Evolution of magnetic domain structure of martensite in Ni–Mn–Ga films under the interplay of the temperature and magnetic field

Ferromagnetic shape memory Ni-Mn-Ga films with 7M modulated structure were prepared on MgO （001） substrates by magnetron sputtering. Magnetization process with a typical two-hysteresis loop indicates the occurrence of the reversible magnetic field-induced reorientation. Magnetic domain structure and twin structure of the film were controlled by the in- terplay of the magnetic and temperature field. With cooling under an out-of-plane magnetic field, the evolution of magnetic domain structure reveals that martensitic transformation could be divided into two periods： nucleation and growth. With an in-plane magnetic field applied to a thermomagnetic-treated film, the evolution of magnetic domain structure gives evidence of a reorientation of twin variants of martensite. A microstructural model is described to define the twin structure and to produce the magnetic domain structure at the beginning of martensitic transformation; based on this model, the relationship between the twin structure and the magnetic domain structure for the treated film under an in-plane field is also described.     

Effect of cobalt doping on thermoelastic martensitic transformations and physical properties of magnetic shape memory alloys Ni50 − x Co x Mn29Ga21

The magnetic and thermoelastic martensitic transformations and physical properties (magnetization, electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power, relative elongation, and thermal expansion coefficient) of multicomponent magnetic shape memory alloys Ni_{50 ? x} Co _x Mn₂₉Ga₂₁ (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 10 at %) have been investigated. The critical temperatures of thermoelastic martensitic transformation and magnetic transitions have been determined. It has been found that the alloy with 10 at % Co undergoes a martensitic transformation in the temperature range of 6–10 K.     

The structural,elastic, and electronic properties of ZrxNbl-xC alloys from first principle calculations＊

The structural, elastic, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of ZrxNbl xC alloys are investigated using the first principles method based on the density functional theory. The results show that the structural properties of Zr~.Nb1 xC alloys vary continuously with the increase of Zr composition. The alloy possesses both the highest shear modulus （215 GPa） and a higher bulk modulus （294 GPa）, with a Zr composition of 0.21. Meanwhile, the Zr0.2! Nb0.79C alloy shows metallic conductivity based on the analysis of the density of states. In addition, the thermodynamic stability of the designed alloys is estimated using the calculated enthalpy of mixing.     

Transformation behaviors,structural and magnetic characteristics of Ni-Mn-Ga films on MgO （001）

Ferromagnetic Ni-Mn-Ga films were fabricated by depositing on MgO （001） substrates at temperatures from 673 K to 923 K. Microstructure, crystal structure, martensitic transformation behavior, and magnetic properties of the films were studied. With increasing deposition temperature, the surface morphology of the films transforms from granular to continu- ous. The martensitic transformation temperature is not dependent on deposition temperature; while transformation behavior is affected substantially by deposition temperature. X-ray analysis reveals that the film deposited at 873 K has a 7M marten- site phase, and its magnetization curve provides a typical step-increase, indicating the occurrence of magnetically induced reorientation （MIR）. In situ magnetic domain structure observation on the film deposited at 873 K reflects that the marten- sitic transformation could be divided into two periods： nucleation and growth, in the form of stripe domains. The MIR occurs at the temperature at which martensitic transformation starts, and the switching field increases with the decrease of temperature due to damped thermal activation. The magnetically induced martensitic transformation is related to the difference of magnetization between martensite and austenite. A shift of martensite temperature of dT/dH = 0.43 K/T is observed, consistent with the theoretical value, 0.41 K/T.     

Electronic structure and magnetic properties of （Mn,N）-codoped ZnO

The electronic structures and magnetic properties of（Mn, N）-codoped Zn O are investigated by using the firstprinciples calculations. In the ferromagnetic state, as N substitutes for the intermediate O atom of the nearest neighboring Mn ions, about 0.5 electron per Mn^2＋ion transfers to the N^2-ion, which leads to the high-state Mn ions（close to ＋2.5）and trivalent N3-ions. In an antiferromagnetic state, one electron transfers to the N2-ion from the downspin Mn2＋ion,while no electron transfer occurs for the upspin Mn^2＋ion. The（Mn, N）-codoped Zn O system shows ferromagnetism,which is attributed to the hybridization between Mn 3d and N 2p orbitals.     

