邻碳硼烷与不饱和化合物环加成反应的实验和理论研究进展

邻碳硼烷及其所衍生的邻碳硼炔化合物能够与多种不饱和化合物发生环加成反应转化为结构新颖的功能碳硼烷衍生物.这些功能碳硼烷衍生物在硼中子捕获疗法、催化合成、药物设计等诸多领域都有着广阔的应用前景.近年来,人们在邻碳硼烷和邻碳硼炔的官能化领域取得了显著成就,尤其在反应条件优化、反应选择性控制、反应机理研究等方面取得了明显进步.对近十年以来国内外课题组在邻碳硼烷与炔烃、烯烃、多环或杂环芳烃等不饱和化合物的环加成反应领域所取得的实验研究成果进行了总结,并对邻碳硼炔参与的[2+2+2]、[2+2+1]、[2+2]、[3+2]、[4+2]、[5+2]等环加成反应的实验和理论研究成果、尤其是反应机理作了详细介绍,最后对该领域的发展前景进行了展望.     

烯烃光敏氧化反应机理 II: 丙烯与单线态氧[2+2]环加成反应途径的解析

本文进一步报道丙烯与单线态氧[2+2]环加成反应途径的计算结果, 沿反应途径反应物间相互作用的详细情况和甲基在反应进程中的动态电子效应, 从而揭示烷基取代烯烃与单线态氧不易发生[2+2]环加成反应的原因. 为进一步探求单线态氧与烯烃[2+2]环加成反应的必要条件提供依据. 本文所用计算方法与前文相同.     

邻醌与噁唑的光化[4+4]环加成反应

虽然[2+2]和[4+4]环加成反应都是光化学允许的,但[4+4]环加成远不及[2+2]反应普遍.已知的[4+4]环加成主要为蒽、萘、吡啶-2-酮和吡喃-2-酮衍生物的光化二聚以及它们与某些1,3-二烯的环加成.羰基化合物与烯烃一般发生[2+2]环加成(Peterno-B點hi反应).邻醌和α-二羰基化合物与富电子烯烃则已知可进行[2+2]或[4+2]的光化环加成反应,分别得到α-羰基氧杂环丁烷和1,4-二氧杂环己烯.但未知有光化[4+4]环加成反应.     

手性环丙烯构建策略用于对映选择性合成偕二氟亚甲基三元环化合物

作为最小的不饱和环状分子,环丙烯独特的刚性结构和多变的反应活性吸引了化学家的研究兴趣.自1922年Demjanov[1]报道了环丙烯化合物的首例合成以来,现已发展了一系列环丙烯的合成方法.手性环丙烯的合成是通过炔烃和重氮化合物的[2+1]不对称环加成反应.根据底物的不同,这些不对称环加成反应可以分为四类:(a)末端炔烃和单取代重氮化合物的反应,(b)末端炔烃和双取代重氮化合物的反应,(c)非末端炔烃和双取代重氮化合物的反应,(d)非末端炔烃和单取代重氮化合物的反应.在这四类反应中,末端炔烃和单取代重氮化合物的不对称反应相对容易进行.1992年,Doyle和Müller等[2]报道了手性铑催化剂[Rh2(5R-MEPY)4]促进的末端炔烃和重氮醋酸酯之间的不对称环丙烯基化反应(Scheme 1a).随后各种手性催化剂包括[Rh2(OAc)-(DPTI)3][3]、Ir(salen)衍生物[4]和[Co(3,5-diMes-Chen-Phyrin)][5]等被先后报道用于末端炔烃和单取代重氮化合物的不对称[2+1]环加成反应.     

钌催化二环烯烃与炔烃的[2＋2]环加成反应的研究进展

综述了近年来钌催化二环烯烃与炔烃发生[2＋2]环加成反应的研究进展, 重点讨论了钌催化二环烯烃和炔烃的 [2＋2]环加成反应中反应物结构、反应物比例、溶剂及温度等因素对反应的影响.     

超临界二氧化碳中羰基钴催化的端基炔烃环三聚反应研究

原子经济性良好的炔烃[2+2+2]环加成反应与绿色溶剂超临界二氧化碳相结合,是一个符合绿色化学原则的环境友好反应过程.建立了一个纯超临界二氧化碳介质中八羰基二钴催化的端基炔烃环三聚反应体系,在优化的反应条件下,以较高产率选择性地制备1,2,4-三取代苯衍生物.优化了催化剂用量、二氧化碳压力、反应温度及时间等反应条件,讨论了反应物料及催化剂在超临界二氧化碳介质中的溶解性和相行为,提出了端基炔烃环三聚反应机理,并将反应底物从C≡C键拓展至C≡N键,对超临界二氧化碳介质中炔-腈环加成反应进行了初步探索.优化出的炔烃环三聚催化反应体系无需使用有机助溶剂和各类助剂,底物适应性好,产物选择性高,为合成1,2,4-三取代苯衍生物提供了一种绿色合成方法.     

