Measurement of the structure coefficient of refractive index fluctuations in a turbulent premixed butane-air flame by means of a laser-based interferometer technique

With a view to measuring the structure coefficient of refractive index fluctuations in a turbulent premixed butane-air flame, a thin laser beam is sent into the flame perpendicular to the flow direction. The laser beam generally undergoes fluctuations of direction, phase, and amplitude. Only the random deflections of the laser beam may be taken into account. After having traversed the flame, the perturbed laser beam enters into an interferometric system. Materials and experimental procedure are described. In the unperturbed interference pattern, the zones only sensitive to fluctuations of the angle-of-arrival of the laser beam are detected. From the random displacements of the central bright fringe, the structure coefficient of refractive index fluctuations in the flame is measured. To prove that the method of measurement is satisfactory, the result obtained is applied for computing the power spectral density of the angle-of-arrival of the laser beam from the formula of correlations of the laser beam deflection angles which we have demonstrated in previous works. This computed power spectral density is compared to that measured from the effective position of the detector. A good agreement is observed between the two results.     

大气湍流相干长度和Strehl比的统计特征

对大气湍流相干长度的统计特征进行了理论分析，给出了其概率分布密度函数，同时分析了光束大气传输湍流效应的远场斯特列尔（Ｓｔｒｅｈｌ）比的随机分布特征，得到了与实验非常一致的结果。     

Light-beat measurement of phase fluctuations of a laser beam propagating through a turbulent atmosphere

Real-time processing of phase fluctuations of a laser beam has been considered in association with the phase of a beat signal of light. Two fine light beams, included in the expanded laser beam propagating through an artificially turbulent atmosphere, are shifted in frequency by two successive ultrasonic light modulators at slightly different frequencies, so that they can be photomixed to generate a beat signal whose phase is randomly modulated. The fluctuating phase difference of the two fine beams can be revealed in real-time from the phase of the beat signal. It is immediately processed by a conventional wave-height analyzer, from which a probability density and its variance are simply obtained. When the atmosphere is perturbed by the blower with a heater alone, the probability density takes the Gaussian form and the variance obeys approximately the 5/3-power law as the two beam separation is increased. When the turbulent atmosphere is further disturbed by some metallic mesh, the probability density does not always obey Gaussian statistics, but it depends greatly on the turbulent state of the atmosphere.     

Modelling and experimental analysis of the performance of a laser Doppler vibrometer used to measure vibrations through combustive flows

The problem of measuring surface vibrations by a laser Doppler vibrometer operating with the measuring beam across a combustive flow is discussed, in order to assess the possibility of experimentally determining the dynamic behaviour of a burner under operating conditions. The instrument performance is analysed in terms of interfering and modifying inputs through the development of a model of the interferometer and by experimental validation of its predictions. Experiments are carried out on an unconfined CH₄ flame of a Bunsen burner and a metal surface under a known forced vibration. The laser vibrometer output is influenced by the presence of the flame: major effects are optical path length variations of the measuring arm of the interferometer and beam movements. All effects occur at the typical flame flickering frequency and cause a distorted vibration spectra and a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. Beam wandering and defocusing are documented by image acquisition.     

Intensity fluctuations of a thin laser beam in a waveguide channel with large-scale random inhomogeneities

The propagation of a thin laser beam in a waveguide channel characterized by a parabolic profile of the refractive index and the presence of large-scale random inhomogeneities is investigated. The probability distribution functions of the random beam width and intensity fluctuations at the center of the beam and on the duct axis are determined. It is known that the random width of the beam and the intensity fluctuations of its center have log-normal distributions, while the variance of the intensity fluctuations at the center of the beam are saturated in the range of strong scintillations.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 21, No. 12, pp. 1785–1796, December, 1978.The authors are grateful to A. N. Malakhov for interest in the study.     

Problems of predicting turbulent burning rates

Different approaches to the modelling of turbulent combustion first are reviewed briefly. A unified, stretched flamelet approach then is presented. With Reynolds stress modelling and a generalized probability density function (PDF) of strain rate, it enables a source term, in the form of a probability of burning function, P_b, to be expressed as a function of Markstein numbers and the Karlovitz stretch factor. When P_b is combined with some turbulent flame fractal considerations, an expression is obtained for the turbulent burning velocity. When it is combined with the profile of the unstretched laminar flame volumetric heat release rate plotted against the reaction progress variable and the PDF of the latter, an expression is obtained for the mean volumetric turbulent heat release rate. Through these relationships experimental values of turbulent burning velocity might be used to evaluate P_b and hence the CFD source term, the mean volumetric heat release rate.

