The sound insulation of partially open double glazing

The sound reduction index has been measured in the laboratory for partially open sliding window units. The object was to test the feasibility of achieving a moderate degree of sound insulation whilst retaining natural ventilation. Assuming source spectra for aircraft and traffic noise and using the measured SRI's, the sound level difference across a window has been calculated in terms of dB(A). It is concluded that partially open double glazing is about 10 dB(A) better than partially open single glazing, and that double glazing can be opened as much as 100 mm and still be as effective against aircraft noise as closed single glazing.     

The field performance of partially open dual glazing

The insulation of partially open dual glazing has already been measured in the laboratory. During an extensive programme of sound insulation tests on a house near Manchester Airport the opportunity was taken to measure the field performance. The results show an increase in insulation of up to 3 dB(A) when compared with predictions based upon laboratory SRIs.An assessment was also made of the ventilation by comparing the rate of air change when the dual windows were open with that due to a mechanical ventilator operating with the windows closed. Under typical weather conditions it was found that there was little difference, a rate of 2–3 air changes/hour being measured.     

Sound insulation of domestic roofing systems: Part 1

The three parts of this paper are to be published in three issues of Applied Acoustics. The present part discusses the experimental facilities of the measuring laboratory and gives details of tests conducted on ceiling specimens. In Part 2 the work on various types of roof component will be presented. In Part 3 will follow the results of tests carried out on the roof and ceiling components combined. It will also consider the ability of the roofing system to provide sound insulation, as a component of the whole building envelope, from typical external noise spectra. The availability of sound insulation values obtained by laboratory measurements does provide the building industry with guidance in building design, even though values for actual buildings may vary considerably from laboratory-measured values.     

Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Thermal Insulation Performance of the Roof with Water-Retained Bricks

In this paper, the thermal insulation performance of the roof with water-retained bricks was first analyzed theoretically with respect to the thermal inertia, attenuation and delay time of the roof with water-retained bricks. Then, the experimental rig was established to carry out the experimental research on the thermal insulation performance of the roof with and without water-retained bricks on the sunny, overcast and rainy days in the summer and on the sunny day in the winter. The results showed that: (1) the surface heat storage coefficient is affected by the evaporating heat transfer of the water layer; (2) the thermal inertness, attenuation and delay time of the roof with water-retained bricks are 2.575, 21 and 6.94 h, respectively, when the water depth is 2 cm; (3) on the sunny, overcast and rainy days in the summer, laying water-retained bricks can enhance the heat insulation performance of the roof, and can improve the thermal comfort of the loft; and (4) on the sunny day in the winter, after laying water-retained bricks, the average temperature of the loft in 24 h increases by 2.3 °C, and the temperature fluctuation of the loft decreases by 56.0%. Therefore, the thermal insulation effect is significantly improved after laying water-retained bricks on the roof from the results of both the theoretical and experimental study.     

Factors influencing dB(A) ratings for sound insulation: Incident noise spectrum and shape of the transmission loss curve

A computer study of the influence of both the incident noise spectrum and the shape of the transmission loss curve on dB(A) ratings for assessing acoustical insulation is undertaken in this work. Transmission loss curves are classed into five idealized types suggested by the shapes observed in about 120 actual cases studied at four major laboratories. From them 5875 smoothed transmission loss curves, covering most common walls, were derived and joined to white, pink, traffic, speech, explosive and inversely humped spectrum noises, used as incident noises, to constitute the data base. Values of the incremental insulation ΔTL(A) (excess of dB(A) ratings over the arithmetic mean for a given TL curve) in dB(A) were computed for all possible pairs {TL curve: incident noise}. Computed results of ΔTL(A) grouped according to the incident noise and the idealized shape of the TL curve are presented in three dimensional graphic form. The spectrum of the incident noise and the shape of the transmission loss curve can influence significantly dB(A) ratings of sound insulation. Differences as high as 10 dB(A) can be found for actual cases when the incident noise varies from traffic to white noise. Previous results of various authors, for some discrete cases, are discussed. The convenience of a thorough study of a possible correlation between dB(A) ratings (or other frequency weightings) for acoustical insulation and community response is finally suggested.     

利用混合FE-SEA方法的前围隔声性能优化设计*

为了提升某重型商用车前围的隔声性能,建立了用于分析前围传递损失的有限元-统计能量分析(FE-SEA)模型。针对前围结构复杂的特点,依据FE-SEA模型建模原则,提出了通过在表面创建声腔来确保能量在模型中的正确传递路径。将仿真结果与测试值对比,二者误差小于1.6 dB(A),验证了FE-SEA方法的准确性。用吸声材料与隔声材料复合设计前围声学包,采用正交试验法对前围声学包进行优化设计并对各个试验方案进行仿真计算。对仿真结果进行极差分析与方差分析,选出了在传递损失、重量和厚度三方面达到最佳平衡的声学包:毛毡(10 mm)+EPDM隔声垫(2 mm)。结果表明,优化后的前围传递损失在测试频率315 Hz～2000 Hz范围内最小提升了3.8 dB(A),最大提升了7 dB(A),前围的隔声性能得到较大的提升。     

