基于个体眼光学结构的角膜与晶状体的像差补偿

研究角膜对晶状体波前像差的影响对现行的个性化视觉矫正手术有-定的参考价值.运用光学设计软件Zemax,根据个体人眼的角膜地形图、眼内各部分轴向间距和全眼波前像差数据,为22只人眼构建了个体眼光学结构.基于个体眼光学结构和衍射光学理论计算了眼内、外不同位置处的波前,获得了角膜对晶状体波前像差的影响.结果表明,角膜和品状体像差存在补偿和叠加两种关系.大多数眼睛,角膜对晶状体像差有一定补偿作用.总体像散的均方根(RMS)值比品状体像散的RMS值减小0.08～1.48μm,相当于10.1%～77.5%.总体高阶像差的RMS值比晶状体高阶像差的RMS值减小了0.06～0.85 μm,相当于3.8%～79.4%,平均减小了50.7%.其中,球差和彗差的Zernike系数绝对值总体比晶状体分别减小了0.02～0.60μm和0.01～0.39μm,相当于4.3%～98.4%和2.5%～91.4%.     

基于Zemax接口技术的人眼晶状体模型研究

对人眼模型中晶状体的面型和折射率分布进行了研究,基于晶状体的光学特性,利用光学设计软件Zemax接口技术的调入,采用不同连续公式法分别给出了晶状体不同的梯度渐变折射率分布形式;结合晶状体不同的非球面面型,比较分析了晶状体不同面型和不同梯度折射率分布的组合模型对人眼模型重现实测像差的影响;给出了重现我国人眼实测像差误差最小的晶状体模型.结果显示:晶状体的面型越复杂得到人眼模型的像差与真实人眼的测量像差就越接近;当晶状体采用Zernike面,梯度渐变折射率采用分段函数公式形式时,重现实测像差误差最小.     

超视力人眼模型的研究

超视力人眼模型对充分发掘人眼视力达到“鹰视”具有重要意义。用Zernike多项式描述角膜前表面，用渐变折射率描述晶状体的折射率分布，同时考虑人眼视轴和光轴的夹角对成像的影响，利用光学设计软件Zemax建立了人眼超视力模型。将Zernike条纹矢高面应用到人眼模型中，能有效改变视轴方向(即5°视场)的成像质量，提高点扩散函数（PSF）值。采用晶状体渐变折射率符合人眼的实际解剖结构，可有效减小人眼像差。通过分析人眼极限分辨能力和人眼模型波像差，得出当空间频率为60周期/度时，该模型对目标高频细节感知的调制度可达到0.55。     

角膜手术后眼模型的构建和人工晶状体设计

根据角膜屈光手术前的角膜地形图、眼内各组分的轴向间距和波前像差,运用ZEMAX光学设计软件,构建了术前的个性化眼模型.结合角膜屈光手术后实际测量的波前像差,建立了术后个性化眼模型.运用该模型,为角膜屈光手术眼设计了双球面人工晶状体.研究表明:对于角膜屈光手术后人眼,用术后个性化眼模型计算的人工晶状体度数可靠.该模型还能够为术后眼设计矫正像散和其他高阶像差的人工晶状体,同时可以用来评估角膜手术联合白内障术后人眼的光学性能,以及手术中各类偏差对视觉质量的影响.     

基于个性化人眼模型的大视场波像差特性的研究

大视场波前像差对人眼光学系统的影响不容忽视。运用Zemax光学设计软件分别为8只正常人眼构建了个性化的人眼模型,该人眼模型由实际测量的人眼波前像差数据、角膜地形数据及眼内各部分轴向间距数据优化得来,与个体人眼具有相同的光学特性。在此基础上,分析了人眼颞侧方向0°,10°,20°,30°,40°,50°视场的离轴像差随视场角的变化趋势,得出边缘视觉比中央视觉质量差主要来源在于像散与彗差。四阶以上的高阶像差随着视场角的改变,变化不大。将个性化人眼模型计算得到的大视场波前像差值与用哈特曼夏克(Hartmann-Shack)波前传感器实际测量得到的人眼像差值相比较,两者结果相吻合。     

人眼像差测量双通系统中奇像差的研究

在早期的研究中,采用出、入瞳直径相等的双通系统进行人眼像差测量时,两个通道的奇像差相互抵消,造成奇像差(如彗差)无法测量。本文建立全新的模拟眼模型进行实验,验证双通系统在波前测量时,是否存在人眼奇像差抵消的现象。采用典型双通系统——哈特曼波前探测系统进行实验,并将出瞳光阑直径固定为6mm,改变系统入瞳光阑大小(1~8mm)。实验结果表明,双通系统中,人眼奇像差在出、入瞳直径相等时可测,且人眼奇像差测量与出、入瞳直径差异无关,因此人眼奇像差测量在双通系统中不存在抵消的现象。     

