Generalized Noether's theorem. II. Application

We consider the application of generalized Noether's theorem, a completely new approach — formally, conceptually, and practically — to Noether's theorem, its extensions, and its inverse. We discuss application in general and present specific applications: to the Dirac field, to creation/annihilation currents, and to zilch.     

A theorem for time-dependent dynamical systems

A generalization of a theorem of Reid and Cullen is given. The limitations of using only point transformations are discussed and a procedure for the use of Noether's theorem with velocity-dependent transformations promoted.     

Conservation laws of nonconservative nonholonomic system based on Herglotz variational problem

The generalized variational principle of Herglotz type provides a variational method for describing nonconservative or dissipative processes. The purpose of this letter is to extend this variational principle to a first order linear nonholonomic system and study the conservation laws of the nonconservative nonholonomic system based on Herglotz variational problem. A new differential variational principle of the nonconservative nonholonomic system is proposed, which is based on Herglotz variational problem. And the differential equations of motion of the system are also obtained. Then, according to the condition for the invariance of the differential variational principle, the conservation theorem based on Herglotz variational problem for the nonconservative nonholonomic system are obtained. The theorem contains the conservation theorem of the nonconservative holonomic system as its special case, which can be reduced to the first Noether's theorem based on Herglotz variational problem under proper conditions. The inverse theorem of the conservation theorem is also provided and proved. An example is given to illustrate the application at the end of this letter.     

Supercurrents in extended supersymmetry

Using the generalization of Noether's theorem to superspace, spinor superfields in extended superspace are derived that satisfy generalized conservation equations. These spinor superfields are superspace moments involving the superconformal parameters of vector indexed supercurrents as in the unextended case. The vector indexed supercurrents obtained in this fashion are simply related to the usual scalar supercurrents in extended superspace.     

An operatorially solved model of massless two-dimensional quantum chromodynamics

An operator solution is constructed in (1,1) dimensions to the massless quantum chromodynamics of n fermion quarks and n² ? 1 vector boson gluons with local colour SU(n) symmetry. The interacting quark field is a confined SU(n) Thirring field with zero Abelian coupling. The colour gluons are dependent Lie fields obeying the gluon-free fermionic current identity. Explicit local infinitesimal operator colour transformations (with an arbitrary coordinate-independent Lorentz vector coefficient defining the gauge) are given and the requirement of proper colour covariance linked to the vanishing of the coloured quark source currents and hence to the absence of coloured quark-composite states. The status of Noether's theorem is also clarified.     

Noether's theorem and invariants of certain nonlinear systems

The invariants of certain nonlinear systems (having the form of inhomogeneous time-dependent harmonic oscillators) proposed by Ray and Reid are derived from Noether's theorem.     

Local versus global conservation and Noether's theorem

A distinction between local and global conservation resolves a long standing dispute between Hilbert and Klein, which inadvertently has precipitated an inadequate use of Noether's theorem in contemporary work.     

A note on non-Noether constants of motion

It is shown that various recent results on the existence of constants of motion not arising directly from Noether's theorem or similar considerations, such as the result of Hojman and Harleston for systems with alternative lagrangian formulations, are consequences of some rather simple and general facts of differential geometry.     

A lattice Maxwell system with discrete space–time symmetry and local energy–momentum conservation

A lattice Maxwell system is developed with gauge-symmetry, symplectic structure and discrete space–time symmetry. Noether's theorem for Lie group symmetries is generalized to discrete group symmetries for the lattice Maxwell system. As a result, the lattice Maxwell system is shown to admit a discrete local energy–momentum conservation law corresponding to the discrete space–time symmetry. A lattice model that respects all local conservation laws and geometric structures is as good as and probably more preferable than standard models on continuous space–time. It can also be viewed as an effective algorithm for the governing differential equations on continuous space–time.     

Infinite number of conservation laws in two-dimensional superconformal models

Superconformal theories in two-dimensional space-time are considered. Noether's theorem and the Belinfante improvement procedure are extended to superspace where they are used to construct the supercurrent. With its aid, an infinite number of classical conservation laws are derived. These laws are shown to survive quantization in the supersymmetric, non-linear, O(N) sigma model.     

Ward-takahashi identities and Noether’s theorem in quantum field theory

The gap in the mathematical derivation of Noether’s theorem, and also of the Ward-Takahashi identities, caused by performing variation before quantization is closed by introduction of variational calculus for operator fields. It is demonstrated that both Noether’s theorem and the Ward-Takahashi identities retain full validity in quantum field theory.     

