Oxygen-evolving SnOz-based Ceramic Anodes in Aluminium Electrolysis

This study deals with SnO2-based ceramic anodes doped with Sb203 and CuO, aiming at contributing new data regarding their electrochemical behavior in cryolite melts. The performances of the anodes were evaluated by anodic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, and current efficiency and corrosion measurements. The investigation proves that the anodic process of SnO2-based inert anodes occurs at a low overvoltage and the oxygen discharge takes place in one step with an exchange of two electrons. The current efficiency and corrosion were proved to be dependent on the electrolysis parameters and composition of electrolysis bath. For a long term electrolysis, the dissolution of the anode in the cryolite-alumina melt produced small aluminium contamination（ca. 0.2%, mass fraction）.     

Current Efficiency,Corrosion and Structural Changes in SnO2-Sb2O3-CuO Inert Anodes for Aluminium Electrolysis

A systematic study was conducted on current efficiency （CE）, corrosion and structural changes in SnO2-based inert anodes （made of 96wt%SnO2＋2wt%Sb2O3＋2wt%CuO） on a laboratory Hall-Heroult aluminium cell. The influence of operating parameters and electrolyte composition on the CE and corrosion process were evaluated. The CE was found to be more than 90% and catastrophic corrosion took place at low percent of Al2O3, high percent of LiF, low cryolite ratio and high current densities. From all the structural changes that took place in the SnO2-based inert anodes, we assumed that the most important contribution was due to the migration of CuO towards the outer limits of the constituent grains of SnO2 based ceramic. The complex process occurred during the formation of various phases and their sintering ability both directly depended on Cu/Sb molar ratio.     

铝作阳极电解氢氧化钠溶液的实验研究

铝是活泼金属,作为阳极电解氢氧化钠溶液理论上应该是铝失去电子成为铝离子溶解于氢氧化钠溶液。通过实验研究,可以得出铝作阳极电解氢氧化钠溶液实质是电解水。电解产生的氧气可以在铝电极表面形成一层不致密的氧化铝,所生成的氧化铝不溶于氢氧化钠溶液。     

Metal Oxide Film Anodes in the Electrolysis of Water or Brine

Metal (M) oxide (M: Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru) together with MaO₂ and MnO₂ alone, were coated on SnO₂ films and the anode behavior was examined in 1.0 N H₂SO₄, 1.0 N NaOH and 1.0, N NaCl aqueous solutions at 25°. The results are compared with those of DSA and of metallic Pt.     

Structural Evolution of Pt,Au and Cu Anodes by Electrolysis up to Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis in Alkaline Electrolytes**

Applying a voltage to metal electrodes in contact with aqueous electrolytes results in the electrolysis of water at voltages above the decomposition voltage and plasma formation in the electrolyte at much higher voltages referred to as contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE). While several studies explore parameters that lead to changes in the I–U characteristics in this voltage range, little is known about the evolution of the structural properties of the electrodes. Here we study this aspect on materials essential to electrocatalysis, namely Pt, Au, and Cu. The stationary I–U characteristics are almost identical for all electrodes. Detailed structural characterization by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical approaches reveal that Pt is stable during electrolysis and CGDE, while Au and Cu exhibit a voltage-dependent oxide formation. More importantly, oxides are reduced when the Au and Cu electrodes are kept in the electrolysis solution after electrolysis. We suspect that H₂O₂ (formed during electrolysis) is responsible for the oxide reduction. The reduced oxides (which are also accessible via electrochemical reduction) form a porous film, representing a possible new class of materials in energy storage and conversion studies.     

利用钐掺杂的氧化铈夹层提高燃料电池阳极的活性

考察了Ni-钐掺杂的氧化铈(Ni-SDC)复合阳极与La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3(LSGM)电解质中间加入的SDC 中间层对阳极及整个电池性能的影响.结果表明，SDC中间层的加入显著减小了阳极极化过电位，但同时引入了欧姆降，降低了电池的功率输出密度.氢在Ni-SDC电极的氧化主要由两个过程控制，分别对应于交流阻抗谱的两个阻抗半圆，高频环随着SDC中间层的加入显著减小，可能对应于H2在Ni-SDC/SDC/H2三相界的电化学氧化或氧从LSGM向SDC的传输，低频环与SDC中间层无关，可能对应于氢在电极表面的解离吸附及吸附物种的扩散过程.使用Ni-SDC/SDC夹层阳极可以明显地提高电池的稳定性.     