Different theoretical expressions for the turbulent burning velocity, including the present one, are compared with experimental measurements. The differences between these are discussed and this is followed by a review of CFD applications of these flamelet concepts to premixed and non-premixed combustion. The various assumptions made in the course of the analyses are scrutinized in the light of recent direct numerical simulations of turbulent flames and the applications to the flames of laser diagnostics. Remaining problem areas include a sufficiently general combination of strain rate and flame curvature PDFs to give a single PDF of flame stretch rate, the nature of flame quenching under positive and negative stretch rates, flame responses to changing stretch rates and the effects of flame instabilities.     

半导体激光器内自混合散斑干涉

在散斑和半导体激光器的自混合干涉理论的基础上,提出了基于法布里一珀罗腔的自混合散斑干涉模型,对粗糙表面产生的激光器内自混合散斑干涉效应(SMSI)进行了详细的理论研究和分析,得到了粗糙腔条件下的激光动力学的数值解。模拟产生了高斯相关随机表面及其在夫琅禾费面上产生的散斑场,以及该散斑场与相干光场叠加所形成的光场,分析了这些情况中光强的统计特征,与已知实验情况进行了对比,模拟结果与已知统计结果相同。给出了粗糙表面运动时激光器输出增益的变化及其概率密度分布。对由于照明宽度和外腔长度的变化而给粗糙表面运动时激光器输出增益变化带来的影响进行了分析。实验结果和模拟结果相符。     

The effects of tilt corrected residual aberration on the detection probability of single-photon propagation in a slant path turbulent atmosphere

Based on the assumption of a pulse laser beam with an initial Gaussian temporal shape and a collimated fundamental-model Gaussian beam, the Rytov approximation and Kolmogorov spectrum model for the index-of-refraction fluctuation of atmosphere, the effect of turbulence on the probability density, acquisition transmittance probability, transmittance probability density, acquisition probability of single-photon propagation in atmospheric communication channel with z-tilt and centroid-tilt aberration corrected are studied theoretically. The probability density, acquisition transmittance probability, transmittance probability density and acquisition probability models for single-photon propagation in uplink path and downlink path are derived. Our results shown that the detection probability and the acquisition transmittance probability of the single-photon are obvious increase, when the beams are propagation in the z-tilt corrected communication channel.     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SCATTERED LASER LIGHT IN LASER-PLATE-TARGET COUPLING

Theoretical and experimental studies of the angular distributions of scattered laser light in laser-Au-plate-target coupling are reported. A simple model that describes three-dimensional plasmas and scattered laser light is presented. The approximate shape of critical density surface has been given and the three-dimensional laser ray tracing is applied in the model. The theoretical results of the model are consistent with the experimental data for the scattered laser light in the polar angle range of 25o to 145o from the laser beam.     

粗糙表面对散斑统计特性的影响

为研究高速摄影中激光相干噪声的影响因素,降低激光照明中散斑噪声对高速摄影成像质量的影响,对激光照射表面的粗糙程度与形成的散斑场统计特性之间的关系进行了研究。基于菲涅尔-基尔霍夫衍射原理,分析了高斯光束入射在随机粗糙表面上经反射形成的散斑图样,通过对大量散斑图样的数据统计,得出了激光散斑的信噪比、自相关函数、概率密度函数与入射表面粗糙度之间的变化关系。计算结果表明:粗糙度的增大使散斑场信噪比降低、相干程度减小、概率密度降低,即表面越粗糙散斑噪声越严重。     

Control of the pulse width of a laser-diode end-pumped passively Q-switched solid-state laser

We theoretically and experimentally study different techniques to control the pulse width of a laser-diode-pumped passively Q-switched solid-state laser. It is shown that varying the laser beam radius in the saturable absorber and the pump beam radius in the gain medium provide an efficient means to control the pulse width. The experiments performed on a laser-diode-pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser passively Q-switched by a Cr⁴⁺:YAG saturable absorber are consistent with the theoretical calculations obtained from the rate-equations model, in which the intracavity photon density is assumed to be Gaussian spatial distribution, and the longitudinal variation of the intracavity photon density and the pump beam spatial distribution are also considered.     

