La1.6Sr0.4NiO4-Ag中空纳米纤维的制备与电化学性质研究

采用静电纺丝法制备了La_1.6Sr_0.4NiO₄-Ag中空纳米纤维。利用XRD和SEM对材料物相及形貌进行分析。结果表明,800℃烧结2h形成平均直径为400nm的La_1.6Sr_0.4NiO₄-Ag复合空心纤维;850℃烧结1h,纤维交叉连接形成网格状结构,并与电解质紧密接触。EIS谱测试结果表明,La_1.6Sr_0.4NiO₄-Ag纳米纤维电极在700℃空气气氛的极化电阻为0.32Ω·cm²;氧分压测试结果显示,在600~700℃范围内,电极反应速率控制步骤均为电荷转移反应。     

La2-xBixCuO4阴极材料的合成与电化学性质

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐法合成了固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料La_2-xBi_xCuO₄（x=0、0.05、0.10）,并利用X射线衍射（XRD）对材料的物相进行分析。结果表明,La_2-xBi_xCuO₄形成单一的类钙钛矿结构氧化物,且晶胞体积随着铋掺杂量的增加而增大。在950℃烧结24 h过程中,La_2-xBi_xCuO₄不与电解质Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9（SDC）发生反应,表明这种电解质材料具有良好的高温化学相容性。电导率测试结果表明Bi的掺入显著提高了材料电导率。程序升温脱附测试结果表明,铋的掺杂显著增强了材料的表面氧吸附能力。不同氧分压下的交流阻抗谱测试结果表明,La_1.9Bi_0.1CuO₄阴极在700℃空气中的极化电阻为0.26 Ω·cm²,以电解质SDC支撑的单电池NiO-SDC/SDC/La_1.90Bi_0.10O₄在700℃的最大输出功率密度为308 mW·cm^-2,电极反应的速控步骤为氧分子的扩散与表面吸附过程。     

钴掺杂Sr1.5La0.5MnO4的合成及高温电化学性能研究

采用EDTA-柠檬酸法合成了中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料Sr_1.5La_0.5Mn_1-xCo_xO₄（SLMCO_x）,并利用粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）以及电化学交流阻抗谱（EIS）进行表征。结果表明,该材料与Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.95（CGO）在1 200℃烧结12 h不发生化学反应。随着Co掺入量的增加,氧化物中Mn³⁺和Co²⁺含量增多,晶格氧含量降低,晶格畸变率增大。交流阻抗谱（EIS）测试结果显示,钴的掺杂明显降低电极的极化电阻,其中Sr_1.5La_0.5Mn_0.7Co_0.3O₄阴极在700℃空气中的极化电阻为0.62 Ω·cm²,明显小于Sr_1.5La_0.5MnO₄阴极在750℃的极化电阻（1.5 Ω·cm²）,表明钴掺杂的Sr_1.5La_0.5Mn_1-xCo_xO₄是一种潜在的IT-SOFC阴极材料。     

Pr0.6-xNdxSr0.4FeO3-δ电极材料的光谱及性能研究

以柠檬酸-硝酸盐自蔓延燃烧法合成了ABO₃型钙钛矿结构的Pr_0.6-xNd_xSr_0.4FeO_3-δ(x=0.0～0.6)系列稀土复合氧化物粉体。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和激光共焦拉曼光谱(LRS)对产物的晶体结构进行了表征。分别采用热膨胀仪测定烧结陶瓷体的热膨胀系数(TEC)；TG-DTA记录材料的热稳定性；XRD研究阴极材料与中温电解质Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9(SDC)及La_0.8Sr_0.2Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3-δ(LSGM)的化学相容性；SEM观察阴极/电解质复合材料的断口形貌。结果表明，该系列样品在高、低温热循环过程中化学稳定、晶型稳定；在室温至1 100 ℃范围内的平均热膨胀系数为1.16 × 10^-5 K^-1，与SDC及LSGM的热膨胀系数十分接近。阴极/电解质混合粉体1 200 ℃煅烧10 h，XRD未检测到新物质；SEM显示复合层断面界面清晰，没有相互扩散现象。该体系有望成为以SDC或LSGM为电解质的中温固体氧化物燃料电池合适的阴极材料。     

