An artificial neural network for proton identification in HERMES data

The HERMES time-of-flight （TOF） system is used for proton identification, but must be carefully calibrated for systematic biases in the equipment. This paper presents an artificial neural network （ANN） trained to recognize protons from ∧^0 decay using only raw event data such as time delay, momentum, and trajectory. To avoid the systematic errors associated with Monte Carlo models, we collect a sample of raw experimental data from the year 2000. We presume that when for a positive hadron （assigned one proton mass） and a negative hadron （assigned one π^- mass） the reconstructed invariant mass lies within the ∧^0 resonance, the positive hadron is more likely to be a proton. Such events are assigned an output value of one during the training process; all others were assigned the output value zero.
The trained ANN is capable of identifying protons in independent experimental data, with an efficiency equivalent to the traditional TOF calibration. By modifying the threshold for proton identification, a researcher can trade off between selection efficiency and background rejection power. This simple and convenient method is applicable to similar detection problems in other experiments.     

Proposal for muon and white neutron sources at CSNS

The China Spallation Neutron Source （CSNS） is a large scientific facility with the main purpose of serving multidisciplinary research on material characterization using neutron scattering techniques. The accelerator system is to provide a proton beam of 120 kW with a repetition rate of 25 Hz initially （CSNSⅠ）, progressively upgradeable to 240 kW （CSNS-Ⅱ） and 500 kW （CSNS-Ⅱ＇）. In addition to serving as a driving source for the spallation target, the proton beam can be exploited for serving additional functions both in fundamental and applied research. The expanded scientific application based on pulsed muons and fast neutrons is especially attractive in the overall consideration of CSNS upgrade options. A second target station that houses a muon-generating target and a fast-neutron-generating target in tandem, intercepting and removing a small part of the proton beam for the spallation target, is proposed. The muon and white neutron sources are operated principally in parasitic mode, leaving the main part of the beam directed to the spallation target. However, it is also possible to deliver the proton beam to the second target station in a dedicated mode for some special applications. Within the dual target configuration, the thin muon target placed upstream of the fast-neutron target will consume only about 5% of the beam traversed; the majority of the beam is used for fast-neutron production. A proton beam with a beam power of about 60 kW, an energy of 1.6 GeV and a repetition rate of 12.5 Hz will make the muon source and the white neutron source very attractive to multidisciplinary researchers.     

SSC-LINAC中APF型DTL的优化设计

A linear accelerator as a new injector for the SSC （Separated Sector Cyclotron） of the HIRFL （Heavy Ion Research Facility Lanzhou） is being designed. The DTL （Drift-Tube-Linac） has been designed to accelerate ^238U^34＋ from 0.140 MeV/u to 0.97 MeV/u. To the first accelerating tank which accelerates ^238U^34＋ to 0.54 MeV/u, the approach of Alternating-Phase-Focusing （APF） is applied. The phase array is obtained by coupling optimization software Dakota and beam optics code LINREV. With the hybrid of Multi- objective Genetic Algorithm （MOGA） and a pattern search method, an optimum array of asynchronous phases is determined. The final growth, both transversely and longitudinally, can meet the design requirements. In this paper, the deign optimization of the APF DTL is presented.     

Turing pattern selection in a reaction-diffusion epidemic model

We present Turing pattern selection in a reaction-diffusion epidemic model under zero-flux boundary conditions.The value of this study is twofold.First,it establishes the amplitude equations for the excited modes,which determines the stability of amplitudes towards uniform and inhomogeneous perturbations.Second,it illustrates all five categories of Turing patterns close to the onset of Turing bifurcation via numerical simulations which indicates that the model dynamics exhibits complex pattern replication:on increasing the control parameter ν,the sequence "H 0 hexagons → H 0-hexagon-stripe mixtures → stripes → H π-hexagon-stripe mixtures → H π hexagons" is observed.This may enrich the pattern dynamics in a diffusive epidemic model.     

New Compacton Solutions and Solitary Pattern Solutions for Modified Nonlinearly Dispersive inK（m,n, a,b） Equation

In this paper exact solutions of a new modified nonlinearly dispersive equation （simply called inK（m, n, a, b） Ua Ub equation）, u^m-1 ut ＋ α（ u^n）x ＋β（u^a（u^b）xx）x = 0, is investigated by using some direct algorithms. As a result, abundant new compacton solutions （solitons with the absence of infinite wings） and solitary pattern solutions （having infinite slopes or cusps） are obtained.     

