Kinetic conversion of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in reforming on platinum/alumina catalysts

General forms of the kinetic equations for the conversion of various hydrocarbons in reforming of multicomponent gasoline fractions on platinum/alumina catalysts have been confirmed experimentally by using a gradientless method.

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.

     

Gas diffusion during the thermal analysis of pyrite

Maximum rates of weight loss were measured during thermal analysis experiments involving the oxidation of thin layers of pyrite particles (<37 to 212–300 m screen size fractions) in oxygen-containing atmospheres (10–100%). The experimentally determined rates were compared with those calculated for several diffusion-based models. Good agreement was obtained with the model involving gas diffusion in the crucible.

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Zusammenfassung Maximale Geschwindigkeiten des bei der Oxydation von in dünnen Schichten aufgebrachten Pyritteilchen (< 37 bis 212–300 m Teilchengröße) in 10–100 Sauerstoff enthaltenden Atmosphären auftretenden Gewichtsverlustes wurden im Verlaufe von thermoanalytischen Experimenten gemessen. Die erhaltenen Werte werden mit denen für einige, die Diffusion berücksichtigenden Modelle berechneten verglichen. Gute Übereinstimmung wurde bei dem die Gasdiffusion im Tiegel berücksichtigenden Modell erhalten.

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37 212–300 10 100%. . , .

     

Preparation of palladium catalysts via thermal decomposition of supported Pd(O) complexes

Heat treatment of the Pd(O) complex of dibenzylidenacetone on carbon supports was found to afford formation of more uniform Pd particles and an equal or higher activity of samples in hydrogenation of hexene and nitrobenzene compared to conventional methods of catalyst preparation from PdCl₂.

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, Pd(O) Pd , PdCl₂.

     

Monolayer vanadia on titania systems from alkoxide precursors. Part II. Activity in primary alcohol oxidation

The activity of V⁵⁺ ion monolayers supported on anatase, rutile and anatase-rutile mixed carrier and of bulk V₂O₅ has been studied in ethanol and n-propanol oxidation. Catalysts exhibited remarkable activity in aldehyde formation. Reaction selectivity was diminished by low temperature combustion.

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V⁵⁺, , -, V₂O₅ -. . .

     

Thermal behaviour of complex carbon-silica adsorbents (carbosils)

The thermal properties of complex carbon-silica adsorbents (carbosils) were investigated using differential thermal analysis. The adsorbents were prepared by pyrolysis of-phenylethyl alcohol,n-octanol,p-chlorotoluene and mixtures of these substances on silica gel surfaces, and they were treated with hydrogen. Thermal analysis was carried out in air atmosphere. The following parameters characterizing the properties of the adsorbents were determined: carbon and hydrogen contents, specific surface area, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, differential distribution of pore volumes according to their radii, carbon layer thickness, conversion degree of the substance pyrolysed, and surface micrographs. The effects of the nature of the carbonized substance and pyrolysis intermediates on the thermal properties of the complex adsorbent are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Thermische Eigenschaften von Kohlenstoff-Siliciumdioxid-Adsorbentien (Carbosil) wurden differentialthermoanalytisch untersucht. Die Adsorbentien wurden durch Pyrolyse von-Phenylethylalkohol,n-Octanol,p-Chlortoluen und Mischungen dieser Verbindungen auf Silicagel-Oberflächen hergestellt und mit Wasserstoff behandelt. Die thermische Analyse wurde in Luftatmosphäre ausgeführt. Die Adsorbentien wurden durch Bestimmung folgender Parameter charakterisiert: Kohlenstoff- und Wasserstoffgehalt, spezifische Oberflächengröße, Stickstoffadsorptionisothermen, différentielle Porenvolumenverteilung, Dicke der Kohlenstoffschicht, Konversionsgrad der pyrolysierten Substanz, mikroskopische Abbildungen der Oberfläche. Zusammenhänge zwischen der Natur der carbonisierten Substanz und der Pyrolysezwischenprodukte einerseits und der thermischen Eigenschaften des komplexen Adsorbens andererseits werden diskutiert.

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— ( ), - , -, . , , , , , , , . .

     

Precipitation of iron catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

The batch Fischer-Tropsch wise precipitation of iron catalysts for the synthesis in the pH range of 4.60 to 7.91 is described in detail. Each step of the precipitation has been controlled by measurements of the relevant parameters to produce definite catalysts. Factors influencing the reproducibility are shortly discussed.

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- pH=4,60–7,91. . , .

     

A desk computer program for the calculation of rate constants

A desk computer program has been written in BASIC programming language to optimize the values of rate constants determined from kinetic measurements of time and concentration data. The program is capable of the simultaneous refinement of a maximum of 5 rate constants. A FORTRAN version using the Gear method is also available.

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, BASIC , . 5 . FORTRAN .

     

Studies of immobilized V?P/SiO2 catalysts

It has been revealed by the ESR method that complexes of O ₂ ^– with palladium compounds are formed during the interaction of H₂O₂ with palladium acetate in various solutions.

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H₂O₂ O ₂ ^– .

     

Effect of protonation on hydroconversion of n-dodecane over Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts

The amount and distribution of acid sites are responsible for both conversion and product distribution in hydroconversion of n-dodecane over Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catalytic stability is also related to the protonation degree of the samples.