碱性水电解阳极材料研究进展

本文述评了对工业电极材料的基本要求和提高阳极活性的几种途径, 列举了一系列用于碱性水电解的活性阳极材料, 在分析了材料物理化学特性与其催化活性之间的关系后, 着重利用σ^*键理论和MO 理论讨论了结构与性能之间的关系。     

Ru-Ir-Ti氧化物阳极正反电流电解失效机理研究

应用热分解法制备适用于海水电解的钛基金属氧化物阳极.由SEM、EDX和XRD分析表征该阳极的形貌、成分及相结构,结果表明,烧结后阳极表面形成了固溶体结构,分别为(Ru,Ir,Ti)O2和(Ir,Ti)O2,失效后氧化物阳极的固溶体结构几乎完全消失,活性物质丧失.强化正反向电流寿命测试、循环伏安曲线和电化学阻抗谱等测试表明,失效后氧化物阳极表面的电化学活性点大大减少,同时膜电阻增加,这是由于活性物质脱落导致的,进一步说明正反向电流导致阳极表面活性物质脱落是氧化物阳极失效的根本原因.     

In-situ Grown SnO2 Nanospheres on Reduced GO Nanosheets as Advanced Anodes for Lithium-ion Batteries

Nanostructured tin dioxide (SnO₂) has emerged as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity (1494 mA h g⁻¹) and excellent stability. Unfortunately, the rapid capacity fading and poor electrical conductivity of bulk SnO₂ material restrict its practical application. Here, SnO₂ nanospheres/reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (SRG) are fabricated through in-situ growth of carbon-coated SnO₂ using template-based approach. The nanosheet structure with the external layer of about several nanometers thickness can not only accommodate the volume change of Sn lattice during cycling but also enhance the electrical conductivity effectively. Benefited from such design, the SRG composites could deliver an initial discharge capacity of 1212.3 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹, outstanding cycling performance of 1335.6 mA h g⁻¹ after 500 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹, and superior rate capability of 502.1 mA h g⁻¹ at 5 A g⁻¹ after 10 cycles. Finally, it is believed that this method could provide a versatile and effective process to prepare other metal-oxide/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) 2D nanocomposites.     

电化学合成系列锡配合物及纳米SnO2的制备

采用锡金属为"牺牲"阳极,首次在无隔膜电解槽中,电化学一步法制备了纳米SnO₂前驱体锡配合物Sn(OEt)₄, Sn(OBu)₄, Sn(OCH₂CH₂OCH₃)₄, Sn(OEt)₂(acac)₂, Sn(OBu)₂(acac)₂, Sn(OCH₂CH₂OCH₃)₂(acac)₂[acac为乙酰丙酮基],产物通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、拉曼光谱和核磁共振进行表征.同时采用含Sn(OR)₂(acac)₂>的电解液直接水解制备纳米SnO₂粉体,纳米SnO₂通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行表征.实验表明,电解时防止阳极钝化,控制温度在40～60℃之间,采用有机胺溴化物为导电盐,可以提高电合成效率;电解合成Sn(OCH2CH₂OCH₃)₄, Sn(OEt)₂(acac)₂, Sn(OBu)₂(acac)₂, Sn(OCH₂CH₂OCH₃)₂(acac)₂的电流效率比Sn(OEt)₄, Sn(OBu)₄高,适宜作为溶胶-凝胶(Sol-gel)法制备纳米SnO₂的原料,制备得到的纳米SnO₂经600℃煅烧后呈球形单分散结构,晶型为四方锡石型,平均粒径在(10±0.4) nm左右.     

