Experimental investigation of plume expansion dynamics of nanosecond laser ablated Al with small incident angle

Experimental study of expansion dynamics of pulsed-laser ablation plasmas from Al is presented. A systematic investigation of plasma plume expansion is done. The laser beam is focused on the target with an incident angle between 0° and 20°. The results show that the plume growth is almost normal to the target surface, irrespective of the incident angle of the laser. Besides, the time evolution of the plasma plume geometry ratio at different incident angles shows that the incident angle of laser beam influences very slightly its shape at later delay time. The results imply that when the incident angle is small (ranging from 0° to 20°), the influence of the incident angle on the plume expansion is rather trivial.     

一种透过率随入射角近似线性变化的F-P标准具设计

为了由非机械扫描式F-P标准具的透过率得到来袭激光的入射角,设计了一种透过率随入射角近似线性变化的F-P标准具。把薄膜光学原理应用于F-P标准具的设计之中,考虑了斜入射条件下,特别是大入射角下,增透膜和干涉腔反射层特性参数变化对其透过率的影响,针对1.06μm激光,经过仿真设计,确定了F-P标准具主要参数。反射板选用K9玻璃,反射层采用单层ZnS膜时,腔长(475±5)nm,膜厚(65±5)nm,膜层垂直反射率20.7%～24.0%,对应标准具的透过率与入射角之间线性关系为T=-52.23θ+87.92,透过率非线性误差±5%;采用Ag膜时,腔长(460±10)nm,膜厚(3.80±0.15)nm,膜层垂直反射率22.4%～24.8%,T=-52.28θ+82.05,透过率非线性误差±4%。但具体的实现形式和制作工艺有待进一步研究。     

Numerical simulations of laser light guiding and focusing using an open hollow cone

An open hollow cone that can optically guide and focus a laser light into a small beam spot is proposed. The shaping and focusing effects are numerically demonstrated by finite-difference time-domain simulations. The results reveal that the cone-focused laser originates from the multi-beam interference and squeeze of two cone side walls acting like oblique targets. Moreover, the influences of oblique incident angle of laser light, cone angle and cone tip size on the focusing properties are discussed and the optimum cone geometry with cone angle of 16° and tip size of 4.5 wavelengths to achieve high energy concentration at the cone tip is also presented. It is shown that with an open hollow cone a laser light can be focused into a tiny highly localized beam spot of 1 µm diameter and keeps propagating forward for a distance of about 8 wavelengths with a tiny spot diameter remaining almost unchanged. The intensity almost increases up to twentyfold in a 1 µm focal spot.     

Acceptance of Wider Oblique Angle of Incidence in Fabry-Perot Optical Filter/Modulator Structures via Index Compensation in InGaAs-GaAs (980 nm) and InGaAsP-InP (1.55 μm) Multiple Quantum Well Cavities

Fabry-Perot optical filters/modulators, consisting of an InGaAs-GaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) cavity, are shown to accept wider angle of incidence (12°) when the cavity index of refraction is compensated by an external electric field via the quantum confined Stark effect. Preliminary experimental data and simulation results on InGaAsP-InP MQW devices operating around 1.55 n are also discussed. This provides design flexibility over conventional high finesse Fabry-Perot cavities which do not accept an angle of incidence deviation of more than 2-5° from the normal.     

Collimating of diverging laser diode beam using graded-index optical fiber

This paper presents a technique for collimating a diverging beam from a laser diode using graded-index optical fiber. The optical set-up is relatively simple and easy to operate. The results show that laser beam of large divergent angle in the range of 10–35° can be reduced to a fully collimated beam with a divergent angle of less than 0.05°. The theory of the method as well as some experimental results is presented.     

激光辐照TDI-CCD相机饱和串扰效应及侧斑建模仿真分析

根据推扫式线阵TDI-CCD成像系统的信号存储、传输与转换原理,分析了其在激光作用下产生不同饱和串扰现象的机理,建立了激光辐照TDI-CCD红外相机饱和串扰效应模型;考虑了视场外激光干扰过程中出现的侧斑现象,同时借助光学追迹模型,实现了连续激光干扰星载红外相机的成像仿真过程;通过图像质量评估因子定量分析了不同入射条件下激光辐射对相机输出图像质量的影响。结果表明:入射角不同,激光成像结果不同.选用1.064μm视场外激光在一定入射条件下,当改变激光入射角从2.86°到2.89°时,激光将出现侧斑;当激光功率密度提高1~4倍,光斑干扰面积百分比将不同程度的扩大.     

Fabrication of 550 nm gratings in fused silica by laser induced backside wet etching technique

A series of 550 nm spacing gratings were fabricated in fused silica by laser induced backside wet etching (LIBWE) method using the fourth harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (wavelength: λ = 266 nm; pulse duration: FWHM = 10 ns). During these experiments we used a traditional two-beam interference method: the spatially filtered laser beam was split into two parts, which were interfered at a certain incident angle (2θ = 28°) on the backside surface of the fused silica plate contacting with the liquid absorber (saturated solution of naphthalene-methyl-methacrylate c = 1.85 mol/dm³). We studied the dependence of the quality and the modulation depth of the prepared gratings on the applied laser fluence and the number of laser pulses. The surface of the etched gratings was characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM). The maximum modulation depth was found to be 180-200 nm. Our results proved that the LIBWE procedure is suitable for production of submicrometer sized structures in transparent materials.     

