Lactonization-mediated glycosylations and their application to oligosaccharide synthesis

The concept of lactonization-mediated and related glycosylations led us to develop new methods of glycosylation such as the 2'-carboxybenzyl (CB) glycoside method, the glycosyl pentenoate/phenylselenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (PhSeOTf) method, and the glycosyl aryl phthalate method. Highly stereoselective beta-mannopyranosylations were achieved by employing the CB glycoside and the glycosyl pentenoate/PhSeOTf methods. The CB glycoside method was also utilized for stereoselective 2-deoxyglycosylation, beta-arabinofuranosylation, and alpha-galactofuranosylation. In addition, these lactonization-mediated methods of glycosylation were employed for the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides. In particular, the CB glycoside method was successfully applied to the synthesis of repeating oligosaccharide subunits of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from Danish Helicobacter pylori strains and Escherichia coli 077, the synthesis of oligoarabinofuranosides in mycobacterial cell walls, and the total synthesis of antineoplastic agelagalastatin.     

Synthesis and use of glycosyl phosphates as glycosyl donors

Differentially protected glycosyl phosphates prepared by a straightforward synthesis from glycal precursors are used as powerful glycosyl donors. Activation of beta-glycosyl phosphates by TMSOTf at -78 degrees C achieves the selective formation of beta-glycosidic linkages in excellent yields with complete stereoselectivity. Reaction with thiols results in the conversion of glycosyl phosphates into thioglycosides in nearly quantitative yield. An orthogonal coupling strategy using glycosyl phosphate donors and thioethyl glycoside acceptors allows for the rapid synthesis of a trisaccharide.     

Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides by the O‐Glycosylation of Natural Nucleosides with Thioglycoside Donors

Disaccharide nucleosides constitute an important group of naturally‐occurring sugar derivatives. In this study, we report on the synthesis of disaccharide nucleosides by the direct O‐glycosylation of nucleoside acceptors, such as adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, and cytidine, with glycosyl donors. Among the glycosyl donors tested, thioglycosides were found to give the corresponding disaccharide nucleosides in moderate to high chemical yields with the above nucleoside acceptors using p‐toluenesulfenyl chloride (TolSCl) and silver triflate (AgOTf) as promoters. The interaction of these promoters with nucleoside acceptors was examined by ¹H NMR spectroscopic experiments.     

Efficient Synthesis of α‐Benzylidene‐γ‐methyl‐γ‐butyrolactones

A concise synthesis of α‐benzylidene‐γ‐methyl‐γ‐butyrolactones 5a – g from substituted benzaldehydes is described. Compounds 1a – g on reaction with phosphorane 2 , provide the pentenoates 3a – g , which can be hydrolyzed to the acids 4a – g . The latter are cyclized to the corresponding butyrolactones 5a – g in excellent yields. The pentenoates 3a – g , on acid catalyzed cyclization, also provide 5a – g in very high yields.     

Regioselective and 1,2‐cis‐α‐Stereoselective Glycosylation Utilizing Glycosyl‐Acceptor‐Derived Boronic Ester Catalyst

Regioselective and 1,2‐cis‐α‐stereoselective glycosylations using 1α,2α‐anhydro glycosyl donors and diol glycosyl acceptors in the presence of a glycosyl‐acceptor‐derived boronic ester catalyst. The reactions proceed smoothly to give the corresponding 1,2‐cis‐α‐glycosides with high stereo‐ and regioselectivities in high yields without any further additives under mild reaction conditions. In addition, the present glycosylation method was successfully applied to the synthesis of an isoflavone glycoside.     

A new, powerful glycosylation method: activation of thioglycosides with dimethyl disulfide-triflic anhydride

Dimethyl disulfide reacts with triflic anhydride to provide a highly reactive electrophile. Various thioglycosides, differing in their thio aglycons, carbohydrate units, and protecting group pattern, were activated with Me2S2-Tf2O in the presence of different glycosyl acceptors. The reactions proceeded at low temperatures within a short time, affording oligosaccharides in high yields both on primary and secondary hydroxyls. Armed and disarmed glycosyl donors were activated equally efficiently.     

Sulfonated graphene oxide as highly efficient catalyst for glycosylation

Heterogeneous sulfonated graphene oxide for the first time has been used as a green and efficient catalyst for atom-economic glycosylation of unprotected, unactivated glycosyl donors or 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetylglycosyltrichloroacetimidate with various acceptors basically in the absence of solvent. The unprotected, unactivated glycosyl donors afforded mixtures of α- and β-glycosides, while the 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetylglycosyltrichloroacetimidate afforded β-glycosylated products with high yields and selectivity. The main advantages of this methodology are easy catalyst preparation, no need for dry reagents and reaction conditions, easy catalyst separation and recycling, and high product yields.     