阳极结构调整对稀土电解槽的影响

以目前使用的6 k A稀土电解槽为研究对象,采用实验验证与数值模拟计算相结合的方式对采用不同阳极结构的稀土电解槽进行了全面分析讨论。使用斜角切割阳极片可以在维持电解槽槽电压、氧化物利用率、产品合格率等技术指标不变的情况下,克服传统正交切割阳极片在使用过程中随着阳极片反应消耗造成电流效率降低及缩短石墨坩埚使用寿命的现象。其可作为稀土电解槽工艺改造的一个发展方向。     

单体固体氧化物电解池极化损失分析及阴极微结构优化

基于高温固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)的高温蒸汽电解(HTSE)制氢技术作为一种非常有前景的大规模核能制氢新方法, 受到国际上的迅速关注. 但如何控制电解模式下的极化能量损失和性能衰减是HTSE实用化的关键. 本文通过在线电化学阻抗测试技术, 研究了实际运行状态下的单体固体氧化物池(SOC)在电池模式和电解模式下的极化阻抗分布, 阐述了SOEC与高温固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的差异, 确定了SOEC氢电极支撑层水蒸气扩散过程极化损失大是制约电解池制氢性能提高的主要因素. 在此基础上, 采用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)造孔剂对氢电极支撑层的微观结构进行了调整和优化. 微结构优化后, 氢电极材料的孔隙率提高了50%, 孔隙为规则圆形, 分布均匀, 更利于气体扩散; 电解电压1.3 V时, 单位面积产氢率高达328.1 mL·cm^-2·h^-1(标准态), 为改进前电解池的2倍, 实现50 h以上连续稳定性运行. 研究成果可为HTSE的实际应用提供一定的理论数据和技术基础.     

Electrolysis in calorimetry

The procedure used by many electrochemists in calculating enthalpy in calorimetric measurements of electrolysis reactions is compared to a purely thermodynamic approach, using the data published by Fleischmannet al. [J. Electroanal. Chem., 287 (1990) 293.] as a case study.The set of excess values dH _ex/dt=dH _obs/dt -dH_calo/dt obtained with the former procedure was neither correlated to any of the experimental parameters nor to the set of values found using thermodynamics. The latter, smaller by factors of up to two orders of magnitude, are shown to follow an expression of the form dH _ex/dt=–kI exp (–E _a/RT) with an activation enthalpy of about 85 kJ·mol^–1. It is suggested that recombination of electrolysis gases may account for this.

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Zusammenfassung Das von vielen Elektrochemikern verwendete Verfahren zur Berechnung der Enthalpie in kalorimetrischen Messungen an Elektrolysereaktionen wurde unter Anwendung der von Fleischmann et.al. in einer Fallstudie [J. Electroanal. Chem., 287 (1990) 293.] veröffentlichten Angaben mit einer rein thermodynamischen Näherung verglichen.Eine Reihe von mit der ersten Methode erhaltenen überschu\werten dH _ex/dt=dH _obs/dt-dH _calc/dt korrelierte weder mit den experimentellen Parametern noch mit den entsprechenden, thermodynamisch gefundenen Werten. Letztere, um etwa zwei Grö\enordnungen kleinere Werte konnten durch die Gleichung dH _ex/dt= -kI exp (-E _a/RT) mit einer Aktivierungsenthalpie von etwa 85 kJ·mol^–1 beschrieben werden. Es wird deshalb nahegelegt, da\ dies einer Rekombinierung der Elektrolysegase zugeschrieben werden kann.

     

电极液酸度及稀土浓度对硫酸体系电解还原提纯镱的影响

研究了在硫酸体系中,采用钌铱钛合金网为阳极,金属汞为阴极,在无惰性气氛的保护下,尝试电解还原镱,在诸多电极条件实验中着重研究了阳极液酸度、阴极液酸度以及料液浓度变化时电流、目标离子的还原率等电解还原过程的变化。研究表明,当阳极液酸度为2.0 mol.L-1,阴极液pH=0.3,阴极液稀土料液浓度为0.5 mol.L-1时,镱的还原率可达95%以上,硫酸镱纯度达到99%以上,稀土总回收率高于99%。     

利用手持技术探究石墨电极电解水的实验

石墨电极是中学电化学实验中常用的一种惰性电极,但其在电解水实验中造成氧气体积偏小和石墨阳极更易损耗的原因目前还不清楚。利用手持技术探究石墨电极电解水的实验,并深入研究造成偏差的原因。实验结果表明石墨电极对氢气吸附能力大于氧气,阳极电解产生的自由基与石墨反应是造成气体体积偏差和阳极损耗的主要原因。     

