On the adsorption and condensed film formation of binary mixtures of dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl-, and octadecyl-trimethylammonium bromides at the mercury–electrolyte interface

The adsorption and condensed film formation on mercury at the negative potential region for binary mixtures of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB) is studied in KBr at various temperatures from 5 to 45 °C. The formation of the CTAB condensed film is hindered with the addition of DTAB and TTAB. There are interactions between unlike hydrophobic chains. The strong interactions between the CTAB molecules do not take place when DTAB or TTAB is present above a certain concentration. This hindering is more pronounced in the case of TTAB compared to the same DTAB concentration, i.e. the increase of the chain length hinders the film formation. The initially adsorbed molecules play a templating role in the kinetics of the film formation and in the self-assembling of the molecules. The initial induction time strongly depends on the temperature. The less surface active CTAB can hinder the OTAB film formation in binary mixtures. Also, increased interaction between OTAB and CTAB can be observed, indicating synergy effects in the film formation in some cases. The temperature range that the film is formed can be changed using mixtures of surfactants. Thus, the development of the film can become impossible, more difficult or even easier. Hysteresis phenomena are observed. The capacity versus time curves in the case that condensed film is formed are treated with the Avrami plot formulation, giving values between 1.5 and 2 indicating a progressive one dimensional nucleation with constant growth rate or a decrease of the nucleation rate during the overall film formation. There is generally a marked effect of the chain length of the alkyl chain on the film formation.     

On the adsorption and condensed film formation of dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl-, and octadecyltrimethylammonium bromides at the mercury/electrolyte interface

The adsorption and condensed film formation of dodecyl (DTAB)-, tetradecyl (TTAB)-, hexadecyl (CTAB)-, and octadecyl (OTAB)-trimethylammonium bromides on the hanging mercury electrode is studied in KBr as supporting electrolyte, at various temperatures from 5 to 45 degrees C. A condensed film is formed at negative potentials and at room temperature only in the presence of CTAB. The decrease of the temperature favors the formation of the condensed film. A transition temperature is observed for the film formation. Capacity-time curves at the potentials where the film is formed show a nucleation and growth mechanism, with induction time depending not only on the final potential but also on the initial potential range, although it is in the desorption region. In this temperature range no film is observed for DTAB and TTAB. However, the film is observed for OTAB, but only at higher temperatures, and is more easily formed with increasing temperature. The film is formed in a certain potential region and the nucleation rate increases while moving toward more negative potentials. Hysteresis phenomena are observed during changes of scan direction. The capacity vs time curves for OTAB, where condensed film is formed, are treated using an Avrami plot formulation and have been explained as progressive one-dimensional nucleation with a decrease of the nucleation rate during the overall film formation. The results show a marked effect of the chain length of the alkyl chain on the film formation.     

Removal of solvent-based ink from printed surface of HDPE bottles by alkyltrimethylammonium bromides: effects of surfactant concentration and alkyl chain length

Three alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (i.e., dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide or DTAB, TTAB, and CTAB, respectively) were used to remove a blue solvent-based ink from a printed surface of high-density polyethylene bottles. Either an increase in the alkyl chain length or the surfactant concentration was found to increase the deinking efficiency. Complete deinking was achieved at concentrations about 3, 8, and 24 times of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of CTAB, TTAB, and DTAB, respectively. For CTAB, ink removal started at a concentration close to or less than its CMC and increased appreciably at concentrations greater than its CMC, while for TTAB and DTAB, significant deinking was only achieved at concentrations much greater than their CMCs. Corresponding to the deinking efficiency of CTAB in the CMC region, the zeta potential of ink particles was found to increase with increasing alkyl chain length and concentration of the surfactants, which later leveled off at some higher concentrations. Wettability of the surfactants on an ink surface increased with increasing alkyl chain length and concentration of the surfactants. Lastly, solubilization of ink binder in the surfactant micelles was found to increase with increasing alkyl chain length and surfactant concentration. We conclude that adsorption of surfactant on the ink pigment is crucial to deinking due to modification of wettability, zeta potential, pigment/water interfacial tension, and dispersion stability. Solubilization of binder (epoxy) into micelles is necessary for good deinking because the dissolution of the binder is required before the pigment particles can be released from the polymer surface.     

