Numerical evaluation of analytic functions by Cauchy's theorem

The use of the Cauchy theorem (instead of the Cauchy formula) in complex analysis together with numerical integration rules is proposed for the computation of analytic functions and their derivatives inside a closed contour from boundary data for the analytic function only. This approach permits a dramatical increase of the accuracy of the numerical results for points near the contour. Several theoretical results about this method are proved. Related numerical results are also displayed. The present method together with the trapezoidal quadrature rule on a circular contour is investigated from a theoretical point of view (including error bounds and corresponding asymptotic estimates), compared with the numerically competitive Lyness-Delves method and rederived by using the Theotokoglou results on the error term. Generalizations for the present method are suggested in brief.     

Automatic,guaranteed integration of analytic functions

Davis introduced a method for estimating linear functionals of analytic functions by using Cauchy's Integral Formula. This is used to construct methods for numerical integration which give rigorous error bounds. By combining these bounds with strategies for order and subinterval adaptation, a program is developed for automatic integration of analytic functions. Interval analysis is used to validate the bounds.     

On the strong almost convergence of double sequences

In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions that the real doubly infinite matrixA sums every strongly almost convergent double sequence, leaving the limit invariant, have been determined.     

The asymptotic number of acyclic digraphs. I

We obtain an asymptotic formula forA _n,q , the number of digraphs withn labeled vertices,q edges and no cycles. The derivation consists of two separate parts. In the first we analyze the generating function forA _n,q so as to obtain a central limit theorem for an associated probability distribution. In the second part we show combinatorially thatA _n,q is a smooth function ofq. By combining these results, we obtain the desired asymptotic formula. Research supported by NSF under grant MCS-8300414. Research supported by NSERC under grant A4067. Research supported by NSF under grant MCS-8302282. Research supported by the Australian Department of Science and Technology under the Queen Elizabeth II Fellowship Scheme, while this author was at the University of Newcastle, Australia.     

On the evaluation of Cauchy principal value integrals of oscillatory functions

The problem of the numerical evaluation of Cauchy principal value integrals of oscillatory functions , where −1<τ<1, has been discussed. Based on analytic continuation, if f is analytic in a sufficiently large complex region G containing [−1, 1], the integrals can be transformed into the problems of integrating two integrals on [0,+∞) with the integrand that does not oscillate, and that decays exponentially fast, which can be efficiently computed by using the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature rule. The validity of the method has been demonstrated in the provision of two numerical experiments and their results.     

On the Spread of Finite Simple Groups

The spread of a nite group is the maximal integer k so that for each k non-identity elements of G there is an element generating G with each of them. We prove an asymptotic result characterizing the finite simple groups of bounded spread. We also obtain estimates for the spread of the various families of finite simple groups, and show that it is at least 2, with possibly finitely many exceptions. The proofs involve probabilistic methods.The first author acknowledges the support of the NSF; the second author acknowledges the support of the Israel Science Foundation and the hospitality of USC; both authors acknowledge the support and hospitality of MSRI.     

Generalized resolvent matrices and spaces of analytic functions

We introduce triplet spaces for symmetric relations with defect index (1, 1) in a Pontryagin space. Representations of Pontryagin spaces by spaces of vector-valued analytic functions are investigated. These concepts are used to study 2×2-matrix valued analytic functions which satisfy a certain kernel condition.     

De Branges spaces of entire functions closed under forming difference quotients

With a de Branges spaceH(E) of entire functions a functionq, analytic in ⁺ and satisfying there Imq(z)0, is associated. In this note we give necessary and sufficient conditions forH(E) to be closed under forming certain difference quotients in terms of the poles and zeros ofq. Moreover, we obtain a criterion whether a functionq possessing the above mentioned properties can be written as the quotient of the right upper and right lower entry of an entire matrix functionW (z) satisfying a certain kernel condition.     

Morse theory for analytic functions on surfaces

In this paper we deal with analytic functions defined on a compact two dimensional Riemannian surface S whose critical points are semi degenerated (critical points having a non identically vanishing Hessian). To any element p of the set of semi degenerated critical points Q we assign an unique index which can take the values −1, 0 or 1, and prove that Q is made up of finitely many (critical) points with non zero index and embedded circles. Further, we generalize the famous Morse result by showing that the sum of the indexes of the critical points of f equals χ (S), the Euler characteristic of S. As an intermediate result we locally describe the level set of f near a point p ∈Q. We show that the level set f ⁻¹(f (p)) is either a) the set {p}, or b) the graph of a smooth curve passing through p, or c) the graphs of two smooth curves tangent at p or d) the graphs of two smooth curves building at p a cusp shape.     

