磁驱动飞片的一维磁流体动力学数值研究

磁驱动高速飞片技术是近年来发展的一种新型实验技术,在冲击波物理领域得到应用。该过程伴随着磁场扩散,并由此引起焦耳加热,使得飞片加载面的相状态发生变化,这决定了飞片厚度的范围。基于拉格朗日坐标系,利用磁流体动力学方程组、电阻率方程和状态方程数据库,对磁驱动铝飞片进行了一维磁流体动力学数值计算,获得了不同时刻铝飞片密度、温度的剖面分布,得到了磁场扩散速率随加载电流密度的变化关系。文章所选取的电导率方程只考虑到汽化点为止,对于等离子体形成的过程无法描述,如果要精确描述更高电流密度下的驱动过程,需考虑更为普适的电导率方程。磁场扩散速率随加载电流密度的变化存在转折点,在转折点前后可分别用两个线性关系表达式加以刻画。利用这些关系和冲击波物理相关知识,对磁压加载等熵驱动飞片实验样品厚度的选择进行了研究。     

激光干涉测速技术在爆轰实验中的应用

用四探头ＶＩＳＡＲ系统测量了铜管外表面在冲击波作用下的膨胀速度以及各种材料（Ｃ１１,Ａｌ,Ｆｅ,玻璃）平面飞片的自由表面速度。是的圆筒壁面径向膨胀速度大于１４００ｍ／ｓ,平面飞片自由面运动速度大于５５００ｍ／ｓ,各被测样品的速度－时间曲线反映了物体的连续运动过程。     

超高速冲击铝双层板的熔化效应

对超高速冲击铝双层板的熔化效应进行了实验研究和数值模拟，用扫描电镜观察后板的弹坑发现：当弹丸碰撞速度超过５ｋｍ／ｓ时，后板出现熔坑；随着弹丸碰撞速度的增加，后板熔坑数目亦随之增加，碎片云对后板的破坏明显减弱。数值模拟表明，击波加热和塑性功加热是熔化的两种机制，有关熔化主要特征的数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

高速平面飞片诱导的甲烷热分解过程模拟

为了研究高速颊飞片诱导下甲烷气体的化学反应和热力学非平衡过程，首先利用冲击波间断关系和理想气体状态方程计算甲烷的冻结冲击波参数，然后以波后的压力和温度作为初始条件，作定压反应计算，由此给出波后非平衡区的温度化学成分随时间变化的模拟结果。计算表明，当飞片速度v≤3km/s时，受冲击加热的甲烷分解比例较小；当飞片速度壮大时，甲烷热分解的比例迅速增大，C2H2，C2H4等产物显著增多。这一结果与用40反应模型给出的一维无粘反应动力学的数值结果基本一致，而且能更好地描述甲烷冲击波后的非平衡过程。     

用于冲击波温度测量的宽动态线性光学高温计

采用直线聚焦型光电倍增管（PMT）,研制了用于冲击波温度测量的8通道辐射高温计。改进后的PMT分压器电路使系统各通道脉冲输出线性均大于8 mA（-800 V高压）,饱和光强域值达到约100 W量级,响应时间（上升沿）小于3 ns。该系统对光谱辐亮度值的相对测量不确定度为约3%,已成功用于测量50 kK以内的高温辐射历史和冲击波温度。     

利用镀膜样品进行冲击波温度测量的问题和思考

针对当前进行金属冲击波温度测量中普遍使用的“金属基板／间隙／镀膜样品／透明窗口”的实验装置结构（“四层介质模型”）,详细分析了金属基板与镀样品之间的间隙对辐射法测温的影响。给出了镀膜样品与窗口之间的界面（记为“样品／窗口”界面）上的温度的解析解,并且对该界面温度的势弛豫特性进行了详细讨论。研究表明：由于冲击波穿过金属板与镀样品之间的间隙时,在金属基板与镀膜样品界面上形成了一高温界面层,使“样品／窗     

高超声速非平衡流动-辐射特性数值模拟研究

飞行器高超声速飞行过程中所承受对流加热和辐射加热可能具有相当的量级,因此合理准确预测气动加热需要将二者进行综合考虑.文章发展了具有非玻尔兹曼电子能级分布和振动能级分布的高温空气碰撞辐射模型,并耦合一维激波后流动方程计算不同飞行条件下激波后的非平衡流动特性,采用逐线辐射输运模型计算获得激波后非平衡辐射特性、辐射强度和辐射输运通量,深入比较分析了不同飞行高度和马赫数对非平衡流动和辐射输运过程的影响.计算结果表明对于高空高马赫飞行条件,其波后流动存在显著的热力学非平衡、化学非平衡和能级非平衡特征,在近激波区域高振动能级和原子高束缚电子激发态明显低于玻尔兹曼分布.在高空高马赫条件下真空紫外辐射占据主导地位,主要是由高能原子束缚-束缚跃迁造成的.随着高度和马赫数的下降,激波层内气体解离和电离程度降低,原子辐射贡献下降,分子辐射贡献增加,导致红外、可见光和紫外波段的辐射输运增强,真空紫外辐射输运过程减弱.     