Phase transformation during cubic mesostructured silica film formation

The structural evolution taking place during CTAB/TEOS based solvent evaporation-induced thin film formation has been followed by in-situ time-resolved SAXS; this shows that the final Pm3n cubic structure is formed via the formation of lamellar and hexagonal intermediate structures within the water rich evaporation regime.     

Phase behavior of polyion-surfactant ion complex salts: effects of surfactant chain length and polyion length

The aqueous phase behavior of a series of complex salts, containing cationic surfactants with polymeric counterions, has been investigated by visual inspection and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The salts were alkyltrimethylammonium polyacrylates, CxTAPAy, based on all combinations of five surfactant chain lengths (C6, C8, C10, C12, and C16) and two lengths of the polyacrylate chain (30 and 6 000 repeating units). At low water contents, all complex salts except C6TAPA6000 formed hexagonal and/or cubic Pm3n phases, with the hexagonal phase being favored by lower water contents. The aggregate dimensions in the liquid crystalline phases changed with the surfactant chain length. The determined micellar aggregation numbers of the cubic phases indicated that the micelles were only slightly aspherical. At high water contents, the C6TAPAy salts were miscible with water, whereas the other complex salts featured wide miscibility gaps with a concentrated phase in equilibrium with a (sometimes very) dilute aqueous solution. Thus, the attraction between oppositely charged surfactant aggregates and polyions decreases with decreasing surfactant chain length, and with decreasing polyion length, resulting in an increased miscibility with water. The complex salt with the longest surfactant chains and polyions gave the widest miscibility gap, with a concentrated hexagonal phase in equilibrium with almost pure water. A decrease in the attraction led to cubic-micellar and micellar-micellar coexistence in the miscibility gap and to an increasing concentration of the complex salt in the dilute phase. For each polyion length, the mixtures for the various surfactant chain lengths were found to conform to a global phase diagram, where the surfactant chain length played the role of an interaction parameter.     

Polymer-Surfactant Interactions and the Effect of Tail Size Variation on Micellization Process of Cationic ATAB Surfactants in Aqueous Medium

The interactions between oppositely charged surfactant-polymer systems have been studied using surface tension and conductivity measurements and the dependence of aggregation phenomenon over the polyelectrolyte concentration and chain length of cationic ATAB surfactants, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), and dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) have been investigated. It was observed that cationic surfactants induce cooperative binding with anionic polyelectrolyte at critical aggregation concentration (cac). The cac values of ATAB surfactants in the presence of anionic polyelectrolyte, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC), are considerably lower than their critical micelle concentration (cmc). After the complete complexation, free micelles are formed at the apparent critical micelle concentration (acmc), which is slightly higher in polyelectrolyte aqueous solution than in pure water. Among the cationic surfactants (i.e., CTAB, TTAB, and DTAB), DTAB was found to have least interaction with NaCMC. Surfactants with longer tail size strongly favor the interaction, indicating the dependence of aggregation phenomenon on the structure, morphology, and tail length of the surfactant.      