Substituting AI for Fe in Pr（AlxFe1-x）1.9 alloys： Effects on magnetic and magnetostrictive properties

The magnetostrictive effects of substituting A1 for Fe in Pr（AlxFe1-x）1.9 （x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10） alloys between 5 K and 300 K were investigated. The substitution decreases the Curie temperature and the value of λ111. Fortunately, the substitution slightly increases the magnetostriction in a low magnetic field, which imbues these materials with potential advantages for applications. Rotation of the easy magnetization direction （EMD） from [ 111 ] to [ 100] in the Pr（A10.02Fe0.98）1.9 alloy as temperature decreases was detected by step scanned XRD reflections.     

Stabilization of η-Cu6Sn5 Intermetallic Compound by Zn Addition： First-Principles Investigation

The structural phase transformation and electronic properties of Cu6Sn5 with and without Zn addition are analyzed based on the first principles calculations. The results indicate that the energy difference between the η phase and the η＇ phase decreases significantly after Zn addition at finite temperature. This implies that the high temperature η-phase Cu6 （Sn,Zn）5 will be stabilized. Moreover, the bulk modulus is also improved after Zn addition. We attribute the corresponding structurM stabilization to the relatively strong Zn Cu and Zn Sn bonding in the η-Cu6 （Sn,Zn）5.     

First-principles study on the structure,electronic and magnetic properties of HoSin （n=1-12, 20） clusters

The structure, electronic and magnetic properties of HoSin（n= 1 - 12, 20） clusters have been widely investigated by first-principles calculation method based on density flmctional theory （DFT）. From our calculation results, we find that for HoSin（n=1- 12） clusters except n = 7.10, the most stable structures are a replacement of Si atom in the corresponding pure Sin＋1 clusters by Ho atom. The doping of Ho atom makes the stability of Si clusters enhance remarkably, and HoSin（n = 2, 5, 8, 11） clusters are more stable than their neighboring clusters. The magnetic moment of Ho atom in HoSin （n = 1 - 12, 20） clusters mainly comes from of electron of tto, and never quenches.     

Effect of Co on magnetic property and phase stability of Ni--Mn--Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys: A first-principles study

The effect of Co content on magnetic property and phase stability of Ni50-xMn25Ga25Cox ferromagnetic shape memory alloys has been investigated using first-principles calculations. The total energy difference between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic state of austenite plays an important role in the magnetic transition. The high Curie temperature can be attributed to the stronger Co-Mn exchange interaction as compared to the Ni-Mn one. The phase stability of Ni50-xMn25Ga25Cox austenite increases with increasing Co content, which is discussed based on the electronic structure.     

The effect of Fe on the martensitic transformation of TaRu high-temperature shape memory alloys:A first-principles study

The effect of Fe on the martensitic transformation of TaRu high-temperature shape memory alloys has been investigated using first-principles calculations. The site preference of Fe in TaRu alloys has been clarified for the first time, and the results show that Fe is predicted to occupy Ru sites. The addition of Fe increases the stability of the Ta₅₀Ru_50-xFe_x β phase, leading to a significant decrease in the β to β′ martensitic transformation temperature. In addition, the mechanism of the Fe alloying effect is explained on the basis of the electronic structure.     

Martensitic transformation in Cu-doped NiMnGa magnetic shape memory alloys

This paper studies the martensitic transformation in the Cu-doped NiMnGa alloys. The orthorhombic martensite transforms to L2₁ cubic austenite by Cu substituting for Ni in the Ni_50-xCu_xMn₃₁Ga₁₉ (x=2--10) alloys, the martensitic transformation temperature decreases significantly with the rate of 40 K per Cu atom addition. The variation of the Fermi sphere radius (k_F) is applied to evaluate the change of the martensitic transformation temperature. The increase of k_F leads to the increase of the martensitic transformation temperature.     

Successive phase transformation in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys Co37Ni34Al39 melt-spun ribbons

The martensitic transformation in Co37Ni34Al29 ribbon is characterized in detail by means of in-situ thermostatic x-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements.The results show a structural transition from the body-centred cubic to martensite with a tetragonal structure during cooling.Comparison between the results of the diffraction intensity with the magnetic susceptibility measurements indicates that the martensitic transformation takes place in several different steps during cooling from 273 to 163 K.During heating from 313 to 873 K,the peak width becomes very wide and the intensity turns very low.The γ-phase(face-centred cubic structure) emerges and increases gradually with temperature increasing from 873 to 1073 K.     