Error analysis and lattice improvement for the C-ADS Injector- I

The injector Scheme- 1 （or Injector- I ） of the C-ADS linac is a 10 mA 10 MeV proton linac working in C／V mode. It is mainly comprised of a 3.2 MeV room-temperature 4-vane RFQ and twelve superconducting single-spoke cavities housed in a long cryostat. Error analysis including alignment and field errors, and static and dynamic ones for the illjector are presented. Based on detailed numerical simulations, an orbit correction scheme has been designed, which shows that with correction the rms residual orbit errors can be controlled within 0.3 mm and a beam loss rate of 1.7× 10-6 is obtained. To reduce the beam loss rate further, an improved lattice design for the superconducting spoke cavity section has been studied.     

Characterizing a proton beam with two different methods in beam halo experiments

In beam halo experiments, it is very important to correctly characterize the RFQ output proton beam. In order to simulate the beam dynamics properly, we must first know the correct initial beam parameters. We have used two different methods, quadrupole scans and multi-wire scanners to determine the transverse phase-space properties of the proton beam. The experimental data were analyzed by fitting to the 3-D nonlinear simulation code IMPACT. For the quadrupole scan method, we found that the RMS beam radius and the measured beam-core profiles agreed very well with the simulations. For the multi-wire scanner method, we choose the case of a matched beam. By fitting the IMPACT simulation results to the measured data, we obtained the Courant-Snyder parameters and the emittance of the beam. The difference between the two methods is about eight percent, which is acceptable in our experiments.     

Design and construction of the first prototype ionization chamber for CSNS and PA beam loss monitor （BLM） system

Design and construction of the first prototype ionization chamber for CSNS and Proton Accelerator （PA） beam loss monitor （BLM） system is reported. The low leakage current （〈0.1 pA）, good plateau （≈800 V） and linearity range up to 200 Roentgen/h are obtained in the first prototype. All of these give us good experience for further improving the ionization chamber construction.     

DD proton spectrum for diagnosing the areal density of imploded capsules on Shenguang III prototype laser facility

The primary DD proton spectrum is used for diagnosing the fuel-shell areal density pR of imploded capsules on Shenguang Ⅲ （SG-Ⅲ） prototype laser facility for the first time. A charged particle spectrometer （CPS） with a CR39 nuclear track detector is used to measure the DD proton spectrum. The proton spectrum is determined from both the proton track and its size. A typical proton energy peak shift from 3.02 MeV to 2.6 MeV is observed in our experiment, which yields a maximum pR larger than 6 mg/cm2.     

Study on the Lorentz detuning and tuning of β=0.3, 352 MHz spoke cavity

The superconducting spoke cavity has been proposed to accelerate the proton in the low energy section of the high power proton linac for the Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System in China. In this paper, the basic geometric and RF parameters of a β=0.3, 352 MHz spoke cavity are given, and the Lorenz detuning and tuning are presented.     

Characteristics of the magnetic analysis system for a compact MPR-type spectrometer

The magnetic proton recoil（MPR）spectrometer is a novel diagnostic instrument with high perfor-mance for measurements of neutron spectra in inertial confinement fusion（ICF）experiments and high power fusion devices.A compact MPR-type spectrometer dedicated to the research of pulsed deuterium-tritium（DT）neutron spectroscopy of special experimental conditions is currently under design.Analyses of the main parameters and performance of the magnetic analysis system through 3-D particle transport calculations and MonteCarlo simulations and calibration of the system performance as a test using CR-39 solid track detector and α particle from 239pu and 226Ra radioactive sources are presented in this paper.The results indicate that the magnetic analysis system will achieve a detection efficiency level of 10-5-10-4 at an energy resolution of 1.5%-2.1%,and fulfills the design goals of the spectrometer.     

Design of a multi-cusp ion source for proton therapy

The permanent magnets of the discharge chamber in a multi-cusp proton source are studied and designed. The three electrode extraction system is adopted and simulated. A method to extract different amounts of current while keeping the beam emittance unchanged is proposed.     

Properties of the β-delayed proton decay of 146Ho

The proton-rich isotope 146Ho was produced via the fusion-evaporation reaction ^92Mo （^58Ni, 3p1n）. The β-delayed proton decay of 146Ho was studied by proton-γ coincidence measurements using a He-jet tape transport system. The γ-transitions in ^145Tb following the proton emissions were observed, and the β-delayed proton branching ratios to the final states in the grand-daughter nucleus ^145Tb were determined. According to the relative branching ratios, the ground-state spin of 146Ho has been proposed and the possible configuration discussed.     

Physical design of scanning gantry for proton therapy facility

A proton therapy facility based on a linac injector and a slow cycling synchrotron is proposed. To achieve effective treatment of cancer, a scanning gantry is required. The flexible transmission of beam and high beam position accuracy are the most basic requirements for a gantry. The designed gantry optics and scanning system are presented. Great efforts are put into studying the sensitivity of the beam position in the isocenter to the element misalignments. It shows that quadrupole shift makes the largest contribution and special attention should be paid to it.     