Controllable synthesis of conducting polypyrrole nanostructures

Wire-, ribbon-, and sphere-like nanostructures of polypyrrole have been synthesized by solution chemistry methods in the presence of various surfactants (anionic, cationic, or nonionic surfactant) with various oxidizing agents [ammonium persulfate (APS) or ferric chloride (FeCl3), respectively]. The surfactants and oxidizing agents used in this study have played a key role in tailoring the nanostructures of polypyrrole during the polymerization. It is inferred that the lamellar structures of a mesophase are formed by self-assembly between the cations of a long chain cationic surfactant [cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or dodeyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)] and anions of oxidizing agent APS. These layered mesostructures are presumed to act as templates for the formation of wire- and ribbon-like polypyrrole nanostructures. In contrast, if a short chain cationic surfactant octyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB) or nonionic surfactant poly(ethylene glycol) mono-p-nonylphenyl ether (Opi-10) is used, sphere-like polypyrrole nanostructures are obtained, whichever of the oxidizing agents mentioned above is used. In this case, micelles resulting from self-assembly among surfactant molecules are envisaged to serve as the templates while the polymerization happens. It is also noted that, if anionic surfactant sodium dodeyl surfate (SDS) is used, no characteristic nanostructures of polypyrrole were observed. This may be attributed to the doping effect of anionic surfactants into the resulting polypyrrole chains, and as a result, micelles self-assembled among surfactant molecules are broken down during the polymerization. The effects of monomer concentration, surfactant concentration, and surfactant chain length on the morphologies of the resulting polypyrrole have been investigated in detail. The molecular structures, composition, and electrical properties of the nanostructured polypyrrole have also been investigated in this study.     

Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases formed in ternary mixtures of 1-cetyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide/p-xylene/water: a SAXS, POM, and rheology study

The phase behavior of ternary mixtures of 1-cetyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C(16)mim-Br)/p-xylene/water is studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and rheology measurements. Two types of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases are formed in the mixtures: hexagonal and lamellar. The structural parameters of the lyotropic liquid crystalline phases are calculated. Greater surfactant content in the sample leads to denser aggregation of the cylindrical units in the hexagonal liquid crystalline phase. The increase in lattice parameter and thickness of the water layer in lamellar phase are attributed to the increase of water content, and the area per surfactant molecule at the hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface for lamellar phase is found to be larger than that for hexagonal phase. The structural parameters of the liquid crystalline phases formed from the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) system are larger than those for the C(16)mim-Br system. The rheological properties of the samples are also found to be related to the structure of the liquid crystalline phases.     

Use of the ternary phase diagram of a mixed cationic/glucopyranoside surfactant system to predict mesostructured silica synthesis

Mixed surfactant systems have the potential to impart controlled combinations of functionality and pore structure to mesoporous metal oxides. Here, we combine a functional glucopyranoside surfactant with a cationic surfactant that readily forms liquid crystalline mesophases. The phase diagram for the ternary system CTAB/H(2)O/n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (C(8)G(1)) at 50 degrees C is measured using polarized optical microscopy. At this temperature, the binary C(8)G(1)/H(2)O system forms disordered micellar solutions up to 72 wt% C(8)G(1), and there is no hexagonal phase. With the addition of CTAB, we identify a large area of hexagonal phase, as well as cubic, lamellar and solid surfactant phases. The ternary phase diagram is used to predict the synthesis of thick mesoporous silica films via a direct liquid crystal templating technique. By changing the relative concentration of mixed surfactants as well as inorganic precursor species, surfactant/silica mesostructured thick films can be synthesized with variable glucopyranoside content, and with 2D hexagonal, cubic and lamellar structures. The domains over which different mesophases are prepared correspond well with those of the ternary phase diagram if the hydrophilic inorganic species is assumed to act as an equivalent volume of water.     

阳离子表面活性剂溶液的临界胶束浓度及扩散系数

在无探针分子条件下用循环伏安法(CV)研究了DTAB,TTAB,CTAB,OTAB水溶液体系胶束在玻碳电极(GCE)上的电化学行为,并用电位阶跃计时库仑法(CC)测定了胶束的扩散系数,进而得到第一与第二CMC,该方法简捷、快速、准确。对离子型表面活性剂的第二CMC提供了新的测定方法。     

X-ray diffraction studies on mesophases of cetyl- and dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromide in liquid ammonia

We have studied solutions of the surfactants cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (DTAB) in liquid ammonia with respect to the formation of lyotropic phases. For this purpose, a set-up for performing X-ray scattering experiments at temperatures up to 120 degrees C on samples containing liquid ammonia has been developed. Both systems form hexagonal and monoclinic lyotropic phases above the dissolving temperature of the surfactant, thus representing the first examples for lyotropic phases in liquid ammonia, and for monoclinic phases in nonaqueous solvents. The phase diagrams of CTAB/liquid NH(3) and DTAB/liquid NH(3) show similarities to their respective aqueous systems. However, the regions of existence of monoclinic phases are much larger in the ammonia system, while the cubic phases, as observed in the water based systems, do not seem to exist. The liquid-crystalline phases found provide potentiality for preparing mesoporous, nitride-based solids.     