Experimental and theoretical comparison of spatially resolved laser-induced incandescence (LII) signals of soot in backward and right-angle configuration

In-situ measurements of soot volume fraction in the exhausts of jet engines can be carried out using the laser-induced incandescence (LII) technique in backward configuration, in which the signal is detected in the opposite direction of the laser beam propagation. In order to improve backward LII for quantitative measurements, we have in this work made a detailed experimental and theoretical investigation in which backward LII has been compared with the more commonly used right-angle LII technique. Both configurations were used in simultaneous visualization experiments at various pulse energies and gate timings in a stabilized methane diffusion flame. The spatial near-Gaussian laser energy distribution was monitored on-line as well as the time-resolved LII signal. A heat and mass transfer model for soot particles exposed to laser radiation was used to theoretically predict both the temporal and spatial LII signals. Comparison between experimental and theoretical LII signals indicates similar general behaviour, for example the broadening of the spatial LII distribution and the hole-burning effect at centre of the beam due to sublimation for increasing laser pulse energies. However, our comparison also indicates that the current heat and mass transfer model overpredicts signal intensities at higher fluence, and possible reasons for this behaviour are discussed. PACS 42.62.Fi; 44.40.+a     

用复数矩阵衍射积分分析X射线激光输出特性

由复数矩阵元表达的失调光学系统衍射积分，研究了部分相干光交叉谱密度经过复杂光学系统的传输规律，并将之用于无腔型激光输出特性的研究。具体对实验室等离子体Ｘ射线激光进行了分析，所得结果与已有实验符合较好。     

激光诱导煤样等离子体的表征

以脉冲Nd·YAG激光器泵浦的光学参量发生/放大器输出为激发源,获得了一种家庭用煤样品的激光诱导等离子体(laser induced plasma,LIP)发射光谱。谱线线型呈洛伦兹线型,表明等离子体加宽以Stark展宽为主。利用发射谱线的Stark展宽和强度,通过测量等离子体不同位置的发射光谱,确定了等离子体温度和电子密度的空间分布,发现二者在垂直等离子体发光火焰方向相对火焰中心对称分布,沿发光火焰方向不具有对称分布的特点。发光火焰中心的等离子体温度和电子密度最大,且发光强度较大,因此利用光谱技术测量等离子体特征量时,宜采集火焰中心的发射光谱。样品中有些元素的发射谱线线型显示,等离子体中存在很强的自吸收现象,自吸收程度和激发波长及激光能量密切相关,激发波长接近谱线中心波长时,自吸收现象最明显;随激光能量的增加,发射光谱强度增加的同时,自吸收的程度也增大。把这些现象归因于原子跃迁概率的增大及激光强度增加引起的等离子体中粒子数密度的增大。自吸收现象导致实验观测到的发射谱线强度小于LIP的真实辐射强度,对等离子体进行测量时,应选取不存在自吸收现象的谱线,以便于提高测量准确度。     

Calculation of thermal processes upon the laser modification of HTSC ceramics aimed at increasing the critical current

A mathematical model for the heating of a surface layer of HTSC ceramics by a CW laser beam scanned at a constant rate is considered. The calculated depths of the molten region are presented for the heating of the Bi(2223) ceramics by a CW CO₂ laser. The theoretical results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The calculations can be used for the optimization of laser processing of superconducting ceramics aimed at increasing the critical current density.     

A study of refraction of a cylindrical laser beam in stratified liquid

Refraction of a cylindrical laser beam in a transition layer at the interface of two liquids with different optical characteristics is studied theoretically and experimentally. A theoretical basis for calculations of the beam trajectory in the transition layer of stratified liquid is given. Two- and three-dimensional images (2D and 3D refractograms) of a cylindrical laser beam inside and outside the media are obtained on the basis of a tangential model of the refractive index profile. The influence of the parameters of the laser beam and media on the appearance of refractograms is studied and the optimal experimental conditions are selected with the use of computer simulation. A scheme of the setup for recording digital 2D refractogram and experimental results are presented. Algorithms for digitizing experimental images and for their comparison with calculated refractograms to determine the refractive index profile in the transition layer based on the tangential model are developed.     