钯催化的炔烃芳构化反应研究

综述了钯络合物催化的炔烃环三聚芳构化反应的历史沿革及最新研究进展,并结合该研究小组的工作,重点阐述了钯催化炔烃 [ 2+2+2 ] 环三聚芳构化、双炔烃、共轭烯炔 [ 4+2 ] 芳构化反应。同时对反应的几种典型催化体系和反应机理,以及该领域的一些前沿热点也作了综述。     

[60]富勒烯[2＋2]环加成反应的研究进展

[2＋2]环加成反应是对C₆₀进行化学修饰的重要反应之一, 重点从[2＋2]环加成的典型反应、主要试剂及反应机理等方面进行了综述.     

铱催化(5+2)环加成一步合成七元环的计算预测

2013年,许秀芳、Houk和唐卫平课题组合作报道了Rh(PPh_3)_3Cl催化3-酰氧基-1,4-烯炔(ACE)和炔烃的(5+2)环加成形成环庚三烯的反应机理,他们的研究表明该机理包括1,2-羧基迁移、炔烃插入、还原消除等一系列步骤,其中1,2-羧基迁移是决定反应速率的步骤.本文利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算预测了将价格相对便宜的Ir(PPh_3)_3Cl催化剂应用于ACE和炔烃分子间(5+2)环加成反应制备七元碳环的可行性.计算结果表明,利用Ir(PPh_3)_3Cl催化剂合成七元碳环是一种方便、高效、实用的方法,且改变催化剂并不改变反应的机理和区域选择性,而是改变了反应的决速步.     

烯酮中间体及其在不对称环加成反应中的应用

烯酮作为一种重要的中间体在有机合成中具有非常广泛的应用,本文主要对烯酮中间体的结构与制备及近年来烯酮与醛或亚胺的[2+2]环加成反应以及与活泼不饱和双键的[2+2]或[4+2]环加成反应在不对称有机合成中的应用进展作一综述,包括不同催化剂对反应的立体选择性控制及其反应机理。     

Multicomponent cycloadditions: the four-component [5+1+2+1] cycloaddition of vinylcyclopropanes, alkynes, and CO

Prompted by the view that intermediates of transition metal-catalyzed reactions could be intercepted by one or more additional components, studies in our laboratory have led to the design and development of new three-component [5+2+1], [4+2+1], and [2+2+1] cycloadditions. These continuing studies have now led to the identification of a fundamentally new four-component [5+1+2+1] cycloaddition reaction of vinylcyclopropanes, alkynes and CO, yielding hydroxyindanone products in generally good yields. Terminal alkynes bearing aryl or alkyl groups are tolerated well. Substitution at any position of the VCP leads predictably to substituted hydroxyindanone products. Using a bis-alkynyl substrate, the reaction can be carried out bi-directionally, forming 10 C-C bonds and four new rings from seven components in a single, operationally simple process.     

Chiral Silver Amides as Effective Catalysts for Enantioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions

Asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of α‐aminoester Schiff bases with substituted olefins is one of the most efficient methods for the preparation of chiral pyrrolidine derivatives in optically pure form. In spite of its potential utility, applicable substrates for this method have been limited to Schiff bases that bear relatively acidic α‐hydrogen atoms. Here we report a chiral silver amide complex for asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. A silver complex prepared from silver bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (AgHMDS) and (R)‐DTBM‐SEGPHOS worked well in asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of α‐aminoester Schiff bases with several olefins to afford the corresponding pyrrolidine derivatives in high yields with remarkable exo‐ and enantioselectivities. Furthermore, α‐aminophosphonate Schiff bases, which have less acidic α‐hydrogen atoms, also reacted with olefins with high exo‐ and enantioselectivities. The stereoselectivities of the [3+2] cycloadditions with maleate and fumarate suggested that the reaction proceeded by means of a concerted mechanism. An NMR spectroscopic study indicated that complexation of AgHMDS with the bisphosphine ligand was not complete, and that free AgHMDS, which did not show any significant catalytic activity, existed in the catalyst solution. This means that significant ligand acceleration occurred in the current reaction system.     

Mechanistic twist of the [8+2] cycloadditions of dienylisobenzofurans and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate: stepwise [8+2] versus [4+2]/[1,5]-vinyl shift mechanisms revealed through a theoretical and experimental study

Recently, it was reported that both dienylfurans and dienylisobenzofurans could react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) to give [8+2] cycloadducts. Understanding these [8+2] reactions will aid the design of additional [8+2] reactions, which have the potential for the synthesis of 10-membered and larger carbocycles. The present Article is aimed to understand the detailed mechanisms of the originally reported [8+2] cycloaddition reaction between dienylisobenzofurans and alkynes at the molecular level through the joint forces of computation and experiment. Density functional theory calculations at the (U)B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level suggest that the concerted [8+2] pathway between dienylisobenzofurans and alkynes is not favored. A stepwise reaction pathway involving formation of a zwitterionic intermediate for the [8+2] reactions between dienylisobenzofurans that contain electron-donating methoxy groups present in their diene moieties and DMAD has been predicted computationally. This pathway is in competition with a Diels-Alder [4+2] reaction between the furan moieties of dienylisobenzofurans and DMAD. When there is no electron-donating group present in the diene moieties of dienylisobenzofurans, the [8+2] reaction occurs through an alternative mechanism involving a [4+2] reaction between the furan moiety of the tetraene and DMAD, followed by a [1,5]-vinyl shift. This computationally predicted novel mechanism was supported experimentally.     

