Long-chain ammonium fluoride salts as universal analytical reagents for total anion determination

Lipophilic quaternary ammonium cations are insoluble in water when paired with any anion except fluoride or hydroxide. This phenomenon is the basis for a novel method for total anion determination. Tetra-n-octylammonium fluoride (TOAF) is used for the direct titration of any anion or mixture of anions with the exception of hydroxide. Anions for which no direct analytical method exists, e.g., nitrate or hydrogenfluoride (HF₂^?), are simply assayed by conductimetric titration with TOAF reagent.     

Studies on elution conditions for the determination of anions by supressed ion-interaction chromatography using a graphitized carbon column

A new method has been developed for ion-interaction chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection and a new graphitized carbon packing, which is sintered from carbonic material at a high temperature. Combinations of various eluting agents, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA) and acetonitrile have been investigated to optimize the separation of eight common anions (F⁻, Cl⁻, NO₂⁻, Br⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻ and I⁻). Calibration curves were linear from 0.5 to 10 μg/ml for F⁻, from 1.0 to 20 μg/ml for Cl⁻, NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻, from 2.5 to 50 μg/ml for Br⁻ and SO₄²⁻ and from 5.0 to 100 μg/ml for HPO₄²⁻ and I⁻ with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999 or better. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) of peak areas were between 0.2 and 0.9% for 10 repeated measurements. The application of this newly developed method was demonstrated by the determination of chloride, bromide and sulfate in pharmaceutical compounds using the direct injection method. The analytical results were within ±2% (relative) of the theoretical value, and thus in good agreement with the theoretical value for each sample.     

Two new indole derivatives as anion receptors for detecting fluoride ion

Two new compounds（1 and 2）based on indole were successfully synthesized and characterized.They display highly selective response to Fàin aqueous DMSO medium and pure DMSO with remarkable color and fluorescent changes.Therefore,both receptors may serve as colorimetric sensors for Fàby visual detection.     

Determination of inorganic anions in saliva by capillary isotachophoresis

Nitrite, nitrate, iodide and thiocyanate have been quantified in non-smoker and smoker saliva by capillary isotachophoresis (CITP). Hydrochloric acid (10 mmol l⁻¹) adjusted with histidine to pH 6.0 plus 6% poly(vinylpyrrolidone) was used as the leading electrolyte (LE) and 5 mmol l⁻¹ acetic acid as the terminating electrolyte (TE). Linearity was observed from 0.005 to 0.500 mmol l⁻¹ with a coefficient of determination (r²) of 0.999. The separation of anions was achieved in less than 19 min. The minimal sample pretreatment and relatively low running cost make isotachophoresis good alternative to existing methods.     

A modular approach to organic, coordination complex and polymer based podand hosts for anions

A range of novel host molecules with various degrees of preorganisation for the supramolecular complexation of anionic guest species are analysed within the context of other recent advances in the field. A modular approach to the design of cationic podands incorporating both organic and coordination compound cores is discussed. Special attention is given to ‘pinwheel’ hosts with functionalities including pyridyl, bipyridyl, aminopyridyl and ureas. The electrochemical and photochemical anion sensing by these functionalised podands is also reviewed. Much larger and more pre-organised calixarene units with consequent alteration of complexation properties, as well as the extension of this work to polystyrene-based and coordination polymer systems and metallogels are also covered.     

Calculation of detection limits for a single-laboratory ion-chromatographic method to determine parts-per-trillion ions in ultrapure water

This paper addresses the calculation of detection limits (DLs) for ion-chromatographic data at low part-per-trillion (w/w) levels. The main objectives are: (1) to explain two statistical techniques (the EPA or “3σ” approach and the Hubaux-Vos method), (2) to calculate DLs using each procedure, (3) to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each statistical approach and (4) to decide if the analytical method is appropriate for quantifying anions at the 50-ppt level in deionized water. The analytes of interest are: fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, sulfate and phosphate. All work was performed on a Dionex DX500 microbore unit, using an AS11 column. Results indicate that the H-V method gives a more realistic (and higher) DL than does the 3σ. Assuming false-negative and false-positives probabilities of 10% or less, this analytical method is not acceptable for quantifying anions at the desired level.     