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, - Ni/ZSM-5. .

     

Catalytic activity of transition metal silicides in hydrogen oxidation

The catalytic activity of transition metal silicides in H₂ oxidation is much higher compared to metal-like carbides, which can be due to the lower electronegativity of silicon compared to carbon.

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, , .

     

Hydrogen form of faujasite modified with Al-cations and fluorine

Hydrogen form of faujasite is nonresistant to further treatment with fluorine compounds. Introduction of Al-cations into zeolite HY before the fluorination protects the crystallinity and increases the catalytic activity of the modified sample.

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. Al- HY .

     

Physical interpretation of the boundary conditions for isothermal hyperbolic reactors

A new mathematical model is proposed for one-phase isothermal chemical reactors, which eliminates a physical inconvenience caused by conventional equations. Instead of the usual parabolic equations a hyperbolic system of first-order partial differential equations is used. The boundary conditions and their physical meaning are treated for this type of reactor model.

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, . . .

     

Effect of reduction temperature and support on the surface electronic state of supported Pd catalysts

The effect of metal precursor, support and reduction temperature on the surface reduction of Pd on -Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ has been studied. For catalysts prepared from PdCl₂, temperatures as high as 450 °C are necessary to obtain surface Pd⁰.

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, Pd -Al₂O₃ SiO₂. , , PdCl₂, Pd^o - 450°C.

     

Influence des traitements thermiques sur l'etablissement des equilibres dans le systeme binaire hydroxyde de lithium-hydroxyde de sodium

Résumé L'utilisation systématique de recuits, contrôlés par des examens radiocristallographiques à températures variables, a permis de faire disparaître les équilibres métastables qui se manifestent entre les hydroxydes de lithium et de sodium. Trois composés sont identifiés avec certitude: 2 LiOH · NaOH, LiOH · NaOH et LiOH · 2 NaOH. Le composé équimolaire est dimorphe, la variété haute température étant de symétrie cubique.

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The systematic use of annealing operations controlled by radiocrystallographic examinations at various temperatures permits the elimination of metastable equilibria which occur between lithium and sodium hydroxydes. Three compounds have been characterized with certainty 2 LiOH · NaOH, LiOH · NaOH and LiOH · 2 NaOH. The equimolar compound presents in two crystalline forms: the high-temperature variety crystallizes in the cubic system.

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Zusammenfassung Die systematische Anwendung von Prozessen der Wärmebehandlung, welche durch radiokristallographische Untersuchungen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen kontrolliert wurde, ermöglicht den Abbruch der zwischen dem Lithium- und Natriumhydroxid bestehenden metastabilen Gleichgewichte. Drei Verbindungen konnten mit Sicherheit charakterisiert werden: 2 LiOH · NaOH, LiOH · NaOH und LiOH · 2 NaOH. Die äquimolare Verbindung ist dimorph, wobei die bei höherer Temperatur stabile Art eine kubische Symmetrie besitzt.

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, , , . :2LiOH. NaOH, LiOH. NaOH LiOH. 2 NaOH. , .

     

Reactivity of coordinated O2? towards. One-electron oxidants

Ion-radical complexes Ti(IV) (O ₂ ^– ) are unreactive towards most oxidants except Ce(IV) and Cr₂O ₇ ^2– . The one-electron redox potential for the O_{2 coord.}/O _{2 coord.} ^– couple lies between 1 and 1.6 V.

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- O ₂ ^– Ti(IV) , Ce(IV) Cr₂ O ₇ ^2– . - O_{2 .}/O ₂ ^– . 1 1,6 .

     

Kinetics of perborate oxidation of quinol

The perborate oxidation of quinol in aqueous acetic acid is first order with respect to perborate, zero order with respect to quinol, and first order with respect to H⁺. The oxidation is faster than H₂O₂ oxidation. Breakdown of protonated perboric acid is suggested as the rate-limiting step.

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, H⁺. . , , , .

     

Influence of neodymium content on the catalytic properties of zeolite NDHNaY

The influence of neodymium content on the catalytic properties of a HNaY zeolite was investigated using the cracking of n-heptane as model reaction. Neodymium zeolites were found to be more active for cracking and hydrogen transfer reactions than zeolites containing lanthanum, cerium or praseodymium.

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HnaY . , , , .

     

Effect of the activation conditions on the catalytic properties of Pt/Al2O3 catalysts

The effect of the activation conditions of Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts has been investigated in the hydrogenation of benzene and in the hydrogenolysis of ethane. Whatever the conditions of calcination or reduction, specific activities of all catalysts for benzene hydrogenation remain constant. On the other hand, for identical dispersities, the cacination in a wet argon flow increases the specific activity of platinum for hydrogenolysis of ethane, pointing out the role of wet pretreatment on defect building or on the faceting of supported metallic catalysts.

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Pt/Al₂O₃ . , . , , . .

     

Flow reactor for kinetic studies with simultaneous X-ray phase analysis of a catalyst

A flow reactor for kinetic studies of heterogeneous catalytic reactions with simultaneous X-ray phase analysis of the catalyst is described. As an example, the correlation between the selectivity of acetylene hydrogenation and the -Pd hydride concentration in palladium catalysts is shown.

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, . -Pd .