纳米钙钛矿LaxSr1-xFe1-yCoyO3复合氧化物的制备和表征

用甘氨酸-硝酸盐燃烧合成法，制备La_xSr_1-xFe_1-yCo_yO₃复合氧化物的陶瓷粉末，对该钙钛矿型氧化物进行了XRD、IR、紫外漫反射光谱及循环伏安曲线分析。结果表明：该复合氧化物粉体平均晶粒为15.3～29.8 nm,为立方和正交晶系。该氧电极具有双功能催化特性，但不完全可逆。对水溶液染料进行光解实验，利用紫外-可见、人工神经网络光度法研究La_xSr_1-xFe_1-yCo_yO₃的催化性能。结果表明：CO²⁺的加入可使La_xSr_1-xFeO₃的光催化活性有所提高，B位离子(Fe³⁺，CO²⁺)改变与加入，使La_xSr_1-xFe_1-yCo_yO₃(x=0.7，0.3；y=0.3，0.9，1)光催化活性高于La_xSr_1-xFeO₃。同时，对5种染料进行紫外光解，在0.75 h，脱色率大于91%，并为动力学一级反应。     

锶掺杂对La1-xSrxNbO4-σ质子导体性能的影响

利用高温固相反应法制备了Sr掺杂LaNbO₄质子导体La_1-xSr_xNbO_4-σ(0≤x≤0.02),并且对其性能进行了表征。XRD分析表明,所有的样品具有单斜结构,晶胞体积随Sr掺杂量的增加而增大;La_1-xSr_xNbO_4-σ样品在沸水中和二氧化碳气氛中具有很好的化学稳定性。SEM分析表明,La_1-xSr_xNbO_4-σ粉体经1500℃烧结8h后均得到致密的、晶粒均匀的样品;Sr的掺杂抑制了陶瓷体裂缝的产生和晶粒的过度增长;随Sr的掺杂量增加,晶粒变小。交流阻抗谱分析表明,Sr掺杂改变了LaNbO₄的电导率,其中样品La_0.995Sr_0.005NbO_4-σ具有最高的电导率;样品在25℃水汽饱和的5%H₂-Ar气氛下的电导率明显高于干燥空气气氛,在800℃时,La_0.995Sr_0.005NbO_4-σ电导率达到0.003S·cm^-1,电导活化能为0.44eV。     

La1-xSrxCoO3（x=0，0.2，0.4，0.6，0.8）钙钛矿型氧化物的催化性能及改性

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备出A位Sr掺杂的钙钛矿型氧化物La_1-xSr_xCoO₃（x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8）,并将其作为催化剂应用于双功能氧电极中。测试结果表明,A位Sr的掺杂的La_1-xSr_xCoO₃比LaCoO₃具有更高的电催化活性,并且La_0.6Sr_0.4CoO₃在氧还原和氧析出反应中均表现出最优的催化性能,最大电流密度分别达到0.244 A·cm^-2（-0.6 V vs Hg/HgO）和0.303 A·cm^-2（1 V vs Hg/HgO）。为进一步提高催化剂的催化活性,将水热法制备的α-MnO₂纳米管与La_0.6Sr_0.4CoO₃复合作为双功能催化剂。当α-MnO₂的质量分数为40%时,比起单一的α-MnO₂或钙钛矿氧化物,α-MnO₂/La_0.6Sr_0.4CoO₃复合材料表现出协同效应,有更好的双功能电催化活性,使双效氧电极具有更好的电化学性能及稳定性。     

中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料Sm2-xCexCuO4的制备与性能研究

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐法合成了新型中温固体氧化物燃料电池(ITSOFC)阴极材料Sm_2-xCe_xCuO₄(SCC，x=0.0～0.25)。利用XRD和SEM对材料的结构、化学稳定性和微观形貌进行分析表明，该阴极材料与电解质Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.9(CGO)在1 000 ℃烧结时不发生反应;且烧结2 h后，二者之间形成良好的接触界面。利     