Generalised ABCD matrix treatment for laser resonators and beam propagation

A generalised ABCD matrix treatment for laser resonators and beam propagation is developed for computer programming. In this treatment, imaginary parts are introduced into the matrixes for all optical elements, and the beam quality factor M² and the index of the medium are also taken into account. When the imaginary parts of the complex matrix are zero and the beam quality factor M² and medium index are unity, the stated method is transformed back into the more classic ABCD matrix format in which the fundamental-mode Gaussian beam transmits through real elements in the vacuum. Based on this method, laser resonator software is realised by the VB programme language. The software can be used to analyse and design stable/unstable standing/travelling cavities, phase-conjugate cavities and beam transformations.     

Simultaneous measurement of retardation and fast axis angle of eighth-wave plate in real time

A simultaneous measurement method for the retardation and the fast axis angle of the eighth-wave plate in real time is proposed. The beam emitted from the laser passes through the circular polarizer and the eighth-wave plate to be measured successively, and then is split by the Dammann grating to form three sub-beams. They are analyzed by an analyzer array and detected by a detector array. Three detection signals are obtained simultaneously to calculate the retardation and the fast axis angle in real time. In experiments, a crystal quartz sample is measured at different fast axis angles. The average and standard deviation of its retardation respectively are 40.9°and 0.5°. The maximum measurement deviation of the fast axis angle is 2.1°. The usefulness of the method is verified.     

Fabrication of xenogeneic bone-derived hydroxyapatite thin film by aerosol deposition method

Xenogeneic bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) was coated on Ti-6Al-4V substrate using aerosol deposition (AD) system. HA precursor powder was derived from bovine bone for the deposition. In aerosol system, submicron particles of HA were mixed with a carrier gas to form an aerosol flow in the aerosol chamber. The aerosol flow was through a tube to a nozzle, and then ejected into a deposition chamber. The effect of the beam incident angle on the HA film formation was investigated. The incident angle of the beam was changed from 0° to 60°. Homogeneous HA film with the thickness of 1-2 μm was fabricated by flattering of particles shape for the incident angle of 60°.     

Sub-Hertz frequency stabilization of a commercial diode laser

We report ultra-stable locking of a commercially available extended cavity diode laser to a vibration-insensitive, high finesse Fabry-Perot cavity. A servo bandwidth of 2 MHz is demonstrated. The individual frequency stability of the diode laser after locking is independently measured with a three-cornered-hat method. The resulting Allan deviation reaches a level of 3 × 10^− 15 at 1 s, even without vibration isolation of the reference cavity.     

Demonstration of a recombined Fabry-Perot-Michelson interferometer with suspended mirrors

We describe preliminary experimental results concerning the operation of a 3 m arm-length Michelson interferometer with two Fabry-Perot cavities whose mirrors and beam splitter are suspended independently by wires. The reflected light beams from the two Fabry-Perot cavities are recombined to obtain interference at a photo-detector; this scheme is necessary for future power-recycled laser interferometers used to detect gravitational waves. The fundamental properties of the interferometer are presented, including the power spectral density of the displacement noise.     

Simulation and analysis of interaction between oblique incidence electromagnetic wave and plasma slab

Numerical simulation of interaction between plasma slab and electromagnetic wave which has different incident frequency and incident angle is discussed in this paper. Some parameters contain reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, reflectance, transmittance and phase are calculated by transfer matrix method. The relation of these parameters with incident frequency and incident angle is analyzed. The results show that the incident angle has low influence on the parameters when the angle varies from 0° to 30° and from 70° to 90°, but it has high influence on the parameters when it changes from 30° to 70°. These rules have certain directive significance to the research of interaction between oblique incidence electromagnetic wave and plasma slab and to the design of plasma layer.     

光纤耦合激光束输出光空间分布及其影响因素分析

通过分析光纤出射端面的光强分布,研究了光纤传输过程中激光二极管出射光束进入光纤时的指向角对出射端面光场分布的影响.提出一种影响光纤输出端光场的新因素,对数值孔径和光纤芯径两个影响因素进行了补充.在光纤传输过程中,将激光二极管出射的光束等效为大量光线,在二极管输出光的位置以及空间分布确定的情况下,使用光线追迹方法依次分析了单束和多束光的指向角以及光纤长度对出射面光强分布的影响.结果显示:单束入射光指向角的偏差会引起光纤输出端面光强极值位置的偏移,多束的情况可以导致光纤输出端光强呈现明显的环状分布,得出了入射光束指向角的偏差是影响光纤出射面光强分布和峰值位置的重要因素的结论,而光纤长度的变化对上述分布状况同样存在影响.     