MnO2掺杂金属陶瓷惰性阳极的制备及性能研究

以氧化铝-金属复合材料为基质, 通过掺杂MnO2制备一种新型电解铝所用的陶瓷惰性阳极, 并对添加MnO2的阳极材料的综合性能进行了考察. 研究了MnO2对烧结性能的影响, 并对样品进行了静态腐蚀实验的研究, 测定了样品在500~1000 ℃下电导率随温度的变化. 研究结果表明, 添加MnO2有利于材料烧结且能改善材料的物化性能: 烧结样品晶粒生长完整, 致密度高; 耐高温和抗冰晶石熔盐腐蚀性能好, 平均腐蚀速率降为12.32 mm/year; 导电性能稳定、良好, 具有半导体的导电性质, 电导率随温度的升高而增大, 测得850 ℃时样品的电导率为67 S/cm.     

PbO2阳极在硫酸溶液中的析氧失活行为

采用热分解鄄电镀法制备了以Sb 掺杂SnO₂(Sb-SnO₂)为底层的Ti 基PbO₂阳极(Ti/PbO₂). 采用加速电解寿命测试、电化学阻抗谱、XRD、SEM-EDX 等技术, 研究了Ti/PbO₂阳极在硫酸溶液中的电解失效行为和机制.结果表明,在新制备的PbO₂镀层中, 由于氧空位的存在, PbO₂镀层的内应力表现为拉应力, 随着电解的进行, 阳极表面生成的活性氧原子在向基底扩散的过程中, 将Pb³⁺态氧化为Pb⁴⁺态, 逐渐占据镀层内作为自由电子施主的氧空位, 这不仅导致镀层的导电性能下降, 同时使镀层的应力逐渐由拉应力转变为压应力, 镀层性质逐渐劣化. 这一过程基本结束时,活性氧原子才大量扩散至Ti基底导致基底的钝化, 在Ti 基底和镀层界面出现显著的界面应力, 在界面应力和镀层内压应力的共同作用下, 阳极出现鼓泡、脱落, 迅速进入失活阶段.     

Efficient Fixation of Carbon Dioxide by Electrolysis Facile Synthesis of Useful Carboxylic Acids

Electrochemical fixation of atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide to organic compounds is a useful and attractive method for synthesizing of various carboxylic acids. Electrochemical fixation of carbon dioxide, electrochemical carboxylation, organic halides, organic triflates, alkenes, aromatic compounds, and carbonyl compounds can readily occur in the presence of an atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide to form the corresponding carboxylic acids with high yields, when a sacrificial anode such as magnesium or aluminum is used in the electrolysis. The electrochemical carboxylation of vinyl bromides was successfully applied for the synthesis of the precursor of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as ibuprofen and naproxen. On the other hand, supercritical carbon dioxide （scCO2） has significant potential as an environmentally benign solvent in organic synthesis and it could be used both as a solvent and as a reagent in these electrochemical carboxylations by using a small amount of cosolvent.     

MgCl2-KCl-NaCl-CaCl2熔盐电解镁机理

在725℃温度下,对MgCl2-KCl-NaCl-CaCl2熔盐体系进行电解.研究结果表明,镁电解过程中阴极过电压ηc只有12～51 mV,电解过程的过电压主要是由阳极引起的;阴极还原过程的极限扩散电流密度id为1.56 A/cm2;镁离子阴极放电反应的电子转移数为1.98;2个电子转移步骤之前存在着前置转化步骤MgCl+ Mg2++C1-.应用循环伏安法对4种不同配比下的镁离子行为进行的研究结果表明,CaCl2质量分数从10%增加到40%,维持MgCl2质量分数为10%以及NaCl与KCl的质量比为6: 1不变,随着CaCl2质量分数的增加,镁离子结合成不易移动的络合阴离子,镁离子迁移的电流分数减小,镁离子的析出电位从-1.595 V逐渐负移至与钙、钠共同沉积,阴极峰值电流Ipc值逐渐增大,阳极峰值电位与阴极峰值电位之差的绝对值|φpa-φpc|逐渐增大,阴极放电反应的可逆性逐渐降低.