The asymptotic numbers of regular tournaments,Eulerian digraphs and Eulerian oriented graphs

LetRT(n), ED(n) andEOG(n) be the number of labelled regular tournaments, labelled loop-free simple Eulerian digraphs, and labelled Eulerian oriented simple graphs, respectively, onn vertices. Then, asn,, for any>0. The last two families of graphs are also enumerated by their numbers of edges. The proofs use the saddle point method applied to appropriaten-dimensional integrals.     

Restriction operators, balayage and doubly orthogonal systems of analytic functions

Systems of analytic functions which are simultaneously orthogonal over each of two domains were apparently first studied in particular cases by Walsh and Szegö, and in full generality by Bergman. In principle, these are very interesting objects, allowing application to analytic continuation that is not restricted (as Weierstrassian continuation via power series) either by circular geometry or considerations of locality. However, few explicit examples are known, and in general one does not know even gross qualitative features of such systems. The main contribution of the present paper is to prove qualitative results in a quite general situation.It is by now very well known that the phenomenon of “double orthogonality” is not restricted to Bergman spaces of analytic functions, nor even indeed has it any intrinsic relation to analyticity; its essence is an eigenvalue problem arising whenever one considers the operator of restriction on a Hilbert space of functions on some set, to a subset thereof, provided this restriction is injective and compact. However, in this paper only Hilbert spaces of analytic functions are considered, especially Bergman spaces. In the case of the Hardy spaces Fisher and Micchelli discovered remarkable qualitative features of doubly orthogonal systems, and we have shown how, based on the classical potential-theoretic notion of balayage, and its modern generalizations, one can deduce analogous results in the Bergman space set-up, but with restrictions imposed on the geometry of the considered domains and measures; these were not needed in the Fisher-Micchelli analysis, but are necessary here as shown by examples.From a more constructive point of view we study the Bergman restriction operator between the unit disk and a compactly contained quadrature domain and show that the representing kernel of this operator is rational and it is expressible (as an inversion followed by a logarithmic derivative) in terms of the polynomial equation of the boundary of the inner domain.     

Approximation of analytic functions by Hermite functions

We solve the inhomogeneous Hermite equation and apply this result to estimate the error bound occurring when any analytic function is approximated by an appropriate Hermite function.     

On factorizing meromorphic functions

Summary The paper determines all cases when a meromorphic functionF can be expressed both asf ⊗p andf ⊗q with the same meromorphicf and different polynomialsp andq. In all cases there are constantsk, β, a positive integerm, a root λ of unity of orderS and a polynomialr such thatp=(Lr) ^m+k,q=r ^m+k, whereLz=λz+β. We have eitherm=1,S arbitrary orm=2,S=2, which can occur even ifF andf are entire, or, in the remaining casesS=2, 3, 4 or 6,m dividesS andf(k+t ^m) is a doubly-periodic function.     

Essential norms of integral operators on spaces of analytic functions

This note aims at investigating the essential norms of integral operators on Banach spaces of analytic functions. We study the essential norm of _Ig$I_g$ on some classical Banach spaces (the Bloch space, BMOA$BMOA$ and the Dirichlet space). The essential norms of the Volterra type operator _Tg$T_g$ on the Bloch space are given by the distance from the logarithmic Bloch function to the little logarithmic Bloch space. The essential norms of the little Hankel operator are also investigated.     

Approximation of analytic functions by Legendre functions

We will solve the inhomogeneous Legendre’s differential equation and apply this result to estimate the error bound occurring when an analytic function is approximated by an appropriate Legendre function.     

Gibbs and equilibrium measures for elliptic functions

Because of its double periodicity, each elliptic function canonically induces a holomorphic dynamical system on a punctured torus. We introduce on this torus a class of summable potentials. With each such potential associated is the corresponding transfer (Perron-Frobenius-Ruelle) operator. The existence and uniquenss of Gibbs states and equilibrium states of these potentials are proved. This is done by a careful analysis of the transfer operator which requires a good control of all inverse branches. As an application a version of Bowens formula for expanding elliptic maps is obtained.The research of the second author was supported in part by the NSF Grant DMS 0400481 and INT 0306004.