Capillary electrophoretic analysis of anions in a multi-anion background electrolyte: Interference of system peaks

Summary This study deals with the simultaneous analysis of UV-transparent anions by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV-detection. With a background electrolyte (BGE) based on UV-absorbing chromate and UV-transparent borate, the interference of system peaks with those of sample anions (chloride, sulfate, citrate, phosphate) is shown. The existence of such system peaks, and their position in relation to the peaks of the sample anions, are explained on the basis of the eigenpeak theory proposed by Poppe [1]. With this BGE the system peaks were manifested as a negative peak followed by a positive peak. Their shapes depended on the relative mobilities of the analyte and BGE anions and their areas depended on the amount of sample. The mobility of the system peak depends on the borate/boric acid mobility, which was adjusted by slight variation of the pH close to its pK _a-pH is the key factor governing system-peak mobility. When the locations of the system peaks are optimized, the quantification of citrate can be achieved; this was successfully used for determination of anions in milk.     

Two-dimensional ion chromatography using tandem ion-exchange columns with gradient-pulse column switching

A two-dimensional ion chromatography (2D-IC) approach has been developed which provides greater resolution of complex samples than is possible currently using a single column. Two columns containing different stationary phases are connected via a tee-piece, which enables an additional eluent flow and independent control of eluent concentration on each column. The resultant mixed eluent flow at the tee-piece can be varied to produce a different eluent concentration on the second column. This allows analytes strongly retained on the first column to be separated rapidly on the second column, whilst maintaining a highly efficient, well resolved separation of analytes retained weakly on the first column. A group of 18 inorganic anions has been separated to demonstrate the utility of this approach and the proposed 2D-IC method provided separation of this mixture with resolution of all analytes greater than 1.3. Careful optimisation of the eluent profiles on both columns resulted in run times of less than 28 min, including re-equilibration. Separations were performed using isocratic or gradient elution on the first column, with an isocratic separation being used on the second column. Switching of the analytes onto the second column was performed using a gradient pulse of concentrated eluent to quickly elute strongly retained analytes from the first column onto the second column. The separations were highly repeatable (RSD of 0.01–0.12% for retention times and 0.08–2.9% for peak areas) and efficient (typically 8000–260,000 plates). Detection limits were 3–80 ppb.     

离子色谱法测定化肥中六种阴离子

提出了离子色谱法同时测定化肥中6种无机阴离子的方法。化肥试样经水超声浸取,采用C18固相萃取柱和Ba固相萃取柱净化,萃取液中氟离子、氯离子、亚硝酸根、溴离子、碘离子、硫氰酸根以IonPac AS18(250 mm×4 mm)为分析柱、IonPac AG18(50 mm×4 mm)为保护柱,氢氧化钾溶液梯度洗脱分离并用电导检测器同时测定了6种阴离子的含量。6种阴离子的检出限(3S/N)在0.001 2~0.013 5 mg.L-1之间。方法的加标回收率在78.9%~103.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.61%~6.5%之间。     

Rime samples characterization and comparison using classical and fuzzy principal components analysis

The main objective of this paper is to introduce principal component analysis and two robust fuzzy principal component algorithms as useful tools in characterizing and comparing rime samples collected in different locations in Poland (2004–2007). The efficiency of the applied procedures was illustrated on a data set containing 108 rime samples and concentration of anions, cations, HCHO, as well as pH and conductivity. The fuzzy principal component algorithms achieved better results mainly because they are more compressible than classical PCA and very robust to outliers. For example, a three component model, fuzzy principal component analysis-first component (FPCA-1) accounts for 62.37% of the total variance and fuzzy principal component analysis-orthogonal (FPCA-o) 90.11%; PCA accounts only for 58.30%. The first two principal components explain 51.41% of the total variance in the case of FPCA-1 and 79.59% in the case of FPCA-o as compared to only 47.55% for PCA. As a direct consequence, PCA showed only a partial differentiation of rime samples onto the plane or in the space described by different combination of two or three principal components, whereas a much sharper differentiation of the samples, regarding their origin and location, is observed when FPCAs are applied.      