坑道内爆炸条件下温压炸药的爆炸特性及其影响因素

温压炸药在坑道内爆炸时会产生多种毁伤元,对坑道内人员和设备造成严重威胁。基于不同药量的温压炸药爆炸试验,对坑道内爆炸条件下温压炸药的爆炸特性开展了研究,分析了爆炸热效应演化特征、冲击波传播规律和氧浓度降低情况,讨论了坑道对铝粉后燃的约束作用规律以及形成高烈度后燃效应的药量条件。研究表明：温压炸药火球辐射亮度高于TNT,且其火球温度峰值超过TNT温度峰值的1.3倍。在火球演化过程中,火球在后燃阶段的温度峰值较火球形态刚稳定时提升超过10%。在冲击波传播规律方面,超压峰值与正压时间的TNT当量系数分别约为1.4与1.65。另外,铝粉后燃产生的压缩波对冲击波能够形成多种补充效果,陡峭升压的压缩波能够使冲击波峰值升高,持续时间长但升压速率慢的压缩波能够限制冲击波的衰减,延长整体正压作用时间。受坑道约束作用,温压炸药爆炸火球将与坑道壁面发生相互作用,进而提高铝粉的燃烧烈度。当温压炸药质量立方根与坑道直径的比值大于0.28 kg^1/3/m时,将产生高烈度后燃效应。     

不同当量强爆炸早期火球现象的数值模拟

采用一维球对称辐射流体力学方程组,研究了不同当量强爆炸早期火球阵面、冲击波的形成发展过程,对计算结果进行了相似律分析。结果表明,随爆炸当量增加,火球阵面、冲击波扩张速度加快,火球扩张过渡阶段开始结束位置及持续范围增加,火球中心温度下降变慢;在火球阵面以冲击波扩张传播以后,火球阵面参量满足立方根相似律。     

刹车速度对C／C复合材料制动摩擦性能的影响

在MM－1000型摩擦磨损试验上考察了碳布叠层结构的C／C复合材料在不同速度下的制动摩擦磨损行为,并用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了试样磨损表面形貌,结果表明：随着刹车速度的增大,摩擦系数增大,在20－25m/s速度范围出现峰值;当刹车速度增大至28－30m/s时,摩擦系数仍保持较高,体现了优良的高能摩擦特性;磨损量在低速时较小,当刹车速度大于15m/s,磨损量迅速增大,低速时磨损表面由一层薄的磨屑层所覆盖,当速度大于15m／s,大量的磨屑形成一层较厚的磨屑层,高速时由于剧烈的氧化和剪切作用,很多基质碳被氧化剥落,炭纤维被磨断、拔出,使磨损增大。     

Experimental study of the microwave radiation from a relativistic electron beam in a strong magnetic field

The results are given of an experimental study of the microwave radiation from a powerful relativistic electron beam in a longitudinal magnetic field. The design and the characteristics of the bandpass microwave filters used in the analysis of the radiation spectra are described. Radiation spectra have been obtained for different values of magnetic field. It is shown that the observed radiation is in fact cyclotron radiation from the beam. The reasons for the high radiation intensity are discussed.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 3, pp. 3–6, May–June, 1976.In conclusion, the authors wish to express their gratitude to D. D. Ryutov and B. N. Breizman for fruitful discussion and interest in this work, and V. S. Koidan and V. V. Konyukhov for valuable advice and assistance in carrying out the experiments.     