中温固体氧化物燃料电池La1.6Sr0.4Ni1-xCuxO4阴极材料的制备及电化学性能

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐法合成了中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料La_1.6Sr_0.4Ni_1-xCu_xO₄ (x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6,0.8), 利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其结构和微观形貌进行了表征. 结果表明, 该阴极材料与固体电解质Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.95(CGO)在1000 °C烧结时不发生化学反应, 且烧结4 h 后, 二者之间可形成良好的接触界面. 利用电化学交流阻抗谱技术对阴极材料的电化学性能进行研究, 结果显示, 当Cu离子掺杂量(x)为0.6 时, La_1.6Sr_0.4Ni_0.4Cu_0.6O₄阴极具有最小的极化电阻, 在空气中当测试温度为750 °C时, 极化电阻为0.35 Ω·cm². 在不同氧分压条件下电化学阻抗谱分析结果表明, 电极上的两个氧还原反应主要包含氧离子从三相界面向电解质CGO 转移的过程和电荷的迁移过程, 其中电荷的迁移过程为电极反应的速率控制步骤.La_1.6Sr_0.4Ni_0.4Cu_0.6O₄电极在空气中700 °C和阴极电流密度为45 mA·cm^-2时, 阴极过电位为45 mV. 本研究的初步结果表明La_1.6Sr_0.4Ni_1-xCu_xO₄材料是一种电化学性能较为优良的新型中温固体氧化物燃料电池(IT-SOFC)阴极材料.     

钙钛矿型LaxSr1－xNi1－yCoyO3光电催化活性研究

用甘氨酸-硝酸盐燃烧合成法, 制备La_xSr_1－xNi_1－yCo_yO₃复合氧化物的陶瓷粉末, 对钙钛矿氧化物进行了XRD结构分析. 在通氧或不通氧下测试氧还原和氧析出的循环伏安曲线. 结果表明: 该氧电极具有双功能催化特性, 但不完全可逆. 利用汞灯作为激发光源, 进行几种水溶性染料和五种混合染料光解实验, 利用紫外-可见、红外以及人工神经网络光度法研究La_xSr_1－xNi_1－yCo_yO₃的催化性能. 结果表明: La_xSr_1－xNi_1－yCo_yO₃ (x＝0.7, 0.9, 1; y＝0.3, 0.75)复合氧化物都具有较强光催化特性; La_xSr_1－xNi_1－yCo_yO₃的光催化活性高于La_xSr_1－xNiO₃, 这与B位离子(Ni^2—, Co^2－)的电子构型有关; Co^2＋的加入可使La_xSr_1－xNiO₃的光催化活性有所提高.     

LixZryOz三元化合物的制备及表征

采用高温固相法制备了4种高纯度晶相组成的LixZryOz三元化合物,研究了焙烧温度、时间、反应物的种类和初始反应物物质的量比对产物组成的影响,进一步用XRD、SEM及BET分析方法对产物的晶相结构、表面形貌及比表面积进行了表征.实验结果表明,Li2CO3与ZrO2在适当条件下可以合成得到单斜相Li3ZrO3;以LiOH替代Li2CO3,在适当条件下可以分别合成得到四方相Li2ZrO3和三斜/单斜相Li6Zr2O7;进一步以Zr(NO3)4·5H2O代替Zr02,可将单斜相Li6Zr2O7的制备时间由96 h缩短至24 h.SEM照片显示产物硬团聚明显,粒径分布在1～10μm间,BET分析表明样品比表面积处于1.0～9.0 m2·g-1间分布,反应过程中锂的过量以及长时间高温焙烧是引起产物粒径长大和产生硬团聚的主要原因.     

LixNi0.8-yCo0.2ZnyOp的合成及电化学性能研究

A series of single-phase Li_xNi_0.8-yCo_0.2Zn_yO_p(0.96 ≤x≤ 1.10， 0 ≤y≤ 0.05， 2 ≤p≤ 2(1+y) ) (different in the y values) were synthesized by a two-step solid state reaction method， in which LiOH·H₂O， Zn-doped spherical Ni(OH)₂ and Co₂O₃ were used as the precursors. The ICP-AES analyses proved that the Zn-doped compounds synthesized had the nonstoichiometric form. The results of the XRD， SEM identified that the uniform particles of the as-prepared materials having a good layered structure were fine， narrowly distributed and well crystallized. The electrochemical performance test was carried out and the results showed that the as-prepared Zn-doped materials had not only a high capacity， but also a better cycling stability characterization than the un-doped one. The Li_1.06Ni_0.75Co_0.22Zn_0.03O_2.03 material has an initial reversible capacity as high as 160.5mAh·g^-1; and a first discharge efficiency 89.2%， and exhibits satisfactory cyclic stability with 90% retainable capacity after 50 cycles.     