人眼入射波前像差和出射波前像差的差异

利用临床采集的人眼波前像差、角膜地形图和眼轴数据,在光学软件Zemax中构建了60只个性化眼模型,得出在瞳孔直径为6mm和3mm时的入射波前像差和出射波前像差.在6mm瞳孔下,入射波前像差大小为3.753μm,出射波前像差大小为3.074μm,差异有统计学意义(显著性值0.05).其中,入射波前像差和出射波前像差的离焦项差异大小为1.131μm,约占总差异的82%.入射波前像差和出射波前像差的球差项差异大小为0.185μm,约占总体差异的13%.6mm瞳孔下,除去高阶像差项,出射波前像差和入射波前像差的离焦项、像散项、彗差项和球差项均具有统计学差异性.而在3mm瞳孔下,入射波前像差为0.804μm,出射波前像差为0.732μm,两者具有统计学差异性(显著性值0.05).入射波前像差和出射波前像差的离焦项差异大小为0.133μm,约占总体差异的80%.除去像散项,出射波前像差和入射波前像差的离焦项、彗差项、球差项和高阶像差项均具有统计学差异性.研究表明,无论在大瞳孔还是在小瞳孔下,人眼的入射波前像差和出射波前像差均具有统计学差异性.     

矫正器平移和旋转对人眼高阶像差矫正的容限分析

人眼像差矫正器的位置变化对矫正人眼像差能力的容限分析有重要的意义.在基于哈特曼-夏克人眼像差仪对三只人眼像差准确测量的基础上,比较了人眼高阶像差矫正器与人眼低阶像差矫正器矫正效果的不同,从理论上计算了在平移和旋转下高阶像差矫止器矫正效果优于低阶像差矫正器的移动容限.三组被测试像差对旋转的容限均在20°左右,而对平移的容限差异较大.结果表明,位置变化对不同的像差有着不同的影响,人眼波前像差越大对位置变化越敏感,高阶矫正优势越不明显;高阶像差矫正对不同类型的位置变化有不同的容限度.其中平移的容限较小而旋转的容限较大.     

基于主观式测量人眼波前像差的眼模型研究

通过主观式光线追踪波前像差测量方法得到用Zernike系数描述的人眼波前像差;在Gullstrand-Le Grand眼模型的基础上,引入用医用角膜地形图仪测量并用高次非球面函数拟合的实际人眼角膜形状数据,又引入角膜、前房及玻璃体厚度等个体化的眼结构参数;在光学建模软件Zemax中用所测Zernike系数建立评价函数,并对用Zernike矢高面描绘的晶状体表面进行优化.由此建立了个体化眼模型,并由此模型中可以计算得到与实际测量的波前像差值完全相同的各项Zernike系数值,从而可用于描述实际人眼的光学特性.     

非轴对称光学系统的彗差计算

本文分析了轮胎面折射的弧矢彗差性质,导出了轮胎面本身产生的彗差的计算公式,和轮胎面对入射光束彗差的放大公式,并分别举了实例.     

Contributions of the cornea and the lens to the aberrations of the human eye

The relative contributions of optical aberrations of the cornea and the crystalline lens to the final image quality of the human eye were studied. The aberrations of the entire eye were obtained from pairs of double-pass retinal images, and the aberrations of the cornea were obtained from videokeratographic data. Third-order spherical aberration and coma were significantly larger for the cornea than for the complete eye, indicating a significant role of the lens in compensating for corneal aberrations. In a second experiment retinal images were recorded in an eye before and after we neutralized the aberrations of the cornea by having the subjects wear swimming goggles filled with saline water, providing a direct estimate of the optical performance of the crystalline lens.     

A New Approach to the Design of Hybrid Lenses for Integrated Optics

The Fresnel lens is one of the most extensively studied components in both classical and integrated optics. This structure is free from axial spherical aberration, but is heavily affected by both off-axis and chromatic aberrations. The latter can be compensated by introducing a refractive component, whose chromatic behavior is the opposite of that of the diffractive lens. This hybrid refractive-diffractive structure, however, is not able to deal effectively with off-axis aberrations, namely, with coma. In this work, a novel methodology for the design of corrected hybrid lenses is proposed which allows for correction of both chromatism and coma. The design method is based on a ray-optics variational approach which provides a range of possible achromatic solutions. An optimization procedure is performed by means of a series of beam propagation method numerical calculations which make it possible to simulate the lens operation and thus to find the best solution.     