Transmission of a spherical sound wave through a single-leaf wall: Mass law for spherical wave incidence

This paper examines the sound insulation of a single-leaf wall driven by a spherical wave. The transmitted sound field of an infinite elastic plate under a spherical wave incidence is theoretically analyzed and insulation mechanisms are considered. The displacement of the plate is formulated using the Hankel transform in wavenumber space and the transmitted sound pressure in the far-field is obtained by Rayleigh’s formula in an explicit closed form. Moreover, a reduction index is also derived in a closed form by introducing an approximation into the vibration characteristics of the plate. Deterioration of the insulation performance under the spherical wave incidence is caused by an apparent decrease of wall impedance that depends on the directivity of the transmitted sound wave. The mass law for a spherical wave incidence is different from that for a normal plane wave incidence: doubling the weight of the wall or the frequency gives an increase of 3 dB (c.f. 6 dB for a normal plane wave incidence), which is also smaller than the field incidence mass law.     

Indoor Noise Reduction Index with an open window (Part II)

An index to evaluate indoor noise level reduction with an open window Noise Reduction Index (NRI) was proposed [Buratti C. Indoor Noise Reduction Index with open window. Appl Acoust 2002;63(4):431-51]. The reduction was due to the installation of a false ceiling in the room, thus reducing the contribution of the reverberant field. Experimental data related to two different kinds of false ceiling were compared to the results obtained by an original calculation model. Good agreement was found between experiments with two different materials and predictions. The present paper examines six different kinds of false ceiling and arrives at a new validation of the model. Calculations of NRI show good agreement with experimental data: a maximum difference of −1.2 dB(A) was found with a mean difference of 0.5 dB(A) for a wide range of absorption coefficient values. Hence the model represents a reliable instrument for indoor NRI prediction, if the acoustic absorption characteristics of materials are known.     

Prediction of airborne sound transmission across a timber–concrete composite floor using Statistical Energy Analysis

This paper concerns the development and experimental validation of prediction models using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) to calculate the airborne sound insulation of a timber–concrete composite floor. The complexity in modelling this floor is due to it having (1) a multilayer upper plate formed from concrete and Oriented Strand Board (OSB), (2) multiple types of rigid connector between the upper plate and the timber joists and (3) a resiliently suspended ceiling. A six-subsystem model treats the concrete–OSB plate as a single subsystem and three different five-subsystem models treat the combination of concrete, OSB and timber joists as a single orthotropic plate subsystem. For the orthotropic plate it is suggested that bending stiffnesses predicted using the theories of Huffington and Troitsky provide a more suitable and flexible approach than that of Kimura and Inoue. All SEA models are able to predict the weighted sound reduction index to within 2 dB of the measurement. The average difference (magnitude) between measurements and predictions in one-third octave bands is up to 4 dB. These results confirm that SEA can be used to model direct transmission across relatively complex floor constructions. However, this requires the inclusion of measured data in the SEA model, namely the dynamic stiffness of the resilient isolators and the cavity reverberation time.     

Acoustic insulation capacity of Vertical Greenery Systems for buildings

Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS) are promising contemporary Green Infrastructure which contribute to the provision of several ecosystem services both at building and urban scales. Among others, the building acoustic insulation and the urban noise reduction could be considered. Traditionally vegetation has been used to acoustically insulate urban areas, especially from the traffic noise. Now, with the introduction of vegetation in buildings, through the VGS, it is necessary to provide experimental data on its operation as acoustic insulation tool in the built environment. In this study the acoustic insulation capacity of two VGS was conducted through in situ measurements according to the UNE-EN ISO 140-5 standard. From the results, it was observed that a thin layer of vegetation (20–30 cm) was able to provide an increase in the sound insulation of 1 dB for traffic noise (in both cases, Green Wall and Green Facade), and an insulation increase between 2 dB (Green Wall) and 3 dB (Green Facade) for a pink noise. In addition to the vegetation contribution to sound insulation, the influence of other factors such as the mass factor (thickness, density and composition of the substrate layer) and type of modular unit of cultivation, the impenetrability (sealing joints between modules) and structural insulation (support structure) must be taken into account for further studies.     

基于散射矩阵法的飞机壁板声学优化设计

采用散射矩阵法分析夹层板结构声学特性,并对典型的夹层板结构即飞机壁板进行声学优化,预计飞机壁板隔声特性,获得蒙皮、隔声隔热层、内饰板及它们的组合结构的声学性能。针对尾吊飞机客舱后部噪声过大问题,通过增加铺设隔热隔声层以及部分区域优化安装阻尼层等一系列被动降噪处理方法,对主要传递路径的飞机壁板结构进行优化,降低客舱后部噪声水平,并进行试验验证。试验结果表明:散射矩阵法可快速准确获得夹层结构的隔声性能,并与混响室法测试结果吻合较好;在厚度不变的前提下,改变隔热隔声层的铺设方式和材料密度对壁板隔声性能影响较小,但在蒙皮内侧粘贴阻尼层能在一定频段范围提高壁板隔声性能;将优化的壁板构型应用到飞机后舱段侧壁板,舱内噪声水平可降低约3 dB。     