Ce4+和Eu3+共掺杂的Ca2SnO4发光材料的合成与光谱特性

利用高温固相反应法合成了Ce4 和Eu3 共掺杂的Ca2-xEuxSn1-yCeyO4样品,并对其结构和发光特性进行了研究。X射线衍射结果显示,在Ca2SnO4中同时掺入Ce4 和Eu3 离子没有改变其晶体结构。Ca2-xEuxSn1-yCeyO4样品的发射光谱随Eu3 掺杂浓度产生很大变化,当Eu3 掺杂浓度低时,样品中同时存在着Ce4 -O2-的蓝光发射和Eu3 的红光发射;当Eu3 掺杂浓度较高时,样品呈现出Eu3 离子的红光发射。Ce4 -O2-蓝色发光的寿命约为81μs,其能量来源于O2-和Ce4 离子间的电荷迁移吸收;而Eu3 红色发光的寿命约为830μs,其能量来源于O2-和Eu3 离子间的电荷迁移吸收。Eu3 -O2-键比Ce4 -O2-键更容易吸收紫外光,两者之间没有能量传递现象。     

Synthesis and characterization of the La1−xSrxFeO3−δ system and the fluorinated phases La1−xSrxFeO3−xFx

The oxyfluorides La_1−xSr_xFeO_3−xF_x have been prepared by fluorination of the precursor oxides La_1−xSr_xFeO_3−δ via a low temperature route using poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The structures of the oxides and oxyfluorides were investigated in detail by the Rietveld analysis of powder diffraction data. The oxyfluorides crystallize in the space group Pnma for 0<x≤0.9 (SrFeO₂F itself is cubic, space group Pm-3m) and show a sort of two-step structural distortion for decreasing x. Furthermore, a structural comparison of the oxyfluorides with the oxides is given, revealing an increase of the volume per La_1−xSr_xFeX₃ unit during fluorination, of which the magnitude highly depends on the value of x.     

Analysis of nonvalent interactions in the crystals of conformational polymorphs of the composition CaHbNcOdSe by means of molecular voronoi-dirichlet polyhedra

Nonvalent interactions in crystals of compounds of the composition C _a H _b N _c O _d S _e that exhibit conformational polymorphism and have no fewer than four structurally characterized modifications are analyzed using molecular Voronoi-Dirichlet polyhedrals. A unique combination of the types of occurring intra- and intermolecular nonvalent contacts is shown to correspond to each conformational polymorph. Nonvalent interactions involving hydrogen atoms are found to occur most often in crystal structures, and least often those involving S, N, and O atoms.     

多元掺杂尖晶石型Li1.02MxMn2-xQyO4-y正极材料的电化学特性

The effect of doping on the electrochemical performance was studied for spinel type Li_1.02M_xMn_2-xQ_yO_4-y used as cathode material in lithium-ion battery. TG/DTA curves of the precursor(the raw materials) doped with different elements were studied. The spinel materials Li_1.02Mn₂O₄, Li_1.02Co_0.02Cr_0.01La_0.01Mn_1.96F_0.02O_3.98, Li_1.02Co_0.02Cr_0.01 La_0.01Mn_1.96Cl_0.02O_3.98, Li_1.02Co_0.02La_1.02Mn_1.97Cl_0.02O_3.98, Li_1.02Co_0.02Cr_0.01Mn_1.97O₄, were prepared by solid-state reaction method after the pretreatment of conversion under low temperature and uniform mixing. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that all the samples had perfect spinel structure. SEM indicated that the particles of the samples had uniform size and were distributed evenly. The results of the charge/discharge curves showed that Li_1.02Co_0.02Cr_0.01La_0.01Mn_1.96F_0.02O_3.98 had better performance than other materials according to the inhibition of decline of reversible capacity of spinel Li_1.02M_xMn_2-xQ_yO_4-y. Therefore, cycle performance had been improved so obviously that 93.9% of the initial capacity were preserved after 100 cycles. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance tests were carried out with the spinel Li_1.02Co_0.02Cr_0.01La_0.01Mn_1.96F_0.02O_3.98 as working electrode, Lithium as counter electrode and reference electrode. Results showed that this material possessed good charge/discharge reversible capability and had the lowest impedance in 3.95～4.25 V range (on the stage of charge / discharge).     

