with Au⁺, Au₃⁺ and C₆₀⁺ primary ion beams. C₆₀⁺ gave the greatest yield from the symmetric liposome but after correcting for the yield effects on the data obtained from the asymmetric liposome it has been shown that C₆₀⁺ is the most surface sensitive, providing the least information from the inner leaflet of the liposome. Au_n⁺ provides the greatest amount of information from the inner leaflet. The results present the possibility of designing ToF-SIMS experiments that selectively probe specific regions of a (bio)molecular surface.     

Superpositions of excited–deexcited coherent states and some of their non-classical properties

Applying the operator a + a⁺ to the superposed coherent states several times, superpositions of the excited–deexcited coherent states are obtained. Compared with the original superposed coherent states, these new states can have stronger squeezing and anti-bunching effects. The operation a + a⁺ can also induce squeezing or antibunching effect if the original states do not possess these properties. Calculations about the phase properties, the Q function and the Wigner function reflect the non-classical character of the excited–deexcited states from different aspects.     

Characterizing nonclassicality and entanglement

In Quantum Optics, the widely accepted definition of nonclassicality is based on the P function of Glauber and Sudarshan. When it fails to be interpreted as a classical probability density, the corresponding quantum state is said to be a nonclassical one. Here we present the first reconstruction of a nonclassical P function of a single-photon added thermal state. We also consider the nonclassical properties of general spacegtime dependent correlation functions of radiation fields. For the detection of these correlation functions, a balanced homodyne correlation technique was proposed. It is shown that the measurable correlation functions also allow one to completely characterize bipartite entangled quantum states with a negative partial transposition. Finally, we present a method for identifying general bipartite entanglement for continuous variables.     

The boundary between the spin-glass and ferromagnetic states of the bond-random Ising model in the square lattice at T = 0

The bond-random (±J) Ising model in the square lattice is considered in the square cluster approximation. The boundary between the ferromagnetic and spin-glass states at T = 0 is obtained as the transition point from the asymmetric distribution of the effective fields to the symmetric distribution. The concentration of this transition, P_FG is obtained by solving the integral equation for the distribution function of the effective fields.     

Spectral properties of cones of approximately representable reduced density matrices

We introduce a definition of the approximate spectrum of an operator which is useful in reduced density matrix theory. With precise knowledge of $\text{D}$² (the cone of representable reduced 2-densities) our approximate spectrum of any Hermitian, symmetric, one-body operator, A, agrees with the usual spectrum of operators on Fock space. The virtue of our definition is that with only approximate knowledge of $\text{D}$² we can compute the approximate spectrum for A. The approximate spectrum turns out to be a sensitive tool in assessing the quality of cones of approximately representable reduced 2-densities. Using this notion, we are able to point out a dramatic failure of one cone of approximately representable reduced 2-densities often referred to in the literature. In addition we show how reduced density matrices for excited states of systems with two-body interactions can be computed, given $\text{D}$⁴ the cone of reduced 4-densities.     

Nonclassical properties and algebraic characteristics of negative binomial states in quantized radiation fields

We study the nonclassical properties and algebraic characteristics of the negative binomial states introduced by Barnett recently. The ladder operator formalism and displacement operator formalism of the negative binomial states are found and the algebra involved turns out to be the SU(1,1) Lie algebra via the generalized Holstein-Primarkoff realization. These states are essentially Perelomov's SU(1,1) coherent states. We reveal their connection with the geometric states and find that they are excited geometric states. As intermediate states, they interpolate between the number states and geometric states. We also point out that they can be recognized as the nonlinear coherent states. Their nonclassical properties, such as sub-Poissonian distribution and squeezing effect are discussed. The quasiprobability distributions in phase space, namely the Q and Wigner functions, are studied in detail. We also propose two methods of generation of the negative binomial states. d 32.80.Pj Optical cooling of atoms; trapping Received 8 May 1999 and Received in final form 8 November 1999     

N-Superstring vertex and the vertex operator for the emission of the superstring

The BRST invariant, supersymmetric N-string vertex which applies to both, the Neveu-Schwarz and Ramond sector of the superstring is formulated using the vertex operator for the emission of a superstring. It is shown that the N-superstring vertex thus obtained is cyclic symmetric when GSO projected on-shell states and operators for the external strings are applied. The constraint equations of this vertex and their singularity structure are examined and we show that this vertex also has the required property of a transition operator. We also give a proof of its BRST invariance and supersymmetry.     

光子消灭算符高次幂本征态的数学结构及其性质

本文在文献[1]的基础上研究了光子消灭算符高次幂α^k(k≥3)的正交归一本征态的数学和量子统计性质,指出这些本征态均具有非经典效应,它们组成一个以非经典光场态作基矢的完备表象。在此之前,文献[1]讨论的k=3的情况只是我们所得普遍性结论的特例。 关键词：