Photoproduction of Mesons off the Deuteron Quasifree and Coherent Processes

Photoproduction of mesons off the deuteron has been investigated at a tagged photon beam of the Bonn ELSA accelerator with the combined Crystal Barrel - TAPS electromagnetic calorimeter for incident photon energies up to 2.5 GeV. The mesons have been detected in coincidence with recoil protons, neutrons and deuterons. This allow the measurement of meson production reactions off the quasifree nucleons bound in the deutron, as well as the coherent production off the deuteron. The comparison of quasifree proton reactions to free proton reactions can confirm or invalidate possible nuclear effects on the extracted cross section reactions. Furthermore the isospin composition of a resonance can be estimated from the comparison of quasifree proton and neutron reactions. The quasifree photoproduction of the η＇ and π°η mesons off nucleons and the coherent photoproduction of π°η--pairs off the deuteron are discussed.     

Stability analysis of Markovian jumping stochastic Cohen Grossberg neural networks with discrete and distributed time varying delays

In this paper, the global asymptotic stability problem of Markovian jumping stochastic Cohen-Grossberg neural networks with discrete and distributed time-varying delays （MJSCGNNs） is considered. A novel LMI-based stability criterion is obtained by constructing a new Lyapunov functional to guarantee the asymptotic stability of MJSCGNNs. Our results can be easily verified and they are also less restrictive than previously known criteria and can be applied to Cohen-Grossberg neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and cellular neural networks. Finally, the proposed stability conditions are demonstrated with numerical examples.     

Experimental identification of a comb-shaped chaotic region in multiple parameter spaces simulated by the Hindmarsh–Rose neuron model

A comb-shaped chaotic region has been simulated in multiple two-dimensional parameter spaces using the Hindmarsh-Rose （HR） neuron model in many recent studies, which can interpret almost all of the previously simulated bifurcation processes with chaos in neural firing patterns. In the present paper, a comb-shaped chaotic region in a two- dimensional parameter space was reproduced, which presented different processes of period-adding bifurcations with chaos with changing one parameter and fixed the other parameter at different levels. In the biological experiments, different period-adding bifurcation scenarios with chaos by decreasing the extra-cellular calcium concentration were observed from some neural pacemakers at different levels of extra-cellular 4-aminopyridine concentration and from other pacemakers at different levels of extra-cellular caesium concentration. By using the nonlinear time series analysis method, the determin- istic dynamics of the experimental chaotic firings were investigated. The period-adding bifurcations with chaos observed in the experiments resembled those simulated in the comb-shaped chaotic region using the HR model. The experimental results show that period-adding bifurcations with chaos are preserved in different two-dimensional parameter spaces, which provides evidence of the existence of the comb-shaped chaotic region and a demonstration of the simulation results in dif- ferent two-dimensional parameter spaces in the HR neuron model. The results also present relationships between different firing patterns in two-dimensional parameter spaces.     

Quantum Anti-Zeno Effect in Artificial Quantum Systems

In this paper, we study a quantum anti-Zeno effect （QAZE） purely induced by repetitive measurements for an artificial atom interacting with a structured bath. This bath can be artificially realized with coupled resonators in one dimension and possesses photonic band structure like Bloeh electron in a periodic potential. In the presence of repetitive measurements, the pure QAZE is discovered as the observable decay is not negligible even for the atomic energy level spacing outside of the energy band of the artificial bath. If there were no measurements, the decay would not happen outside of the band. In this sense, the enhanced decay is completely induced by measurements through the relaxation channels provided by the bath. Besides, we also discuss the controversial golden rule decay rates originated from the van Hove＇s singularities and the effects of the counter-rotating terms.     

H∞ synchronization of chaotic neural networks with time-varying delays

In this paper,we investigate the problem of H∞ synchronization for chaotic neural networks with time-varying delays.A new model of the networks with disturbances in both master and slave systems is presented.By constructing a suitable Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and using a reciprocally convex approach,a novel H∞ synchronization criterion for the networks concerned is established in terms of linear matrix inequalities(LMIs)which can be easily solved by various effective optimization algorithms.Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Effects of Coupling Distance on Synchronization and Coherence in Chaotic Neural Networks

Effects of coupling distance on synchronization and coherence of chaotic neurons in complex networks are numerically investigated. We find that it is not beneficial to neurons synchronization if confining the coupling distance of random edges to a limit dmax, but help to improve their coherence. Moreover, there is an optimal value of dmax at which the coherence is maximum.