Internal symmetry currents and supersymmetric effective lagrangians

A supersymmetric and non-linearly realized internally symmetric action is constructed from the super Kähler potential of Goldstone scalar superfields. Noether's theorem in superspace is derived and the associated superfield of currents defined. The currents are used to derive a super Dashen formula relating the (quasi) Goldstone masses and decay constants to the symmetry breaking part of the theory and to supersymmetrically gauge the invariant subgroup as well as the full group.     

A variational approach to bäcklund and infinitesimal bäcklund transformation for Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation

A new form of the Bäcklund transformation for the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation is obtained through the variational formalism. At no stage we use the equation of motion for the deduction of the Bäcklund transformation. So we follow the method of Steudel for the derivation of the infinite number of conservation laws using Noether's theorem in three dimensions and the corresponding infinitesimal Bäcklund transformation.     

The spacetime of double field theory: Review,remarks, and outlook

We review double field theory (DFT) with emphasis on the doubled spacetime and its generalized coordinate transformations, which unify diffeomorphisms and b‐field gauge transformations. We illustrate how the composition of generalized coordinate transformations fails to associate. Moreover, in dimensional reduction, the O(d,d) T‐duality transformations of fields can be obtained as generalized diffeomorphisms. Restricted to a half‐dimensional subspace, DFT includes ‘generalized geometry’, but is more general in that local patches of the doubled space may be glued together with generalized coordinate transformations. Indeed, we show that for certain T‐fold backgrounds with non‐geometric fluxes, there are generalized coordinate transformations that induce, as gauge symmetries of DFT, the requisite O(d,d;ℤ) monodromy transformations. Finally we review recent results on the α^′ extension of DFT which, reduced to the half‐dimensional subspace, yields intriguing modifications of the basic structures of generalized geometry.     

Theory of symmetry in the quantum mechanics of infinite systems: II. Isotropic representations of the Galilei group and its central extensions

The isotropic bundle representations of the Galilei group and its central extension are classified, and the natural cross-section, action of the group on the base manifold and the canonical cocyle are determined for all cases. Projective bundle representations of the Galilei group are defined and the extension of Bargmann's superselection rule is established. Coordinate transformations on the base space are discussed in all cases, and the notion of generalized coordinate transformations is introduced. It is then shown that the bundle representations being considered do not violate the principle of Galilean relativity as it is commonly understood. The physical interpretation of the irreducible and some reducible representations is discussed. It is found that some bundle representations might correspond to objects which can act as sources or sinks of linear and/or angular momentum.     

Adjustability as a requirement of ideal clocks

A coordinate frame is considered as an arrangement of clocks that meet certain criteria of synchronization. Einstein's ideal clock is compared with the behavior required for clocks to maintain synchrony in the group of coordinate frames that leaves Maxwell's equations invariant. The required clock rates differ from the rate of Einstein's clock. An ideal adjustable clock is defined as an Einstein clock augmented by variable “gearing” that can offset its rate. Ongoing adjustment of these clocks enables them to meet all synchronization criteria in the group of coordinate frames. The need for adjustment is due to the well known invariance of Maxwell's equations under a group of coordinate transformations larger than the Lorentz group, and has nothing to do with imperfections in clocks. It is shown that the adjustments needed by ideal adjustable clocks to maintain synchrony can be measurably separated from additional adjustments that may be needed to compensate for random imperfections. The necessity for adjustment brings with it the necessity for ongoing measurement of the light signals whose exchange defines synchronization. Implications are discussed, both for the interpretation of Maxwell's equations and for the role of measuring instruments.     

Conserved momenta of a ferromagnetic soliton

Linear and angular momenta of a soliton in a ferromagnet are commonly derived through the application of Noether’s theorem. We show that these quantities exhibit unphysical behavior: they depend on the choice of a gauge potential in the spin Lagrangian and can be made arbitrary. To resolve this problem, we exploit a similarity between the dynamics of a ferromagnetic soliton and that of a charged particle in a magnetic field. For the latter, canonical momentum is also gauge-dependent and thus unphysical; the physical momentum is the generator of magnetic translations, a symmetry combining physical translations with gauge transformations. We use this analogy to unambiguously define conserved momenta for ferromagnetic solitons. General considerations are illustrated on simple models of a domain wall in a ferromagnetic chain and of a vortex in a thin film.