Interaction between 14mer DNA oligonucleotide and cationic surfactants of various chain lengths

In the recent genomic era, a novel gene silencing approach has been introduced based on the use of small synthetic oligonucleotides, such as antisense RNAs, siRNAs, to inhibit the expression of a specific target gene. Successful implementation of this methodology calls for the development of efficient systems to deliver small oligonucleotides into the cells using various natural and synthetic cationic agents. While extensive studies have focused on the interaction of various natural and synthetic cationic surfactants with long DNA, less attention has been paid to surfactant interaction with small oligonucleotides. In this study, the interaction between 14mer double stranded DNA and alkyltrimethylammonium bromides of C16 (cetyl, CTAB), C14 (tetradecyl, TTAB), and C12 (dodecyl, DTAB) chain lengths was investigated at different charge ratios by gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide exclusion, circular dichroism, and UV melting. Our gel studies at 1 microM oligonucleotide concentration showed that CTAB, TTAB, and DTAB neutralize the oligonucleotides at a charge ratio (Z+/-) of 1, 14, and 50, respectively. At lower charge ratios, CTAB and TTAB interact with oligonucleotides, and the complexes show electrophoretic mobility shifts in the gel, while such mobility shifts were completely absent in the case of DTAB. UV melting experiments revealed that interaction with all three surfactants increased the thermostability of the oligonucleotide. The extent of thermal stabilization was highest in the case of CTAB, moderate in the case of TTAB, and extremely low in the case of DTAB. Oligonucleotides within fully neutralized complexes denatured at further higher temperatures, and again, stabilization was the highest in the case of CTAB followed by TTAB and DTAB, hence revealing that the oligonucleotides interacted more strongly with CTAB than with the other two surfactants. Ethidium bromide exclusion studies also supported our UV melting studies, confirming that CTAB binds most strongly to the oligonucleotide. CD titrations of oligonucleotides with increasing amounts of surfactants revealed common spectral patterns consisting of the progressive loss of CD signals for native helical DNA conformations. Overall, our results demonstrate that interaction between oligonucleotides and cationic surfactants, although qualitatively similar to long double stranded DNA, shows subtle differences that need to be understood to improve small oligonucleotide delivery into the cells by using common delivery agents that have been used to deliver long pieces of DNA.     

Enhancement of DNA compaction by negatively charged nanoparticles: effect of nanoparticle size and surfactant chain length

We study the compaction of genomic DNA by a series of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants having different hydrocarbon chain lengths n: dodecyl-(DTAB, n=12), tetradecyl-(TTAB, n=14) and hexadecyl-(CTAB, n=16), in the absence and in the presence of negatively charged silica nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter in the range 15-100 nm. We show that NPs greatly enhance the ability of all cationic surfactants to induce DNA compaction and that this enhancement increases with an increase in NP diameter. In the absence of NP, the ability of cationic surfactants to induce DNA compaction increases with an increase in n. Conversely, in the presence of NPs, the enhancement of DNA compaction increases with a decrease in n. Therefore, although CTAB is the most efficient surfactant to compact DNA, maximal enhancement by NPs is obtained for the largest NP diameter (here, 100 nm) and the smallest surfactant chain length (here, DTAB). We suggest a mechanism where the preaggregation of surfactants on NP surface mediated by electrostatic interactions promotes cooperative binding to DNA and thus enhances the ability of surfactants to compact DNA. We show that the amplitude of enhancement is correlated with the difference between the surfactant concentration corresponding to aggregation on DNA alone and that corresponding to the onset of adsorption on nanoparticles.     