Glycosyl disulfides: novel glycosylating reagents with flexible aglycon alteration

[reaction: see text] Glycosyl disulfides have been shown for the first time to be effective glycosyl donors. Glucosylation and galactosylation of a panel of representative alcohol acceptors allowed the formation of 28 simple glycosides, disaccharides, and glycoamino acids in yields of up to 90%. As well as providing a novel class of effective glycosyl donors, the ability to easily alter the nature of the aglycon and the ability to differently activate donors that differ only in their aglycon simply through altering conditions lends glycosyl disulfide donors to their use in latent-active reactivity tuning strategies.     

Mapping the Relationship between Glycosyl Acceptor Reactivity and Glycosylation Stereoselectivity

The reactivity of both coupling partners—the glycosyl donor and acceptor—is decisive for the outcome of a glycosylation reaction, in terms of both yield and stereoselectivity. Where the reactivity of glycosyl donors is well understood and can be controlled through manipulation of the functional/protecting‐group pattern, the reactivity of glycosyl acceptor alcohols is poorly understood. We here present an operationally simple system to gauge glycosyl acceptor reactivity, which employs two conformationally locked donors with stereoselectivity that critically depends on the reactivity of the nucleophile. A wide array of acceptors was screened and their structure–reactivity/stereoselectivity relationships established. By systematically varying the protecting groups, the reactivity of glycosyl acceptors can be adjusted to attain stereoselective cis‐glucosylations.     

Synthesis of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Part 4: Synthesis of aza-l-iduronic acid-containing analogs of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides as heparanase inhibitors

The synthesis of three azasugar-containing analogs of the disaccharide units of heparan sulfate, which are potential inhibitors of the enzyme heparanase, is reported. Synthetic routes were developed for the preparation of l-ido-nojirimycin type glycosyl acceptors with O-4 free. Glycosylation of these acceptors with an O-6 functionalized 2-azido-2-deoxy-d-glucose thioglycoside donor afforded the α-linked disaccharides in good yields. The advantages of using the 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl group for the protection of the ring nitrogen of azasugars were demonstrated.     

Self-Promoted N-Glycosylation: Extended Substrate Scope and Substituent Effects

A self-promoted glycosylation method for the stereoselective formation of β-glucosides from a substrate library of glycosyl trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donors and glycosyl acceptors is presented. The simple two-component reaction takes place at elevated temperatures, without the addition of any additives or catalysts. After a simple basic workup, N-glycosides were obtained in good yields and with high β-selectivity and hence this method allows for easy access to glycoconjugates under very mild conditions. The influences of neighboring group participation and substituents, in both the glycosyl donor and acceptor, were studied. Kinetic data were obtained from in situ IR and these were used for a Hammett study. A connection between the pK_a of the acceptor and reaction rate was found and new mechanistic insight in self-promoted glycosylations gained.     

Amberlyst 15 as a mild and effective activator for the glycosylation with disarmed glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors

Amberlyst 15 acidic resin has been shown to be a mild and effective activator for the glycosylation with commonly used disarmed glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors. Glucosylation, galactosylation, rhamnosylation, and lactosylation of a panel of representative alcohol and thiol acceptors promoted by Amberlyst 15 allowed for the formation of structurally diverse O- or S-linked oligosaccharides and glycosylated amino acids in moderate to excellent yields.     

α-Selective glycosidation of d-tagatofuranose with a 3,4-O-isopropylidene protection

An α-selective glycosidation reaction of d-tagatofuranose was successfully achieved using 3,4-O-isopropylidene-protected d-tagatofuranose as a glycosyl donor. A variety of glycosyl acceptors, including primary, secondary, and β-amino alcohols, and carbohydrates, can be used for this d-tagatofuranosidation reaction with complete α-selectivities and good yields (57–83%). The stereochemistries at the anomeric positions were determined by nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopic correlations, as well as comparison of the chemical shifts in the ¹³C NMR spectra.     

