Synthesis of Lower Valent Molybdenum Oxides by an Ambient Temperature Reduction of Aqueous K(2)MoO(4) by KBH(4)

Reduction of aqueous K(2)MoO(4) with aqueous KBH(4) at ambient temperatures has been investigated systematically to obtain lower valent molybdenum oxides. Several lower valent oxides such as MoO(2), Mo(4)O(11), K(0.26)MoO(3) (red bronze), K(0.30)MoO(3) (blue bronze), and K(0.85)Mo(6)O(17) are formed during the reduction process; however, only MoO(2) has been obtained as single-phase product. The nature of the product formed is strongly influenced by the reducing power of KBH(4). The reducing power increases with decreasing pH or increasing concentration and volume of KBH(4). The as-prepared samples are amorphous as revealed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. They crystallize sharply at around 350-500 degrees C as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry. Since the products formed are amorphous in nature, they may become particularly attractive for battery electrodes and catalysis.     

A density functional study of oxygen atom transfer reactions between biological oxygen atom donors and molybdenum(IV) bis(dithiolene) complexes

Density functional calculations have been used to investigate oxygen atom transfer reactions from the biological oxygen atom donors trimethylamine N-oxide (Me(3)NO) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the molybdenum(IV) complexes [MoO(mnt)(2)](2-) and [Mo(OCH(3))(mnt)(2)](-) (mnt = maleonitrile-1,2-dithiolate), which may serve as models for mononuclear molybdenum enzymes of the DMSO reductase family. The reaction between [MoO(mnt)(2)](2-) and trimethylamine N-oxide was found to have an activation energy of 72 kJ/mol and proceed via a transition state (TS) with distorted octahedral geometry, where the Me(3)NO is bound through the oxygen to the molybdenum atom and the N-O bond is considerably weakened. The computational modeling of the reactions between dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and [MoO(mnt)(2)](2-) or [Mo(OCH(3))(mnt)(2)](-) indicated that the former is energetically unfavorable while the latter was found to be favorable. The addition of a methyl group to [MoO(mnt)(2)](2-) to form the corresponding des-oxo complex not only lowers the relative energy of the products but also lowers the activation energy. In addition, the reaction with [Mo(OCH(3))(mnt)(2)](-) proceeds via a TS with trigonal prismatic geometry instead of the distorted octahedral TS geometry modeled for the reaction between [MoO(mnt)(2)](2-) and Me(3)NO.     

Formation and Oxidation of Hydrogen Molybdenum Bronze on Platinum Electrode in Sulfuric Acid Solution

Hydrogen molybdenum bronze (HxMoO3) can be electrodeposited on platinum and oxidized in two steps to the hydrogen molybdenum bronze with less amount of hydrogen HyMoO3 (y相似文献   

非化学计量的混合价态氧化钼(VI,V)修饰微电极的电化学制备

在新鲜配制的Na2MoO4的弱酸性水溶液中, 通过循环电位扫描在碳纤维微电极表面可沉积一层均匀的蓝色氧化钼(VI, V)薄膜, 膜的厚度通过电量进行控制。在电沉积之前, 电极的阳极化处理不仅可以加快氧化钼的电沉积, 而且可以改善膜的伏安行为。溶液的pH值对膜的电沉积和伏安行为有极大的影响。膜的阴极过程被认为是产生青钼铜: HxMoO3 (0相似文献   

Preparation and characterization of new ruthenium and osmium containing polyoxometalates, [M(DMSO)3Mo7O24](4-) (M = Ru(II), Os(II)), and their use as catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols

A new heptamolybdate polyoxometalate structure containing ruthenium(II) or osmium(II) metal centers, [M(II)(DMSO)(3)Mo(7)O(24)](4-) (M = Ru, Os), was synthesized by reaction between (NH(4))(6)Mo(7)O(24) and cis-M(DMSO)(4)Cl(2). X-ray structure analysis revealed the complexes to contain a ruthenium/osmium center in a trigonal antiprismatic coordination mode bound to three DMSO moieties via the sulfur atom of DMSO and three oxygen atoms of the new heptamolybdate species. The heptamolybdate consists of seven condensed edge-sharing MoO(6) octahedra with C(2v) symmetry. Three Mo atoms are in classic type II octahedra with a cis dioxo configuration. Two Mo atoms are also type-II-like, but one of the short Mo-O bonds is associated with bridging oxygen atoms rather than terminal oxygen atoms. Two molybdenum atoms are unique in that they are in a trigonally distorted octahedral configuration with three short Mo-O bonds and two intermediate-long M-O bonds and one long Mo-O bond. The [M(II)(DMSO)(3)Mo(7)O(24)](4-) polyoxometalates were effective and in some cases highly selective catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols to ketones/aldehydes. The integrity of the polyoxometalate was apparently retained at high turnover numbers and throughout the reaction, and a variation of an oxometal type mechanism was proposed to explain the results.     

Ligand influences of the structures of molybdenum oxide networks

The influence of organonitrogen ligands on the network structure of molybdenum oxides was examined by preparing three new molybdenum oxide phases [MoO3(4,4'-bpy)0.5] (MOXI-8), [HxMoO3(4,4'-bpy)0.5] (MOXI-9), and [MoO3(triazole)0.5] (MOXI-32). The structure of [MoO3(4,4'-bpy)0.5) consists of layers of corner-sharing MoO5N octahedra, buttressed by bridging 4,4'-bipyridyl ligands into a three-dimensional covalently bonded organic-inorganic composite material. Partial reduction of [MoO3(4,4'-bpy)0.5] yields the mixed-valence material [HxMoO3(4,4'-bpy)0.5] (x approximately 0.5). The most apparent structural change upon reduction is found in the Mo-ligand bond lengths of the MoO5N octahedra, which exhibit the usual (2 + 2 + 2) pattern in [MoO3(4,4'-bpy)0.5] and a more regular (5 + 1) pattern in [HxMoO3(4,4'-bpy)0.5]. Substitution of triazole for 4,4'-bipyridine yields [MoO3(triazole)0.5], which retains the layer motif of corner-sharing MoO5N octahedra but with distinct sinusoidal ruffling in contrast to planar layers of [MoO3(4,4'-bpy)0.5] and [HxMoO3(4,4'-bpy)0.5]. The folding reflects the ligand constraints imposed by the triazole ligand that bridges adjacent Mo sites within a layer. MOXI-8, C5H4NMoO3: monoclinic P2(1)/c, a = 7.5727(6) A, b = 7.3675(7) A, c = 22.433(3) A, beta = 90.396(8) degrees, Z = 8. MOXI-9, C5H4.5NMoO3: monoclinic I2/m, a = 5.2644(4) A, b = 5.2642(4) A, c = 22.730(2) A, beta = 90.035(1) degrees, Z = 4. MOXI-32, C2H3N3Mo2O6: orthorhombic Pbcm, a = 3.9289(5) A, b = 13.850(2) A, c = 13.366(2) A, Z = 4.     

Nature's polyoxometalate chemistry: X-ray structure of the Mo storage protein loaded with discrete polynuclear Mo-O clusters

Some N(2)-fixing bacteria prolong the functionality of nitrogenase in molybdenum starvation by a special Mo storage protein (MoSto) that can store more than 100 Mo atoms. The presented 1.6 ? X-ray structure of MoSto from Azotobacter vinelandii reveals various discrete polyoxomolybdate clusters, three covalently and three noncovalently bound Mo(8), three Mo(5-7), and one Mo(3) clusters, and several low occupied, so far undefinable clusters, which are embedded in specific pockets inside a locked cage-shaped (αβ)(3) protein complex. The structurally identical Mo(8) clusters (three layers of two, four, and two MoO(n) octahedra) are distinguishable from the [Mo(8)O(26)](4-) cluster formed in acidic solutions by two displaced MoO(n) octahedra implicating three kinetically labile terminal ligands. Stabilization in the covalent Mo(8) cluster is achieved by Mo bonding to Hisα156-N(ε2) and Gluα129-O(ε1). The absence of covalent protein interactions in the noncovalent Mo(8) cluster is compensated by a more extended hydrogen-bond network involving three pronounced histidines. One displaced MoO(n) octahedron might serve as nucleation site for an inhomogeneous Mo(5-7) cluster largely surrounded by bulk solvent. In the Mo(3) cluster located on the 3-fold axis, the three accurately positioned His140-N(ε2) atoms of the α subunits coordinate to the Mo atoms. The formed polyoxomolybdate clusters of MoSto, not detectable in bulk solvent, are the result of an interplay between self- and protein-driven assembly processes that unite inorganic supramolecular and protein chemistry in a host-guest system. Template, nucleation/protection, and catalyst functions of the polypeptide as well as perspectives for designing new clusters are discussed.     