Formation of Cubic-Phase Microemulsions with Anionic and Cationic Surfactants at Equal Amounts of Oil and Water

The formation and microstructure of cubic phases were investigated in anionic and cationic surfactant-containing systems at 25 degrees C. In the system sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide(DTAB)-water, mixing of two surfactants shows the phase transition hexagonal phase (H(1))-->surfactant precipitate, accompanied by an obvious decrease in the cross-sectional area per surfactant in the rod micelles of the hexagonal liquid crystal. In the mixed systems brine(A)-dodecane(B)-SDS(C)-DTAB(D)-hexanol(E), the isotropic discontinuous cubic phase is formed from the H(1) phase at a low cationic surfactant weight fraction, Y=D/(C+D), and from the lamellar phase at high Y upon dilution with equal amounts of oil and brine, respectively. The minimum surfactant concentration to form the cubic phase decreases with increases both in cationic surfactant weight fraction Y from 0 to 0.30 and in hexanol weight fraction, W(1)=E/(C+D+E), accordingly. The maximum solubilization for oil of the cubic phase reaches 43 wt% at 14 wt% of mixed surfactants and alcohol. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Aggregation properties of diacyl lysine surfactant compounds: hydrophobic chain length and counterion effect

In this paper, we report on the study of aqueous solution and aggregation properties of diacyl Lysine surfactant salts with several surfactant counterions at a fixed hydrophobic chain length. They present a critical micellar concentration nearly independent of the counterion. The area per surfactant molecule is around 1.3 nm (2) also independent of the counterion. We have also studied the dry state crystallization of these surfactant salts. We show that small counterion systems tend to form bicontinuous cubic structures and that the increase in counterion size tends to form lamellar structures. We have compared this behavior with the dry state crystallization of the diacyl Lysine surfactants as a function of hydrophobic chain length. For long hydrophobic chains, the crystal structure is lamellar, while for intermediate, length is cubic. Among the structures studied, the one with the shortest chain length crystallizes in a hexagonal inverse phase.     

Mixed Micellization Behavior of 12-2-12 Gemini Surfactant with Some Alkyltrimetyl Ammonium Bromide Surfactants

Mixed micellization behavior of dimeric cationic surfactant ethanediyl-1,2-bis (dimethyldodecylammonium bromide) (12-2-12) with a series of monomeric cationic surfactants dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) has been studied in aqueous and aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K, respectively, using conductometric method. Various thermodynamic parameters like mixed micelle concentration (C_m), micelle mole fraction (X₁), interaction parameter (β), and free energy of mixing (ΔG_ex) of the mixed systems have been determined and analyzed using Rubingh's regular solution theory. The results indicate that in aqueous solutions the binary mixtures of 12-2-12 with DTAB/TTAB behave nonideally with mutual synergism whereas that with CTAB shows almost ideal behavior at 298.15 K. At 318.15 K, all these binary mixtures exhibit antagonistic behavior. The effect of variation in chain length of alkyltrimethyl ammonium bromide surfactants on the interactions with 12-2-12 have also been evaluated and discussed.     

Surfactant polymer interactions between strongly interacting cationic surfactants and anionic polyelectrolytes from conductivity and turbidity measurements

The interactions between oppositely charged surfactant/polymer mixtures have been studied using conductivity and turbidity measurements. The dependence of aggregation phenomenon on the chain length and head group modifications of conventional cationic surfactants, i.e., hexadecyl- (HTAB), tetradecyl- (TTAB), and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromides (DTAB) and dimeric cationic surfactants, i.e., decyl- (DeDGB) and dodecyldimethylgemini bromides (DDGB), is investigated. It was observed that cationic surfactants induce cooperative binding with anionic polyelectrolytes at critical aggregation concentration (cac). The cac values are considerably lower than the critical micelle concentration (cmc) values for the same surfactant. After the complete complexation, free micelles are formed at the apparent critical micelle concentration (acmc), which is slightly higher in aqueous polyelectrolyte than in pure water. Among the conventional and dimeric cationic surfactants, DTAB and DeDGB, respectively, have been found to have least interactions with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes.     