直接Z型Zn2SnO4-xNx/ZnO1-yNy异质结光催化剂的制备及机理

采用微波溶剂热法成功制备直接Z型Zn_2SnO_(4-x)N_x/ZnO_(1-y)N_y核壳结构异质结光催化剂。2种物质不同的功函数改变了其表面电荷密度,并在界面处形成内建电场,导致其从传统的Ⅰ型镶嵌异质结转变为Ⅱ型异质结,再转变为Z型异质结构。N杂质原子替代O原子进入Zn_2SnO_4和ZnO的晶格,在两者的价带(VB)顶部形成双杂质能级。核壳结构的Z型异质结光催化剂对罗丹明B的降解速率为纯相Zn_2SnO_(4-x)N_x的1.40～1.43倍,同时具有良好的循环稳定性,且可以降解亚甲基蓝、甲基橙、水杨酸等污染物。Z型异质结的形成使其光生电子-空穴对具有较强的氧化还原能力,而双杂质能级的存在可以拓宽其光响应范围并提高载流子的分离效率。因此,Zn_2SnO_(4-x)N_x/ZnO_(1-y)N_y异质结光催化剂高的光催化活性归因于Z型异质结和双杂质能级的协同作用。     

X-ray study of the PbCl2−xIx and PbBr2−xIx systems

Compounds from the systems PbCl₂/PbI₂ and PbBr₂/PbI₂ were examined by x-ray diffraction. The lattice parameters of these phases are presented and the refined crystal structures of the intermediate compounds PbClI and PbBr_1.2I_0.8 are reported. Both structures have Pbnm symmetry, are isostructural with PbCl₂, and have the different halogens ordered in the two Cl sites. Phase studies showed that PbCl₂ and PbClI have practically no mutual solubility, while PbBr₂ and PbBr_1.2I_0.8 have appreciable solubility ranges, particularly for PbBr₂-rich concentrations. At least 17% Br is present in the I site of PbBr_1.2I_0.8. Nevertheless, it is a distinct phase with miscibility gaps toward PbBr₂ and PbI₂. This behavior is explained by the size disparity between the halogens. The intermediate phases do not form solid solutions with hexagonal PbI₂.     

Ce1-XMnXO2-a复合氧化物催化剂甲烷催化燃烧性能的研究

采用水热法合成了系列Ce_1-XMn_XO_2-a-T(X=0.0，0.1，0.2，0.3，0.5，0.7，0.9，1.0；T表示焙烧温度)，T=500，650，800 ℃)复合氧化物催化剂用于甲烷的催化燃烧。通过XRD、N₂吸/脱附、TG-DSC、UV-Vis-DRS和TPR表征手段研究了不同组成催化剂的物理化学性质及其对甲烷催化燃烧活性。结果表明，在500 ℃焙烧的情况下Mn进入CeO₂晶格形成均相固溶体催化剂的最大取代值为0.7，而当Mn继续增加时则出现Mn₂O₃晶相偏析，同时各催化剂具有较高的比表面积；随着焙烧温度的升高，进入CeO₂晶格的Mn最大取代值逐渐减少，650和800 ℃时分别为0.5和0.3，且比表面积相应降低。Ce_1-XMn_XO_2-a-800催化剂的还原行为大致呈现三阶段，即为Mn₂O₃ → Mn₃O₄的还原(340～420 ℃)，Mn₃O₄ → MnO的还原(420～480 ℃)和体相氧化铈的还原(700～900 ℃)，且Mn的引入整体上提高了催化剂的可还原能力。甲烷催化燃烧活性评价结果表明，比表面积并非影响催化剂活性的主要因素，影响催化剂甲烷催化活性的主要因素为催化剂的组成、可还原能力和焙烧温度；而其中以Ce_0.3Mn_0.7O_2-a-800催化剂表现出较高的甲烷催化燃烧活性，在甲烷转化率为10%和90%时的温度分别为430 和613 ℃。进一步考察Ce_0.3Mn_0.7O_2-a在不同温度(500、650、800和1 000 ℃)焙烧后的催化活性表明，随着焙烧温度的提高催化剂催化活性降低。