电热蒸发-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定不同挥发性元素时含氟基体改进剂作用的研究

本文探讨了电热蒸发-电感耦会等离子体原子发射光谱法（ETV－ICP－AES）测定不同挥发性元素Ti、Ni和Pb时含氟基体改进剂的改进作用。发现聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）是所试验的含氟试剂中最理想的基体改进剂。与无基体改进剂的情形相比，采用PTFE作基体改进剂可使难烙元素Ti和中等挥发元素Ni的检出限分别改善350和8倍，但对易挥发元素Ph则无明显的影响。这表明，以PTFE为基体改进剂ETV－ICP－AES测定不同挥发性元素Ti、Ni和Pb是可能的。     

基体改进剂效应塞曼无火焰原子吸收光谱法测定化探样品中痕量银

地球化探样中痕量银(0.0X ppm)不经分离富集直接测定是困难的。现有文献多采用分离富集处理后用无火焰原子吸收测定。采用基体改进剂手段,但未见用于任何样品中痕量银的分析。本文应用基体改进剂技术研究了痕量银在石墨炉原子吸收测定中的原子化条件和基体的干扰及排除。试验了用铱、钯、铂等作为基体改进剂,当加入15微克铱时,灰化温度可提高至1000℃。拟定了加入基体改进剂后的直接测定程序。本法灵敏度为4.5×10~(-12)g/l％,测定     

钯—硝酸镁基体改进剂石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定六味地黄丸中锡

本实验建立了钯－硝酸镁基体改进剂石墨炉原子光谱法测定六味地黄丸中锡的方法，研究了基体改进剂的加入方式对测定的影响，方法的相对标准偏差为２．５％，回收率在９０％～１１０％之间，检出限为０．３ｎｇ／ｍＬ。本方法用于中成药中锡的测定。     

钯－硝酸镁基体改进剂石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定六味地黄丸中锡

本实验建立了钯－硝酸镁基体改进剂石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定六味地黄丸中锡的方法。研究了基体改进剂的加入方式对测定的影响。方法的相对标准偏差为２．５％，回收率在９０％～１１０％之间，检出限为０．３ｎｇ／ｍＬ。本方法可用于中成药中锡的测定。     

电热蒸发—电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定不同挥发性元素时含…

本文探讨了电热蒸发－电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ＥＴＶ－ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）测定不同挥发性元素Ｔｉ、Ｎｉ和Ｐｂ时含氟基体改进剂的改进作用。发现聚四氟乙烯（ＰＴＦＥ）是所试验的含氟试剂是最理想的基体改进剂。与无基体改进剂的情形相比，采用ＰＴＦＥ作基体改进剂可使难烷元素Ｔｉ和中等挥发元素Ｎｉ的检出了奶分别改善３５０和８倍，但对易挥发元素Ｐｂ则无明显的影响。这表明，以ＰＴＦＥ为基体改进剂ＥＴＶ－ＩＣＰ－     

平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定高温镍基合金中砷

研究了基体改进剂，灰化，原子化温度和共存元素的干扰。采用钯作基体改进剂和匹配基体镍后，提高了灵敏度，增强了抗干扰能力。在波长１９７．２ｎｍ处，用平台石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定了高温镍基合金中砷。方法特征是为８８ｐｇ，检出限为０．２７μｇ．ｇ＾－１，相对标准偏差为３．１％－５．１％，回嵋率为８５％－１００％。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定大鼠血清中硒

通过考察不同基体改进剂效果,提出了以硝酸锶和硝酸钯做为混合基体改进剂。建立了用石墨炉原子吸收法测定牛血清和大鼠血清中痕量硒的分析方法。线性范围为0-120ng/mL,硒的检出限为0．095ng／mL,方法用于标准牛血清测定。结果与标准值基本吻合,大鼠血清测定标准加入回收率为102％。     

用硝酸镍作基体改进剂石墨炉原子吸收法测定食品中的铅

石墨炉原子吸收法分析食品中铅时,由干基体的干扰,可导致较大的分析误差,为此,使用合适的基体改进剂是很必要的。目前大多采用磷酸盐以及磷酸盐和硝酸镁混合作基体改进剂,都取得了一定的效果。前者使用后可使灰化温度升高至900℃,而后者则可达1000℃。本文采用硝酸镍作基体改进剂测定了食品中微量的铅,发现其效果比磷酸盐更佳,而与混合基体改进剂具有相同的效果。通过实验,找到了硝酸镍的最佳用量为0.2—0.7％。在0.3％镍存在下,灰化温度升至1000℃而无铅挥发损失。通常在不使用基体改进剂时灰化温度一般只能用500℃。使用了此基体改进剂再结合平台炉技术及最大功率升温可使铅的测量获得满意的结果。在灰化前向猪肝、甘蓝及小麦粉标准参考物中加入铅标准0.1、0.2、0.3μg及30mg     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定血样中硒

用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法，以硝酸铜和硝酸铵为基体改进剂，塞曼效应扣背景，采用标准加入法可直接测定血样中硒，回收率为95％～105％，相对标准偏差为5．8％，检出限为96pg，测定结果准确可靠。     

不同基体改进剂对石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤和沉积物中铊的影响

应用Pd(NO3)2-抗坏血酸(Vc)基体改进剂,建立了石墨炉原子吸收法(GFAA法)测定土壤和沉积物样品中铊。针对土壤和沉积物复杂基体,GFAA法测定铊元素主要受到氯离子的干扰,文中研究了常见基体改进剂(包括NH4NO3,(NH4)2SO4,La(NO3)3,Mg(NO3)2,Vc,Pd(NO3)2,Pd(NO3)2-Vc)对氯离子的抑制效果。通过研究不同基体改进剂测定含氯铊标准溶液的吸收曲线,探讨出基体改进剂测定铊的作用机理。以土壤或沉积物标准物质为研究对象,优化了应用Pd(NO3)2-Vc测定铊的灰化温度、基改剂浓度以及原子化温度。在最佳实验条件下,通过比较有无基体改进剂条件下,采用GFAA法测定不同土壤和沉积物中铊的精密度和准确度,实验结果表明,应用Pd(NO3)2-VC基体改进剂,测定土壤和沉积物标准物质中铊的测定结果都在标准值范围之内,6次平行测定的相对标准偏差范围为2.8%~8.4%,用于测定实际土壤和沉积物样品加标回收率为128.0%和92.9%。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。