Molybdenum oxo and imido complexes of beta-diketiminate ligands: synthesis and structural aspects

Treatment of [MoO2(eta2-Pz)2] (Pz = 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolate) with the diketiminate ligand NacNacH (NacNac = CH[C(Me)NAr]2-, Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3) at 55 degrees C leads under reduction of the metal to the formation of the dimeric molybdenum(V) compound [{MoO2(NacNac)}2] (1). The compound was characterized by spectroscopic means and by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The dimer consists of a [Mo2O4]2+ core with a short Mo-Mo bond (2.5591(5) A) and one coordinated diketiminate ligand on each metal atom. The reaction of [MoO2(eta2-Pz)2] with NacNacH in benzene at room temperature leads to a mixture of 1 and the monomeric molybdenum(VI) compound [MoO2(NacNac)(eta2-Pz)] (2). From such solutions, yellow crystals of 2 suitable for X-ray structural analysis were obtained revealing the coordination of one bidentate NacNac and one eta2-coordinate Pz ligand. This renders the two oxo groups inequivalent. Further high oxidation state molybdenum compounds containing the NacNac ligand were obtained by the reaction of [Mo(NAr)2Cl2(dme)] (Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3) and [Mo(N-t-Bu)2Cl2(dme)] (dme = dimethoxyethane) with 1 equiv of the potassium salt NacNacK forming [Mo(NAr)2Cl(NacNac)] (3) and [Mo(N-t-Bu)2Cl(NacNac)] (4), respectively, in good yields. The X-ray structure analysis of 3 revealed a penta-coordinate compound where the geometry is best described as trigonal-bipyramidal.     

Electronic structure studies of oxomolybdenum tetrathiolate complexes: origin of reduction potential differences and relationship to cysteine-molybdenum bonding in sulfite oxidase

Electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and resonance Raman spectroscopies have been used to determine the nature of oxomolybdenum-thiolate bonding in (PPh4)[MoO(SPh)4] (SPh = phenylthiolate) and (HNEt3)[MoO(SPh-PhS)2] (SPh-PhS = biphenyl-2,2'-dithiolate). These compounds, like all oxomolybdenum tetraarylthiolate complexes previously reported, display an intense low-energy charge-transfer feature that we have now shown to be comprised of multiple S-->Mo dxy transitions. The integrated intensity of this low-energy band in [MoO(SPh)4]- is approximately twice that of [MoO(SPh-PhS)2]-, implying a greater covalent reduction of the effective nuclear charge localized on the molybdenum ion of the former and a concomitant negative shift in the Mo(V)/Mo(IV) reduction potential brought about by the differential S-->Mo dxy charge donation. However, this is not observed experimentally; the Mo(V)/Mo(IV) reduction potential of [MoO(SPh)4]- is approximately 120 mV more positive than that of [MoO(SPh-PhS)2]- (-783 vs -900 mV). Additional electronic factors as well as structural reorganizational factors appear to play a role in these reduction potential differences. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the electronic contribution results from a greater sigma-mediated charge donation to unfilled higher energy molybdenum acceptor orbitals, and this is reflected in the increased energies of the [MoO(SPh-PhS)2]- ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transitions relative to those of [MoO(SPh)4]-. The degree of S-Mo dxy covalency is a function of the O identical to Mo-S-C dihedral angle, with increasing charge donation to Mo dxy and increasing charge-transfer intensity occurring as the dihedral angle decreases from 90 to 0 degree. These results have implications regarding the role of the coordinated cysteine residue in sulfite oxidase. Although the O identical to Mo-S-C dihedral angles are either approximately 59 or approximately 121 degrees in these oxomolybdenum tetraarylthiolate complexes, the crystal structure of the enzyme reveals an O identical to Mo-SCys-C angle of approximately 90 degrees. Thus, a significant reduction in SCys-Mo dxy covalency is anticipated in sulfite oxidase. This is postulated to preclude the direct involvement of coordinated cysteine in coupling the active site into efficient superexchange pathways for electron transfer, provided the O identical to Mo-SCys-C angle is not dynamic during the course of catalysis. Therefore, we propose that a primary role for coordinated cysteine in sulfite oxidase is to statically poise the reduced molybdenum center at more negative reduction potentials in order to thermodynamically facilitate electron transfer from Mo(IV) to the endogenous b-type heme.     