A Catalytic and Stereoselective Glycosylation with β‐Glycosyl Fluorides

A catalytic and stereoselective glycosylation of several glycosyl acceptors with β‐D ‐glycosyl fluoride was successfully performed in the presence of a catalytic amount of trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (TrB(C₆F₅)₄) or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH). When TrB(C₆F₅)₄ was used as a catalyst in the solvent pivalonitrile/(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1 : 5, the glycosylation proceeded smoothly to afford the glycosides in high yields with high β‐D ‐stereoselectivities (see Table 3). Further, the glycosylation by the armed‐disarmed strategy in the presence of this catalyst was established (see Table 4). Similarly, glycosylation catalyzed by the strong protic acid TfOH afforded the corresponding β‐D ‐glycosides in good‐to‐excellent yields on treating β‐D ‐ glycosyl fluorides having a 2‐O‐benzoyl group with various glycosyl acceptors including thioglycosides (see Tables 6 and 7).     

TCP Building Blocks for Oligosaccharide Synthesis: Progress Towards the Synthesis of Nodulation Factors

Abstract

The ability of tetrachlorphthaloyl (TCP) sugars to act as glycosyl acceptors as well as the viability of TCP as a global amine protecting group in the syntheis of polyglucosamine natural products such as N-methyl-N-lipid nodulation factors have been examined. Disaccharides corresponding to the reducing end segments and the core region of the target nodulation factors were assembled from n-pentenlyl glycosides. TCP acceptors were successfully coupled with a variety of pentenyl glycosyl donors to produce β-(1→4) oligosaccharides in good yields. Model coupling reactions to produce trisaccharides provided clear evidence for the disarming effect of an ester at O3 on a C4-OH in the glycosyl acceptor. Also, a unique pentenyl donor, which contained the desired N-metyl-N-lipid moiety of the non-reducing end segments of the target compounds, was synthesized and its efficacy in a coupling reaction was tested.     

Divergent heparin oligosaccharide synthesis with preinstalled sulfate esters

Traditional chemical synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides first involves assembly of the full length oligosaccharide backbone followed by sulfation. Herein, we report an alternative strategy in which the O-sulfate was introduced onto glycosyl building blocks as a trichloroethyl ester prior to assembly of the full length oligosaccharide. This allowed divergent preparation of both sulfated and non-sulfated building blocks from common advanced intermediates. The O-sulfate esters were found to be stable during glycosylation as well as typical synthetic manipulations encountered during heparin oligosaccharide synthesis. Furthermore, the presence of sulfate esters in both glycosyl donors and acceptors did not adversely affect the glycosylation yields, which enabled us to assemble multiple heparin oligosaccharides with preinstalled 6-O-sulfates.     

A stereoselective approach for the synthesis of alpha-sialosides

A highly efficient synthesis of the human melanoma associated antigen GD(3) derivative has been described. A key feature of the synthetic approach was the use of sialyl donors that were protected with a C-5 trifluoroacetamide moiety. These sialyl donors gave high yields and excellent alpha-anomeric selectivities in direct glycosylations with a wide variety of glycosyl acceptors ranging from C-8 hydroxyls of sialic acids and C-3 hydroxyls of galactosides to reactive primary alcohols.     

Synthesis of enantiomerically pure β-azidoselenides starting from natural terpenes

Several unsaturated natural terpenes have been easily converted, in good yields, into the corresponding enantiomerically pure β-azidoselenides by addition of the electrophilic selenium reagent PhSeOTf in the presence of sodium azide. These reactions are stereospecific anti additions, which occur with a Markovnikov orientation. Examples of the synthetic importance of these β-azidoselenides are also reported.     

Stereoselective synthesis of aryl 1,2-cis-furanosides and its application to the synthesis of the carbohydrate portion of antibiotic hygromycin A

An efficient methodology for the synthesis of aryl 1,2-cis-furanosidic linkages has been developed with 2-quinolinecarbonyl (Quin) group substituted furanose ethyl thioglycosides as glycosyl donors. The method permits a wide range of phenol acceptors to be used, thus resulting in the formation of structurally diverse phenol furanosides in good to excellent chemical yields with complete 1,2-cis anomeric selectivity. The synthetic utility of the approach has been demonstrated by concise preparation of the carbohydrate portion of antibiotic hygromycin A.     

Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐3‐Deoxy‐D‐manno‐oct‐2‐ulosonic Acid (α‐Kdo) Glycosides Using 5,7‐O‐Di‐tert‐butylsilylene‐Protected Kdo Ethyl Thioglycoside Donors

An efficient methodology for the synthesis of α‐Kdo glycosidic bonds has been developed with 5,7‐O‐di‐tert‐butylsilylene (DTBS) protected Kdo ethyl thioglycosides as glycosyl donors. The approach permits a wide scope of acceptors to be used, thus affording biologically significant Kdo glycosides in good to excellent chemical yields with complete α‐selectivity. The synthetic utility of an orthogonally protected Kdo donor has been demonstrated by concise preparation of two α‐Kdo‐containing oligosaccharides.