An anatomically accurate eye model with a shell-structure lens

A human eye model based on anatomically accurate eye model previously proposed by Liou, has been transformed into a new eye model, in which laminated structure of the lens is considered. The crystalline lens is presented in the form of hundreds of shells with rotational symmetry, and with constant index within each shell. The refractive index increases from the cortical shell to the inner one, according to the equation proposed by Smith G. et al. The anterior surface of the lens is prolate, whereas the posterior surface of the lens is oblate which is consistent with the anatomical data. A ray tracing procedure has been applied to study the refractive structure of the eye. The optical characters of the model have been studied. The reason that the wings occur on the spherical aberration curve has been given. And we found that the lens with gradient refractive index and lens with shell structure can give same longitudinal spherical aberration results.     

Optical aberrations of the cornea and the crystalline lens

The wave-front aberrations of the anterior corneal surface, the posterior corneal surface and the complete eye have been measured by a corneal topographic system (Orbscan II) and a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor. We have calculated the aberrations for both the corneal surfaces with the discrete set of corneal elevation data, and with which to acquire the aberrations of the whole cornea. The aberrations of the crystalline lens are calculated by subtracting the aberrations of the cornea from that of the complete eye. The aberration combination between the anterior and the posterior corneal surface, between the cornea and the crystalline lens is complicated, either compensation or addition. For individual Zernike terms, astigmatism and quatrefoil in the anterior corneal surface are added by the posterior corneal surface, while some other terms show compensation between the two surfaces. And for complete eye, astigmatism and spherical aberrations in the cornea are partially compensated by the crystalline lens, and other terms show addition between the two parts. Individual eye shows different combinations of compensation and addition across different Zernike terms.     

泽尼克多项式校正全息阵列光镊像差的实验研究

像差会影响光镊对粒子的捕获效果. 全息阵列光镊中, 像差不仅来自光学元件, 由特定算法设计的光阱相位片也会在光路中引入像差. 本文通过液晶空间光调制器加载泽尼克多项式相位图, 对全息阵列光镊中由光栅透镜组型算法引起的像差进行校正. 结果显示: 利用三阶泽尼克多项式可有效消除光路中由光栅透镜组型算法引 起的慧差, 使得捕获2 μm聚苯乙烯小球的阵列光阱刚度提高了约40%; 对比不同项的像差校正结果发现, 全息阵列光镊中由算法引起的慧差 与光学元件引起的像差一样, 也会对阵列光阱的捕获效果产生较大影响; 同时根据一阶像差校正结果可得光栅透镜 组型算法对于一阶泽尼克像差具有鲁棒性. 实验结果表明, 对全息阵列光镊中由 算法引起的像差进行校正, 对于提高光阱的捕获效果和深化对算法特性的认识都具有重要意义.     

Curvature sensor for the measurement of the static corneal topography and the dynamic tear film topography in the human eye

A system to measure the topography of the first optical surface of the human eye noninvasively by using a curvature sensor is described. The static corneal topography and the dynamic topography of the tear film can both be measured, and the topographies obtained are presented. The system makes possible the study of the dynamic aberrations introduced by the tear film to determine their contribution to the overall ocular aberrations in healthy eyes, eyes with corneal pathologies, and eyes wearing contact lenses.     

用于复色哈特曼人眼波像差测量的折/衍混合调焦系统

设计了一个折/衍混合多色调焦系统,可用于哈特曼波前传感器测量不同波长下人眼的波像差.系统由两片折射透镜和一个二元衍射面构成,焦距调整范围为－200～200 mm.系统性能达到衍射受限,在0.488～0.655 μm波长范围内,焦点色位移小于3 μm.整个系统结构简单、紧凑,同哈特曼波前传感器相匹配,可用于普通人群眼波像差的测量.     

Hybrid triplet objective with optimum aberration correction

This paper is devoted to the design of a hybrid triplet objective consisting of two refractive lenses and a diffractive element analogous to holographic lens. The possibilities of correcting field aberrations are discussed.Several exemplary solutions of achromatic, apochromatic and quasi-superachromatic hybrid objectives with corrected average field curvature or astigmatism are presented. In the best designs coma is also substantially minimized.     

双凹厚透镜曲率半径和折射率的测定

观察双凹厚透镜的球面反射成像,利用这一实验现象结合物像公式测定双凹厚透镜前后表面的曲率半径和折射率。利用两次球面反射成像可求出双凹厚透镜的曲率半径,两种方法可比较。对于薄透镜,这种方法可以修正在实际测量中忽略透镜厚度所产生的误差。