Numerical modeling of transient progression of plasma formation in biological tissues induced by short laser pulses

A theoretical model based on the rate equation for free electron density is proposed to investigate transient progression of plasma formation in soft biological tissues during laser shock processing. The laser focusing region around the focus point is considered to be one-dimensional along the direction of the incident beam, and is discretized into numerous thin control volumes. In simulation of the transient plasma progression, the laser intensity distribution and the temporal evolution of the free electron density are calculated sequentially for each control volume using a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method with adaptive time step control. The rate-equation formalism is first validated with previously published theoretical and experimental results. Simulation of the dynamics of plasma formation is then performed. The results include temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the free electron density as well as the growth of the plasma. It is shown that the threshold laser intensity for optical breakdown in water and the maximum length of the resulting plasma obtained from the present model are in good agreement with existing experimental data. PACS 42.65.-k; 52.38.-r; 87.80.-y     

染料掺杂聚合物薄膜中金纳米颗粒增强的随机激光

基于金属纳米结构而获得随机激光的增强,其独特的性质及其潜在的应用价值具有重要的研究意义,在表面增强荧光、光学开关器件、表面等离子激元激光等方面实现了较多应用。报道一种快捷有效的制备纳米颗粒的手段并基于该纳米颗粒结构分析了染料掺杂聚合物薄膜涂覆的随机激光现象和规律。利用离子溅射沉积和高温热处理在石英基底上制备了Au纳米颗粒,改变溅射时间Au纳米颗粒的尺寸发生可控变化,该方法便捷、工艺简单。研究采用40,80和120 s三种不同的时间进行Au膜溅射并在650 ℃下高温处理,得到粒径尺寸不同的Au纳米颗粒,随着溅射时间延长Au纳米颗粒的尺寸逐渐变大。通过涂覆有机荧光染料DCJTB掺杂的PMMA聚合物薄膜构建光致激射系统,利用纳秒脉冲激光对样品进行激发,得到随机激光并研究其出射光强度和阈值的变化规律特征。40,80和120 s三种溅射时间下所得Au纳米颗粒的平均粒径尺寸分别为230,250和390 nm,在532 nm激光激发下产生随机激光的阈值分别为20.5,17.5和12.5 μJ·pulse-1。Au纳米颗粒尺寸越大、粒子间距越小时,光子散射的平均自由程越短,光在金属颗粒之间可以多次有效散射,从而显著提高散射效率,产生较低阈值的激光发射;Au纳米颗粒的吸收峰与染料的荧光峰恰好匹配时,将会显著增强染料的荧光效应,激发更多染料分子发生能级跃迁,增加光子态密度,获得峰值更高、阈值更低的激射现象;泵浦光不破坏染料分子的情况下,可以多次循环泵浦获得激光,染料分子的发光效率随着多次激发略有降低,有助于随机激光器件的研究开发。实验研究结果与理论分析相一致,进一步明确了Au纳米颗粒对光子散射和等离子共振对光吸收增强的随机激光发射机理。该研究以Au纳米结构对光子的强散射效应为增益,通过理论分析和实验测量获得随机激光,为实现高效率、低阈值的随机激光研究提供了一种便捷的技术手段,有望促进随机激光器件的开发和应用。     

百瓦级铜蒸汽激光器的热设计

通过对百瓦级铜蒸汽激光器电管内气体温度的分析计算，给出百瓦级器件的为防止“黑心”现象输入功率密度的最佳值，分析计算了在此输入功率密度下，为达到最佳工作温度所需的保温层厚度，理论计算和实验结果吻合较好，从而建立了一套确定放电管内气体温度，保温层厚度的方法。     

An experimental study and theoretical analysis of the mode characteristics of a narrow line-width,pulsed dye laser oscillator at different pump powers

This paper presents an experimental study and theoretical analysis on the effect of pump power on the divergence, pointing, line-width and wavelength stability of a narrow line-width, high repetition rate dye laser oscillator. The dye laser oscillator, based on the hybrid multiple-prism grazing-incidence grating cavity, was pumped by copper vapor laser (CVL). The dye laser mode characteristics were studied at CVL average pump powers of 2, 4 and 8 W. The single pulse dye laser divergence/pointing stability was studied by far-field intensity distributions. The line-width and wavelength stability were studied using a high resolution wave-meter. The experimental results were theoretically analyzed in terms of dye laser mode structure drift induced by beam pointing instability, beam divergence and thermally induced optical path length fluctuation. A comprehensive theoretical treatment on pointing stability of dye laser beam and its influence in the dye laser wavelength stability is presented. The theoretical and experimental trends were found to be in good agreement.