基于扰动方程的超音速轴对称射流马赫波辐射研究

超音速不稳定波是导致剪切流失稳和转捩的主要不稳定模态,这种模态以马赫波的形式辐射到远场,从而产生强烈的声场。采用线性稳定性理论和非线性扰动方程(NLDE)分析,计算超音速轴对称射流不稳定波的扰动演化(Ma=2.1),对马赫波辐射进行研究,包括马赫波辐射方向、辐射源位置,以及随斯特劳哈尔数的变化情况。研究结果表明,在超音速轴对称射流中,马赫波沿固定方向辐射向远方,不稳定波相位沿另一方向传播,这两个方向相互正交;马赫波辐射源位置位于不稳定波压力幅值最大处;斯特劳哈尔数St越大,马赫波辐射的能力越强,辐射区域越集中。     

Unsteady Flow Through a Highly Porous Medium in the Presence of Radiation

The unsteady natural convection flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid through a porous medium with high porosity bounded by a vertical infinite stationary plate in the presence of radiation has been investigated. The fluid is assumed to be a gray, emitting and absorbing radiation, but non-scattering medium. The effects of the radiation parameter, Grashof number and permeability parameter of the medium on the velocity field as well as the effects of the radiation parameter and Prandtl number on the temperature field have been included in the analysis.     

Interaction of surface radiation with conjugate mixed convection from a vertical channel with multiple discrete heat sources

Important results of a numerical study performed on combined conduction–mixed convection–surface radiation from a vertical channel equipped with three identical flush-mounted discrete heat sources in its left wall are provided here. The channel has walls of identical height with the spacing varied by varying its aspect ratio (AR). The cooling medium is air that is considered to be radiatively transparent. The heat generated in the channel gets conducted along its walls before getting dissipated by mixed convection and radiation. The governing equations for fluid flow and heat transfer are considered without boundary layer approximations and are transformed into vorticity–stream function form and are later normalized. The resulting equations are solved, along with relevant boundary conditions, making use of the finite volume method. The computer code written for the purpose is validated both for fluid flow and heat transfer results with those available in the literature. Detailed parametric studies have been performed and the effects of modified Richardson number, surface emissivity, thermal conductivity and AR on various pertinent results have been looked into. The significance of radiation in various regimes of mixed convection has been elucidated. The relative contributions of mixed convection and radiation in carrying the mandated cooling load have been thoroughly explored.     

Radiation effect on temperature distribution and NO formation in a diffusion flame under reduced gravity conditions

Combustion of hydrocarbon fuel is accompanied with the formation of nitric oxide (NO) amongst other harmful emissions. In this work, a numerical investigation has been made for understanding the effect of radiative heat transfer on temperature distribution and formation of thermal NO in a methane–air diffusion flame under different reduced gravity environments. Conservation equations of overall mass, species concentration, momentum and energy for the reactive flows have been numerically solved with the use of finite difference scheme. In addition to that a semi-empirical soot model and an optically thin radiation model have been incorporated in the simulation. Gravity level is varied by the changed values of acceleration due to gravity. A thermal NO model incorporated accounts for the NO formation process which is decoupled from the hydrocarbon combustion. The relevant conservation equations have been solved as a post combustion reaction process. The flame height drops marginally with the reduction of gravity. Temperature becomes more uniformly distributed at lower gravity. NO formation boosts up with the fall of gravity below normal level when no radiation effect is considered. However, when radiation is considered, NO formation declines marginally with the reduction of gravity levels. Also in this case, concentration values of NO compare substantially lower with those without radiation. The upsurge of NO formation due to decline in gravity; and on the other hand, a shrinkage in concentration values of NO due to radiation effect can be attributed mainly to the rise and fall of temperature respectively in the computational zone.     

Elimination of the radiant component of measured liquid thermal conductivities

Experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of liquids requires to eliminate reliably thermal radiation heat transfer. Using an approximate calculation method such eliminations have been done on several liquids in a plane layer with a steady-state heat transfer by simultaneous conduction and radiation. The method, the admissibility of simplifications, and the results are discussed. It is demonstrated that the knowledge of the optical properties of the liquid is very important, especially that of the IR-absorption spectrum. As the quantitative accuracy of available spectra is not sufficient, such spectra have to be determined particularly. The calculation method has been used to eliminate thermal radiation from effective thermal conductivities measured on a liquid within several layers of different thickness, where convection heat transfer was not present. The resulting “pure” thermal conductivities are independent of layer thickness. Thus the validity of the calculation method is verified.     

Absorption of thermal radiation in a semi-transparent spherical droplet: a simplified model

The boundary-value problem for calculation of differential absorption of thermal radiation is formulated based on the modified DP₀ approximation. The solution of this problem is supplemented by simple analytical approximations for the normalised absorbed radiation power. The latter is used together with the analytical approximation for the efficiency factor of absorption, suggested earlier. The resulting simplified model is applied to the specific problem of absorption of thermal radiation by a diesel fuel droplet. Two types of diesel fuel have been considered. It is pointed out that the radial distribution of absorbed thermal radiation power is non-monotonic. The power absorbed in the droplet core is shown to be rather large and almost homogeneous. Also, the absorbed power is large in the vicinity of the droplet surface, but is minimal in the intermediate region. It is pointed out that the variations of the refractive index of diesel fuel with wavelengths can smooth the predicted radial dependence of the thermal radiation power, absorbed in diesel fuel droplets.     