V-Mo-O催化剂的制备及催化甲苯合成苯甲醛的研究

在低温液相条件下,催化氧化甲苯合成苯甲醛是具有竞争力的苯甲醛合成路线。采用溶胶凝胶法制备了V-Mo-O催化剂,评估了在液相低温条件下选择性氧化甲苯的催化性能。研究表明,钒钼配比和焙烧温度对催化剂性能影响显著,适宜的钒钼物质量的配比为6:7,适宜的焙烧温度为500℃。扫描电镜实验表明,该条件下合成的催化剂呈棒状结构,直径约700nm,长度约6µm。X射线衍射观测到催化剂中拥有Mo6V9O40和MoO3物相。X光电子能谱表征,棒状催化剂外表面覆盖一层主含MoO3物种的薄层,这种不同氧化态钼物种的分层组装可能有助于氧物种的传递,提高了其催化性能。当反应温度为80℃,氧化剂为双氧水,溶剂为冰乙酸时,甲苯在该催化剂上的转化率为38.9%,苯甲醛的选择性为69.7%。     

Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum oxo complexes of two tripodal ligands: reactivity studies of a functional model for molybdenum oxotransferases

Reaction of the tetradentate ligand N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (L-OH) with MoO2Cl2 in methanol in the presence of NaOMe and PF6- results in the formation of [MoO2(L-O)]PF6. Similarly, the reaction of N-(2-mercaptobenzyl)-N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (L-SH) with MoO2(acac)2 leads to the formation of [MoO2(L-S)]+. The dioxo-molybdenum complex [MoO2(L-O)]+ reacts with phosphines in methanol to afford phosphine oxides and an air-sensitive molybdenum complex, tentatively identified as [Mo(IV)O(L-O)(OCH3)]. The latter complex is capable of reducing biological oxygen donors such as DMSO or nitrate, thereby mimicking the activity of DMSO reductase and nitrate reductase. Reaction of [MoO2(L-O)]PF6 with PPh3 in other solvents than methanol leads to the formation of the Mo(V) dimer [(L-O)OMo(micro-O)MoO(L-O)](PF6)2. The crystal structures of [MoO2(L-O)]PF6 and the micro-oxo bridged dimer are presented.     

Palladium catalyst modified with molybdenum bronze as a possible alternative to platinum in the methanol oxidation reaction

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - nPd(H x − 2n MoO3)/GC electrodes were prepared by the surface reaction between red molybdenum bronze (H x MoO3,...     

Dispersion and Structure Studies of Molybdenum Oxide on Anatase TiO2

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) were used to characterize the structure of the mixture of molybdenum oxide and anatase calcined at 723 K. The resuits indicate that molybdenum oxide can disperse onto the surface of anatase (TiO2) and the dispersion threshold is 11.2 mg in per gram of MoO3 or 4.8 Mo atoms/nm^2 TiO2. When the coment of MoO3 is below the dispersion threshold, MoO3 species is in highly dispersed state interacting strongly with TiO2 support and in discrete tetrahedral coordination. [MoO4], on the surface of TiO2. When the MoO3 loading is above this value, MoO3 exists in both dispersed phase and crystalline phase. MoO3 in dispersed phase is still a discrete [MoO4] tetrahedron; MoO3 in crystal phase is in octahedral coordination.     