Short pulse scattering from a laser produced plasma

Experiments are reported on 1.06m scattering from a laser produced plasma. Generally in such experiments scattering is observed on the shock wave front at 90° from the incident beam. In our set-up the plasma is expanding in a Fabry-Perot resonator and we note a strong emission at 1.06m.     

半导体激光Fabry-Perot干涉波长的微位移测量仪

摘要设计了一种基于Fabry-Perot干涉波长测量仪.这种测量仪使用两个Fabry-Perot干涉腔,其中一个作为测量腔、另一个作为参考腔,测量腔的一个反射面与被测对象安装在一起,参考腔的一个反射面与压电陶瓷安装在一起.根据透射光谱中心波长与其干涉腔长之间的关系,当参考腔与测量腔的透射光谱中心波长完全重合时,对纳米级微位移实现实时测量.光源采用半导体激光器,可获得所需要的波长值和波长变化范围.实验结果表明,这种测量仪测量误差不大于1.5 nm,该精度可以满足精密机械加工、光电子和微电子加工以及纳米级测量技术等领域的精度要求.     

斜入射引入动态多重散射机制的激光散斑抑制

散斑抑制一直是激光显示技术的研究热点。对激光光束经SiO₂溶液所形成散斑的特性分析,建立了多重散射与散斑颗粒大小的联系。结合动态光散射理论,提出利用斜入射引入动态多重散射机制的激光散斑抑制方法,并构建由静态散射片和装有粒径为300 nm、摩尔浓度为3.0×10-4 μm-3的SiO₂悬浮液的光通管组成的散斑抑制装置,将其置入激光显示系统的光源部分。针对光束以不同入射角进入SiO₂悬浮液对散斑图像对比度影响进行了系统实验分析。结果表明,光束以约8°进入SiO₂悬浮液能将散斑图像的对比度从0.43降低至0.067。通过该方法实现了散斑颗粒的空间平均和散斑图像的时间平均,提高了散斑抑制的效果。散斑抑制单元无需振动装置且便于集成到激光投影系统中,不仅提高了系统的可靠性也减小了成本。     

Excitation of surface plasma waves over metallic surfaces by lasersand electron beams

A laser incident on a metal film (deposited on a glass substrate) from the glass side at a specific angle of incidence, excites a surface plasma wave (SPW) at the metal-free space interface. The ratio of the SPW field to the laser field increases with the laser spot size b attaining a value much greater than one at b>exp(2wα/c) where a is the film thickness and ω is the laser frequency. The SPW (ω, k_z,) can also he excited by a relativistic electron beam, propagating parallel to the interface in the free space region, via Cerenkov interaction when beam energy ϵb=(|ϵ|-1)mc² where ϵ is the effective metal permittivity, and mc² is the electron rest mass energy. When the surface has a ripple of wave number k₀, the SPW (ω, k_zz) can be excited at lower beam energy via sideband coupling, ω=(k_zz +k₀)v_b where v_bzˆ is the beam velocity. In both cases, however, the positioning of the beam in the close proximity of the interface is required. The scheme is useful for the generation of wavelengths longer than 1 μm     

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采用分子动力学方法模拟200eV的CH3粒子轰击到不同基底温度的钨样品上,分析了C、H原子在钨表面的沉积、散射及溅射情况,结果表明C、H原子的沉降量均随入射剂量的增加而增加。在基底温度为100K时,相同入射剂量下沉积的C原子最多,而当基底温度为1200K,在入射剂量大于1.5X1016cm-2时,C原子的沉降量小于其它基底温度下的C的沉降量。CH3在轰击样品时发生了分解,各种分解情况随基底温度变化较小,其中不同基底温度下一级分解率在40%上下波动,二级分解在23%左右,而完全分解的CH3在9%左右。C、H原子的散射角主要分布在5°~85°间,散射C原子分布的最大值分布在40%~50°或50°~60°间,散射C原子分布的最小值分布在0°~10°或80°~90°间;而不同基底温度下散射H原子分布的最大值均在40°~50°间,最小值均在0°~10°间。散射C原子的能量在0~140eV之间,散射能量为0~120eV的C原子占散射总量的98%以上,散射C原子平均能量随基底温度的增加而增加,其变化从65.5eV增加到68.5eV;散射H原子的能量也在0~140eV之间,但大约70%的散射H原子能量在40eV以内,散射平均能量随基底温度的增加而减小,其变化从13.92eV减小到13.05eV。     

Control of polarization deviation at two separate wavelength by using all dielectric thin film materials

Two separate wavelength 1315 nm and 1550 nm were most widely used in near-infrared spectrum region. Based on a four-layer structure and a symmetry structure, a initial thin film stack system was constructed. Then it was optimized alternately by simplex and conjugate graduate algorithm, a beam splitter with splitting ratio R:T = 50:50 at this two wavelength was gained. The design result showed that the difference between reflectivity of P and S light around wavlength range 1300?1330 nm and 1535?1565 nm at incident angle 40°?50° was all below 2%. That indicated our design controlled the polarization deviation well at two separate wavelength with a reasonable range for both wavelength and incident angle.