A single parameter determines mesophase transitions in Swollen Liquid Crystals

We report how the control of a single parameter, the co-surfactant, determines the phase transitions of oil-in-water swollen liquid crystals (SLCs) prepared with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), from cubic to hexagonal, lamellar, and finally sponge-like structures. SLCs are complex mixtures (surfactant + co-surfactant + water + salt + oil) usually prepared to form hexagonal mesophases, with cell parameters tunable between 3 and 30 nm. These hexagonal mesophases were successfully used as nanoreactors to prepare a broad range of nanostructured materials. Because the potential of these mesophases as adaptive nanoreactors has not been extended to other liquid crystal geometries than the hexagonal, we studied in a first step the structure evolution of SLCs made with CTAB, cyclohexane, pentanol-1, water and different stabilising salts. We used small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), polarised light microscopy and Freeze-Fracture TEM to provide a partial phase diagram and list the different mesophases obtained as a function of composition. We report that the adjustment of a single parameter, the co-surfactant (pentanol-1), determines the phase transition between cubic, hexagonal, lamellar, and sponge-like structures, all other parameters such as the nature and concentration of salt, or amount of oil being constant.     

Interactions of a hydrophobically modified polymer with oppositely charged surfactants

The interaction of a hydrophobically modified anionic polymer (PMAOVE) with a cationic surfactant (DTAB) was studied using a multi-technique approach: turbidity, surface tension, and viscosity measurements, as well as EPR (5-doxyl stearic acid) and fluorescence (pyrene) probe techniques were used. In the investigated pH range (4-10), the cationic surfactant headgroups interact with the anionic carboxylic groups of the polymer backbone. In addition, nonpolar interactions of the surfactant chains with the n-octyl chains of PMAOVE stabilize the PMAOVE-DTAB complexes. Charge neutralization of the anionic polymer by the cationic surfactant leads to precipitation of the PMAOVE-DTAB complex at a certain DTAB concentration range. Further addition of DTAB causes a charge reversal of the complex and, subsequently, resolubilization of the precipitate. At an acidic pH (pH = 4), a second precipitation was observed, which is probably caused by conformational changes in the PMAOVE-DTAB complex. This second precipitate can be resolubilized by further addition of surfactant. At a neutral and basic pH, this second precipitation is absent. EPR analysis indicates that the surfactants form an ordered structure at the extended polymer chain at a neutral and basic pH, whereas at an acidic pH, a less ordered surfactant layer is formed on the coiled polymer with more hydrophobic microdomains.     

离子液体在多水相液液平衡体系中的作用

通过用短链离子液体(1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C2mim]Br、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C4mim]Br)部分或全部取代SDS/DTAB/PEG/NaBr/H2O多水相体系中的无机盐NaBr,用长链离子液体十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C12mim]Br部分取代体系中阳离子表面活性剂DTAB,系统研究了离子液体在分相体系中的作用及其对分相体系性质的影响.研究表明,SDS/DTAB/PEG/NaBr/H2O混合体系形成的四水相体系可以看作"聚合物双水相"与"表面活性剂双水相"共存的结果.短链离子液体([C2mim]Br、[C4mim]Br)较强的亲水性能赋予其较强的盐析能力,在混合体系中表现出明显的盐效应,保证了四水相体系中"聚合物双水相"的存在.短链离子液体与聚合物之间的相互作用及其对表面活性剂之间相互作用的影响均不可忽略.对混合体系的相行为,共存多相的性质有重要的影响.而长链离子液体[C12mim]Br主要通过自身的疏水作用影响"表面活性剂双水相"的性质,充当表面活性剂的角色.然而,[C12mim]Br与DTAB分子结构上的差异,导致表面活性剂分子在"表面活性剂双水相"的两相重新分配,影响了对应两相的体积及萃取能力.可见,通过调节离子液体的烷基链长、混合体系中的含量等可获得具有特定性质的多水相体系.