Inclusion of aromatic and aliphatic anions into a cationic water-soluble calix[4]arene at different pH values

A cationic calix[4]arene derivative binds both aliphatic and aromatic, carboxylate and sulfonate anions in aqueous solution thanks to concerted electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The sulfonate guest inclusion is affected by the different mobility of the host caused by the pH change.     

Simultaneous determination of inorganic disinfection by-products and the seven standard anions by ion chromatography

For the first time, an ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of the disinfection by-products bromate, chlorite, chlorate, and the so-called seven standard anions, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, sulfate, bromide, nitrate and orthophosphate is presented. The separation of the ten anions was carried out using a laboratory-made high-capacity anion-exchanger. The high capacity anion-exchanger allowed the direct injection of large sample volumes without any sample pretreatment, even in the case of hard water samples. For quantification of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, sulfate, bromide, nitrate, orthophosphate and chlorate, a conductivity detection method was applied after chemical suppression. The post-column reaction, based on chlorpromazine, was optimized for the determination of chlorite and bromate. The method detection limit for bromate measured in deionized water is 100 ng/l and for chlorite, it is 700 ng/l. In hard drinking water, the method’s detection limits are 700 ng/l (bromate) and 3.5 μg/l (chlorite). The method’s detection limits for the other eight anions, determined by conductivity detection, are between 100 μg/l (nitrite) and 1.6 mg/l (chlorate).     

离子交换色谱法测定间苯二甲酸生产工艺中间物料及产品中的阴离子

建立了用离子交换色谱法同时测定间苯二甲酸生产工艺中中间物料及产品中F-、Cl-、Br-、OAc-、NO3-、PO43-和SO42-等7种阴离子的分析方法。采用A SUPP 5-250阴离子交换柱,以2.8 mmol.L-1Na2CO3和1.2 mmol.L-1NaHCO3混合溶液为流动相,在20 min内有效地分离和测定了样品中上述7种阴离子。采用抑制型电导检测,以S/N=3计算,F-、Cl-、Br-、OAc-、NO3-、PO43-和SO42-等离子的检出限分别为0.10,0.40,0.35,0.25,2.50,0.25和0.90μg.L-1,相关系数在0.999 1~0.999 7范围内;峰面积的相对标准偏差小于1.3%,加标回收率在98.2%~100.3%之间。     

A new fluorescent as well as chromogenic chemosensor for anions based on an anthracene carbamate derivative

A new fluorescent as well as chromogenic anion sensor, 1,8-anthradiol bis(N-phenylcarbamate) 2, was synthesized. It exhibits new selective red-shifted absorption and fluorescence bands with F⁻ and AcO⁻, which could be attributed to the anthracene moiety directly involved in the bonding interaction with the anions.     

Tuning the anion binding properties of calixpyrroles by means of p-nitrophenyl substituents at their meso-positions

Extended cavity calix[4]pyrroles and a calix[6]pyrrole were synthesized by cyclization of 5-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenyl)dipyrromethane with acetone in the presence of acid. The solid-state structures of the novel macrocycles were determined by X-ray crystallography. The host-guest chemistry of these receptors towards halide ions was investigated in solution by ¹H NMR titration techniques and compared with those of the meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole and meso-dodecamethylcalix[6]pyrrole. The binding of chloride anions was observed to occur with different affinities on the two faces of the novel calix[6]pyrrole derivative described here.     

离子色谱法同时测定降水中的9种阴离子

本文建立了离子色谱法同时测定雨水及雪水中9种阴离子的新方法,通过对分析条件的优化,确定了最佳的色谱条件。研究结果表明:以9.0 mmol/L Na2CO3为流动相,流速1.5 mL/min,9种阴离子在15 min内实现基线分离并完成电导检测。9种阴离子的检出限在0.008~0.087μg/mL之间,线性范围达2个数量级以上,平均加标回收率在91.6%~110.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。该方法用于雨水及雪水样品的分析,结果令人满意。