Channel characterization at 120 GHz for future indoor communication systems

We present a simulation on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the indoor propagation channel at 120 GHz. The simulation, applied to a dynamic scenario with randomly placed objects and moving people in a room, is based on a three-dimensional ray-tracing method. Propagation and reflection mechanisms of electromagnetic waves are discussed in the channel model. The received power in a 0.95-m-height plane is obtained. Comparison between walls and ceiling covered with dielectric mirrors and those with three common wall and ceiling materials are presented. The result shows that the holistic received power level with dielectric mirrors is about 10 dB higher than with other materials.     

实验室隔声测量中试件洞填隙墙传声影响的检验

文章探讨了实验室建筑构件隔声测量中填隙墙传声影响的检验与修正方法。通过实验分析,给出了三种可用于不同隔声量构件的门、窗和玻璃试件隔声测量的填隙墙构造方式。     

薄膜型声学超材料对低频振动的隔声特性分析

高效共振混合机工作频率为60 Hz,且系统处于共振,产生较大低频噪声。针对振动机械产生的有害噪声,分析了高效共振混合机低频高加速度共振混合过程的特点,得到了60 Hz低频声波穿透力强的特点,相比传统的以吸声材料构建的50～100 mm厚度、隔声效果小于10 dB的隔声罩,分析了薄膜型声学超材料在低频减振降噪中的隔声特性。通过多物理场仿真分析,60 Hz时隔声量为31.4 dB,确定了硅橡胶弹性薄膜的预应力和质量块的面密度;采用3D打印机快速成型技术,构建了隔声实验装置,分析了独立隔声单元、面密度、薄膜尺寸等隔声特性规律。基于人耳在实际环境中感受到的噪声强度,提出了噪声衰减量和插入损失的分析方法,在距离声源380 mm和1000 mm的位置,60 Hz时隔声量分别为27 dB和38 dB。研究成果丰富了低频隔声特性理论,为薄膜型声学超材料的工程设计和优化提供了技术支撑。     

Full scale model investigation on the acoustical protection of a balcony-like façade device (L)

The acoustical insertion losses produced by a balcony-like structure in front of a window are examined experimentally. The results suggest that the balcony ceiling is the most appropriate location for the installation of artificial sound absorption for the purpose of improving the broadband insertion loss, while the side walls are found to be the second best. Results also indicate that the acoustic modes of the balcony opening and the balcony cavity resonance in a direction normal to the window could have a great impact on the one-third octave band insertion losses. The maximum broadband road traffic noise insertion loss achieved is about 7 dB.     

真空隔热油管接箍传热实验与模拟研究

真空隔热油管井筒的传热计算是稠油开采领域的重要研究课题.注蒸汽采油井筒内,隔热油管是靠接箍连接在一起的,接箍虽然很短,但其隔热性能较差.目前,隔热油管接箍段引起的散热损失均按经验比例计算,本文对隔热油管接箍的传热进行了深入研究,提出用接箍视导热系数来衡量接箍的隔热性能.并通过现场实验、fluent模拟和理论计算相结合的方法,得到带衬套的接箍视导热系数为0.4 W/(m·K)左右.在实验条件下,接箍散热损失占总散热损失的比例大于1/3.因此,应采用必要措施提高接箍的隔热性能,以保证整个隔热油管的隔热效果.     

Traffic noise reduction at balconies on a high-rise building façade

The performance of balconies with ceiling-mounted reflectors on a high-rise building fac?ade is examined using numerical analyses and scale-model experiments. The reflectors are designed to reflect direct and diffracted waves incident on the ceiling outside the balcony. The sound pressure reduction, provided by the reflectors, on a window surface adjacent to the balcony is evaluated at intermediate floors levels. In terms of A-weighted sound pressure levels, a balcony equipped with reflectors reduces road traffic noise by 7-10 dB(A), compared to an ordinary balcony, at incident angles of noise close to the angle for which the reflectors are designed. The efficiency is roughly the same as, or greater than, that of a balcony with an absorbent ceiling. However, it is also shown that when the vertical incident angle of the noise is smaller than the design angle of the reflectors, or the horizontal incident angle is large, efficiency is reduced.     

The transmission loss and vibration of glass panels in non-reverberative conditions

In the usual method of measurement, the structure is placed between two semi-reverberant rooms and diffuse sound fields are used. This paper describes measurements made in conditions of high absorption, with a single directional source. Thus the results should be of value where information on the insulation of glass panels is required for use in high absorption environments, such as recording studios or anechoic laboratories. Microphone measurements are compared with the predicted transmission loss from a capacitive transducer and the effect of sealing the panels is described. Both the microphone measurements and the corrected transducer results are in good agreement with the mass law. The improvement obtained by sealing is an average of about 6dB but large increases in insulation are found at low frequencies. The velocity amplitude is lower than the theoretical value.