甲烷在MoO_3／HZSM－5分子筛催化剂上的非氧催化转化

研究了反应温度、空速、Ｍｏ担载量和焙烧温度对ＭｏＯ３／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上甲烷的芳构化反应的影响．ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛的Ｂｒｏｎｓｔｅｄ酸性、孔道结构和Ｍｏ在分子筛中的分布是影响催化性能的重要因素．ＨＺＳＭ－５上Ｍｏ担载量为２～３％时活性最佳，在１０１３Ｋ反应温度下甲烷转化率可达９％，芳烃选择性大于９０％．空速影响的实验表明乙烯是反应的初始产物．在此基础上提出了＂甲烷酸助异裂活化＂的新概念、＂金属钼类碳烯中间物＂的新观点和甲烷芳构化的可能机理．     

Synthesis and properties of mononuclear and binuclear molybdenum complexes derived from bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde)oxaloyldihydrazone

The monomer molybdenum(VI) complex [MoO(2)(napoxlhH(2))].2H(2)O (1) has been synthesized from the reaction of MoO(2)(acac)(2) with bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde)oxaloyldihydrazone (napoxlhH(4)) in 1:1 molar ratio in ethanol under reflux. This complex on reaction with pyridine/3-picoline/4-picoline yielded the dimer molybdenum(VI) complexes [Mo(2)O(4)(napoxlhH(2))(2)(A)(2)].2H(2)O (A=py (2), 3-pic (3), 4-pic (4)), whereas reaction with isonicotinoylhydrazine (inhH(3)) and salicyloylhydrazine (sylshH(3)) lead to the reduction of the metal centre yielding monomeric molybdenum(V) complexes [Mo(napoxlhH(2))(hzid)].2H(2)O (where hzidH(3)=inhH(3) (5) and sylshH(3) (6)). The complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight determinations, molar conductance data, magnetic moment data, electronic, IR, ESR and (1)H NMR spectroscopic studies. The complexes (5) and (6) are paramagnetic to the extent of one unpaired electron. The electronic spectra of the complexes are dominated by strong charge transfer bands. In all of the complexes, the principal dihydrazone ligand has been suggested to coordinate to the metal centres in the anti-cis-configuration. The complexes (1), (5) and (6) are suggested to have six-coordinate octahedral stereochemistry around molybdenum(VI) and molybdenum(V) metal centres, respectively, while the complexes (2)-(4) are suggested to have eight coordinate dodecahedral stereochemistry around molybdenum(VI) metal centre.     

Oxomolybdenum tetrathiolates with sterically encumbering ligands: modeling the effect of a protein matrix on electronic structure and reduction potentials

The effect of sterically encumbering ligands on the electronic structure of oxomolybdenum tetrathiolate complexes was determined using a combination of electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies, complimented by DFT bonding calculations, to understand geometric and electronic structure contributions to reduction potentials. These complexes are rudimentary models for a redox-active metalloenzyme active site in a protein matrix and allow for detailed spectroscopic probing of specific oxomolybdenum-thiolate interactions that are directly relevant to Mo-S(cysteine) bonding in pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes. Data are presented for three para-substituted oxomolybdenum tetrathiolate complexes ([PPh4][MoO(p-SPhCONHCH3)4], [PPh4][MoO(p-SPhCONHC(CH2O(CH2)2CN)3)4], and [PPh4][MoO(p-SPhCONHC(CH2O(CH2)2COOCH2CH3)3)4]). The Mo(V/IV) reduction potentials of the complexes in DMF are -1213, -1251, and -1247 mV, respectively. The remarkably similar electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of these complexes establish that the observed reduction potential differences are not a result of significant changes in the electronic structure of the [MoOS4]- cores as a function of the larger ligand size. We provide evidence that these reduction potential differences result from the driving force for a substantial reorganization of the O-Mo-S-C dihedral angle upon reduction, which decreases electron donation from the thiolate sulfurs to the reduced molybdenum center. The energy barrier to favorable O-Mo-S-C geometries results in a reorganizational energy increase, relative to [MoO(SPh)4](-/2-), that correlates with ligand size. The inherent flexible nature of oxomolybdenum-thiolate bonds indicate that thiolate ligand geometry, which controls Mo-S covalency, could affect the redox processes of monooxomolybdenum centers in pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes.     