Characteristic relations of flow birefringence

The general problems of the flow-induced birefringence in liquids have been presented and discussed in Part 1 of this paper, in which some particular responses of an aqueous solution of NGS 1828 were presented, namely, the pertinent mechanical responses and the birefringence responses in transmitted radiation. This paper presents the optical responses of NGS 1828 observed in the scattered radiation. It is shown that the scattered-light techniques can become a powerful and indispensable tool of flow-birefringence techniques, if the actual patterns of light scattering are taken into account. Proof is given that the light scattering and the related birefringence cannot be described by Rayleigh's mathematical model of scattering (Part 1, Ref. 51). The optical effects of the modulation of the primary beam and the scattered beam, called scattered primary isochromatics and scattered secondary isochromatics, are described in terms of the parameters of the system. A practical example is presented. Samples of typical recordings of light-intensity modulation by typical flow patterns are given in the form of scattered primary and secondary isochromatics and integrated isochromatics. One type of intensity modulation enables the determination of shear-strain rate at an interior point in the flow field. Using the determined shear-strain rates at the interior points, a velocity profile along the axis of symmetry of a rectangular-conduit flow was obtained. The results so obtained were satisfactory when compared with the results of direct volumetric measurement. The other type of intensity modulation reveals the nonuniform distribution of birefringence along the path of the transmitted light in the rectangular-conduit flow. The results presented in Part 1 of this paper, are complementary to the results presented below.     

基于Z箍缩X射线源的热-力学效应实验

材料或结构对强脉冲X射线的响应如热激波的传播和喷射冲量等,统称为X射线热-力学效应,在抗辐射加固研究、天体物理、行星科学等领域具有重要应用。利用驱动电流近10 MA脉冲功率装置上的丝阵Z箍缩X射线源开展了初步的热-力学效应实验。采用20 mm直径的双层铝丝阵产生了约230 kJ的X射线总辐射能,其中铝的K壳层产额约为30 kJ,距离源中心5 cm处的样品上的X射线能注量为732 J/cm2。受辐照样品为厚度2 mm、直径10 mm的铝制圆盘,其背面设置有铝衬套,样品与衬套的总质量为585 mg。采用全光纤光子多普勒测速（PDV）系统来测量受辐照样品后表面的运动过程。PDV测量的样品后表面速度历程显示,当热激波到达后表面时的自由面速度为2.12 km/s,样品最终的整体运动速度为180 m/s。根据冲击波关系式以及动量守恒原理,推导出X射线在样品中产生的热激波应力为19.2 GPa,单位面积上的喷射冲量为1341 Pa·s,进而由喷射冲量和X射线能注量测量结果可以推出冲量耦合系数为1.83 Pa·s·cm2/J。同时,对实验测量结果的可靠性和不确定度进行了讨论和分析。这些实验结果初步验证了将PDV技术应用于热-力学效应研究的可行性。     

Effects of radiation on turbulent natural convection in channel flows

A computational study has been carried out to analyse complex interaction of radiation with turbulent natural convective flow of dry and humid air in open-ended channels. Transient flow simulations are undertaken in the channel with one uniformly heated wall and adiabatic side walls for different values of emissivity of active walls with and without participating medium. To adequately present turbulence and radiation, a computational model included large eddy simulations for the turbulent flow coupled with discrete ordinates method for radiation transfer. Spectral line-based weighted-sum-of-grey-gases for the absorption properties of water vapour has been adopted. Complex three-dimensional vortical structures are identified which directly affect the temperature distribution on the heated wall. Including wall to wall radiation resulted in significant changes in the heat transfer, reaching 14 °C temperature drop at the hot wall with wall emissivity of 0.9. Mixing and cooling rates in this case were increased by up to 25%. Including gas radiation for the humid air with the water vapour molar fraction of 0.02 corresponding to saturated conditions at inlet temperature of 25 °C did not have a significant effect on the mean flow and temperature values comparing with wall to wall radiation. However, turbulent statistics have changed significantly resulting in a delayed transition to turbulence near the active wall of the channel and increased turbulent activity near the cold wall. The model developed in the present study is also applicable in fire management, where the aim is to reduce the damage that occurs when a PV module is exposed to high temperatures.