Combined experimental and theoretical study on the effect of Nb content on martensitic transformation of NbRu shape memory alloys

The effect of Nb content on the martensitic transformation of NbRu high-temperature shape memory alloys is investigated by experiments and first-principles calculations. We calculate the lattice parameters, density of states, charge density, and heats of formation of Nb_50+xRu_50-x β phase. The results show that an increase in Nb content increases the stability of Nb_50+xRu_50-x β phase, leading to a significant decrease of the β to β' martensitic transformation temperature. In addition, the mechanism of the effects of Nb content on phase stability and martensitic transformation temperature is studied on the basis of electronic structure.     

Mössbauer study of the martensitic transformation in a Ni–Fe–Ga shape memory alloy

We present the results of an extensive Mössbauer study of the magnetic and martensitic transformation at room temperature of a polycrystalline alloy with a Ni₅₅Fe₁₉Ga₂₆ nominal composition. From calorimetric measurements, we have determined the martensitic transformation temperature of T _M ≈ 240 K, in good agreement with the one obtained by magnetic characterization. This sample has a Curie temperature of T _C ≈ 287 K. Additional Curie temperatures, belonging to a γ phase, have been also detected. Mössbauer spectroscopy performed at different temperatures monitored all these transformations and the fitting of the obtained spectrum at the highest temperature allow us to give percentages of the different phases in the sample.     

Cu对Ni50Mn36In14相变和磁性的影响冰

文章研究了Cu替代部分Ni对铁磁性形状记忆合金Ni50Mn36In14相变和磁性的影响规律．研究表明,在Ni50-χcCuχMn36In14中,随着Cu含量的增加,相变温度逐渐降低．Cu含量低于5％时。奥氏体的磁性强于马氏体的磁性,母相和马氏体相的饱和磁化强度的差值△M随着Cu含量的增加而增大．当Cu含量χ=4．5时,△M迅速增加到80emu／g,并在该材料中观察到了磁场驱动的马氏体到奥氏体的转变,显示了该材料作为磁驱动磁电阻材料的潜在应用前景．当Cu含量高于5％时,奥氏体保持铁磁状态,马氏体相由反铁磁状态变为铁磁状态,马氏体的磁性强于奥氏体的磁性,△M大大削弱,磁场驱动性质消失．     

内应力对Mn2NiGa铁磁形状记忆合金的结构、相变和磁性能的影响

通过施加压应力的方法,在铁磁形状记忆合金Mn₂NiGa中引入残留内应力,研究了内应力对 Mn₂NiGa材料的结构、相变和磁性能的影响.研究发现,加压过程使材料发生了塑性形变,在材料内部引入了大量的位错缺陷.卸载后保留的位错缺陷在材料中造成了残留的内应力,导致了马氏体相变温度大幅度提高, 使原本室温下的母相转变成了马氏体相.测量到导致样品转变成马氏体的阈值压应力为1.0 GPa.加压形成的马氏体中的残留内应力将矫顽力从低于50 Oe提高到350 Oe.残留内应力在730 K的热处理中由于位错缺陷的消失而得以消除,样品实现了马氏体逆相变.如此高的逆相变温度使得 Mn₂NiGa马氏体的居里温度测量成为可能,获得了530K的数值.     

Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金中间马氏体相变

采用差示扫描量热和x射线衍射技术研究Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金的马氏体相变行为.结 果发现,在多晶Ni565_56.5Fe190_19.0Ga245_{2 4.5}和Ni563_56.3Fe170_17.0 Ga267_26.7合金中除马氏体相变外,还观察到一次完整的、正相变和逆相 变对应出现、单 纯由温度诱发的中间马氏体相变.该中间马氏体相变与马氏体相变均为热弹性相变. 关键词： Ni-Fe-Ga 中间马氏体相变 磁致形状记忆合金     

Cu对Ni50Mn36In14相变和磁性的影响

文章研究了Cu替代部分Ni对铁磁性形状记忆合金Ni₅₀Mn₃₆In₁₄相变和磁性的影响规律. 研究表明,在Ni_50-xCu_xMn₃₆In₁₄中,随着Cu含量的增加,相变温度逐渐降低. Cu含量低于5%时,奥氏体的磁性强于马氏体的磁性, 母相和马氏体相的饱和磁化强度的差值ΔM随着Cu含量的增加而增大. 当Cu含量x=4.5时, ΔM迅速增加到80 emu/g, 并在该材料中观察到了磁场驱动的马氏体到奥氏体的转变,显示了该材料作为磁驱动磁电阻材料的潜在应用前景.当Cu含量高于5%时,奥氏体保持铁磁状态, 马氏体相由反铁磁状态变为铁磁状态,马氏体的磁性强于奥氏体的磁性, ΔM大大削弱,磁场驱动性质消失.