Characterisation of heterogeneous molybdate and chromate phase assemblages in model nuclear waste glasses by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A series of sodium borosilicate glasses containing cesium, molybdenum, and chromium was prepared to investigate the partitioning of chromium amongst the glass and phase-separated crystalline molybdates. The precipitates were examined by (133)Cs, (23)Na, and (95)Mo MAS NMR, revealing a phase assemblage consisting of Na(2)MoO(4), Na(2)MoO(4)·2H(2)O, Cs(2)MoO(4), Cs(2)CrO(4), CsNaMoO(4)·2H(2)O, and Cs(3)Na(MoO(4))(2). (133)Cs MAS NMR indicates random substitution of Cr into the Mo sites of Cs(3)Na(MoO(4))(2) and provides a quantitative assessment of Cr incorporation. The sample compositions were verified by various analytical techniques and highlight the centrality of NMR in the identification and quantification of heterogeneous crystalline composites, including sensitivity to cationic substitution. The observation and facile interconversion of hydrated phases invites careful consideration of these materials for nuclear waste disposal.     

Electrodeposition of manganese and molybdenum mixed oxide thin films and their charge storage properties

Manganese and molybdenum mixed oxides in a thin film form were deposited anodically on a platinum substrate by cycling the electrode potential between 0 and +1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl in aqueous manganese(II) solutions containing molybdate anion (MoO(4)2-). A possible mechanism for the film formation is as follows. First, electrooxidation of Mn2+ ions with H2O yields Mn oxide and protons. Then, the protons being accumulated near the electrode surface react with MoO(4)2- to form polyoxomolybdate through a dehydrated condensation reaction (by protonation and dehydration). The condensed product coprecipitates with the Mn oxide. Cyclic voltammetry of the Mn/Mo oxide film-coated electrode in aqueous 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution exhibited a pseudocapacitive behavior with higher capacitance and better rate capability than that of the pure Mn oxide prepared similarly, most likely as a result of an increase in electrical conductivity of the film. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy clearly demonstrated that the observed pseudocapacitive behavior results from reversible extraction/insertion of hydrated protons to balance the charge upon oxidation/reduction of Mn3+/Mn4+ in the film.     

钴掺杂对碳化钼催化噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响

以MoO3和CoMo混合氧化物为前驱体, 制备了碳化钼和碳化钼-钴催化剂, 采用XRD, BET, SEM和XPS等技术对其进行了表征, 研究了Co掺杂对碳化钼催化剂噻吩加氢脱硫性能的影响. 结果表明, 掺入适量的Co后制得的CoMo双金属混合氧化物为MoO3和CoMoO4的两相混合体, 经CH4/H2气氛程序升温还原碳化反应生成共生共存的Co-Mo2C, Co以金属细颗粒的形态均匀地分散在生成的Mo2C组分之间. 在共生过程中含Co物种的掺入可降低制备碳化钼所需要的还原碳化温度, 使制备的碳化钼颗粒变小, 比表面积增大, 表面Mo2+含量增多, 从而对碳化钼的噻吩加氢脱硫活性有较好的促进作用, Co的添加量以Co/Mo摩尔比为0.2左右较为适宜. 用化学共沉淀法制得的Co-Mo2C共生共存体系的噻吩加氢脱硫反应活性, 好于由金属Co与Mo2C机械混合法制得的Co+Mo2C二相共存体系. 这表明当两个活性相共存时, 只有经过相互共生过程才能发挥其最佳的协同效应.     

钾修饰的moo3/sio2催化剂的xrd和tpr表征

moo3/k2o/sio2催化剂;xrd;tpr;高硫合成气;甲硫醇