Three-component cycloadditions: the first transition metal-catalyzed [5+2+1] cycloaddition reactions

Prompted by our studies of transition metal-catalyzed [4+4], [4+2], [5+2], and [6+2] cycloadditions and by the view that these two-component reactions could be intercepted by a third component of one or more atoms, a new three-component transition metal-catalyzed cycloaddition is described. This new [5+2+1] cycloaddition proceeds in good to excellent yield and with high or complete regioselectivity with a variety of carbonyl-substituted alkynes to give bicyclo[3.3.0]octenone adducts, resulting from transannular closure of the intermediate eight-membered-ring cycloadduct. Effects of concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst loading on the efficiency of the reaction are discussed. This process provides access to complex building blocks for synthesis based on simple, readily available components.     

Effect of iminic nitrogen substituents on [4+2] versus [3+2] cycloaddition pathways in reactions of nitrosoalkenes with simple acyclic imines: an experimental and theoretical investigation

The results of experimental and theoretical investigations on the mechanism of competitive [3+2] versus [4+2] cycloaddition reactions of simple acyclic imines with nitrosoalkenes are reported. The effect of substituents on the iminic nitrogen in influencing the cycloaddition pathways has been meticulously explored.     

Fluoroalkyl‐Substituted Diazomethanes and Their Application in a General Synthesis of Pyrazoles and Pyrazolines

A novel continuous‐flow approach for the synthesis of fluoroalkyl‐substituted diazomethanes has been developed. Utilizing a cheap, self‐made microreactor fluoroalkyl‐substituted amines were transformed into the corresponding diazomethanes using tert‐butyl nitrite and acetic acid as catalyst. These diazomethanes were employed in [2+3] cycloaddition reactions with olefins and alkynes, yielding valuable pyrazolines and pyrazoles in good to excellent yields.     

铱催化环加成反应的研究进展

过渡金属催化环加成反应是合成单环及多环化合物的重要方法,也是有机化学的研究热点之一.综述了近年来铱催化环加成反应的研究进展,主要包括了[2+2+1],[2+2+2],[4+2],1,3-偶极环加成反应等,及少量关于[3+2+2],[3+2],[5+1]环加成反应的报道,并讨论了部分铱催化环加成反应机理.     

Why nature eschews the concerted [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of a nonconjugated cyanodiyne. Computational study of a pyridine synthesis involving an ene-Diels-Alder-bimolecular hydrogen-transfer mechanism

An intramolecular formal metal-free intramolecular [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition for the formation of pyridines has been investigated with M06-2X and B3LYP density functional methods, and compared to the experimentally established three-step mechanism that involves ene reaction-Diels-Alder reaction-hydrogen transfer. The ene reaction of two alkynes is the rate-determining step. This is considerably easier than other possible mechanisms, such as those involving an ene reaction of an alkyne with a nitrile, a one-step [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition, or a 1,4-diradical mechanism. The relative facilities of these processes are analyzed with the distortion-interaction model. A bimolecular hydrogen-transfer mechanism involving a radical-pair intermediate is proposed rather than a concerted intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen shift for the last step in the mechanism.     

Dihydrobiphenylenes through Ruthenium‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions of ortho‐Alkenylarylacetylenes with Alkynes

A new synthetic route to dihydrobiphenylenes has been developed. The process involves a mild Ru^II‐catalyzed [2+2+2] dimerization of ortho‐alkenylarylacetylenes or its more versatile variant, the Ru‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of ortho‐ethynylstyrenes with alkynes. Mechanistic aspects of this [2+2+2] cycloaddition are discussed.     

Electron-transfer-induced intermolecular [2+2] cycloaddition reactions based on the aromatic "redox tag" strategy

Novel electron-transfer-induced intermolecular [2+2] cycloaddition reactions between an aliphatic cyclic enol ether and several unactivated olefins have been demonstrated on the basis of the aromatic "redox tag" strategy. The aromatic "redox tag" was oxidized during the formation of the cyclobutane ring, affording the relatively long-lived aromatic radical cation, which was then reduced to complete the overall reaction that constructed the corresponding [2+2] cycloadducts. The aromatic "redox tag" was also found to facilitate electron-transfer-induced cycloreversion reactions of cyclobutane rings.