On product formulas for nonlinear semigroups

We study a number of sufficient conditions which guarantee the convergence of semigroup product formulas of the type

$\text{H}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{=}\text{lim}\text{n→∞}\text{(F}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>t</mtext><mtext>n</mtext>}}\text{°G}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>t</mtext><mtext>n</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{n}}$

and its generalizations. Our hypotheses differ from those of other authors in that we do not assume in advance that the limit operator is a generator. Rather this is a consequence and hence the above formula yields an existence theorem (local in time) for nonlinear semigroups. A number of smoothness properties are studied as well. The results may be applied to and are motivated by the Navier-Stokes equations.     

Product formulas for semigroups with elliptic generators

Real constant coefficient nth order elliptic operators, Q, which generate strongly continuous semigroups on L²($\text{R}$^k) are analyzed in terms of the elementary generator,

$\text{A = (?n)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>(</mtext><mtext>n</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>\; ?\; 1</mtext>}}\text{)(n!)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{∑}\text{k}\text{j = 1}\text{?}{}^{\mathrm{n}}\text{?x}{}_{\mathrm{j}}{}^{\mathrm{n}}$

, for n even. Integral operators are defined using the fundamental solutions p_n(x, t) to u_t = Au and using real polynomials q_l,…, q_k on $\text{R}$^m by the formula, for q = (q_l,…, q_k),

$\text{(F(t)?)(x) = ∫}$

_$\text{R}$m

$\text{?(x + q(z)) P}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{(z, t)dz}$

. It is determined when, strongly on L²($\text{R}$^k),

$\text{e}{}^{\mathrm{tQ}}\text{=}\text{lim}\text{j → ∞}\text{F}\text{t}\text{j}{}^{\mathrm{j}}$

. If n = 2 or k = 1, this can always be done. Otherwise the symbol of Q must have a special form.     

Commutators and accretive operators

In this paper, singular values of commutators of Hilbert space operators are estimated. To this aim the accretivity of a transform of the operators is applied. Some recent results of Kittaneh [F. Kittaneh, Singular value inequalities for commutators of Hilbert space operators, Linear Algebra Appl. 430 (2009) 2362-2367] are extended.     

On generation of nonlinear operator semigroups and nonlinear evolution operators

Generation of nonlinear operator semigroups and nonlinear evolution operators are proved by a different method, based on the theory of difference equations.     

Strong convergence of contraction semigroups and of iterative methods for accretive operators in Banach spaces

LetA be anm-accretive operator in a Banach spaceE. Suppose thatA ⁻¹0 is not empty and that bothE andE ^* are uniformly convex. We study a general condition onA that guarantees the strong convergence of the semigroup generated by—A and of related implicit and explicit iterative schemes to a zero ofA. Rates of convergence are also obtained. In Hilbert space this condition has been recently introduced by A. Pazy. We also establish strong convergence under the assumption that the interior ofA ⁻¹0 is not empty. In Hilbert space this result is due to H. Brezis. Sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No. DAAG29-75-C-0024.     

Fredholm operators,evolution semigroups,and periodic solutions of nonlinear periodic systems

Let X be a Banach space and L the generator of the evolution semigroup associated with the τ  -periodic evolutionary process _{{U(t,s)}t≥s}${\{U(t,s)\}}_{t\ge s}$ on the space _Pτ(X)$P_{\tau }(X)$ of all τ-periodic continuous X  -valued functions. We give criteria for the existence of periodic solutions to nonlinear systems of the form Lp=−?F(p,?)$Lp=-?F(p,?)$ under the condition that 1 is a normal eigenvalue of the monodromy operator U(τ,0)$U(\tau ,0)$. The proof is based on a new decomposition of the space _Pτ(X)$P_{\tau }(X)$ by constructing a right inverse of L.     

Analytic semigroups,degenerate elliptic operators and applications to nonlinear cauchy problems

In this paper we prove L^p () and -norm estimates for the solution of the elliptic equation:

Zeros of accretive operators

In the investigation of accretive operators in Banach spaces X, the existence of zeros plays an important role, since it yields surjectivity results as well as fixed point theorems for operators S such that I-S is accretive. Let D?X and T: D→X an operator such that the initial value problems (1) u′(t)=-Tu(t), u(0)=x εD are solvable. Then T has a zero iff (1) has a constant solution for some xεD. Under certain assumptions on D and T it is possible to show that (1) has a unique solution u(t,x) on [0,∞), for every xεD. In this case, define U(t): D→D by U(t)x=u(t,x). If T is accretive it turns out that U(t) is nonexpansive for every t≥0. This fact constitutes the basis for several authors concerned with this subject. They proceed with assumptions on D and X ensuring either that the U(t) must have a common fixed point x_o or that U(_p) has a fixed point x_p for every p≥0. In the first case, U(t)x_o is a constant solution of (1), whence Tx_o=0. In the second case, U(t)x_p is a p-periodic solution of (1). Hence, one has to impose additional conditions on T which imply that a p-periodic solution must be constant, for some p>0. The main purpose of the present paper is to show that, in certain situations, either the operators U(t) are actually strict contractions or T may be approximated by operators T_n such that the corresponding U_n(t) are strict contractions. Thus, we obtain several results in general Banach spaces and a unification of some results in special spaces.     

Approximation of solutions of Hammerstein equations with bounded strongly accretive nonlinear operators

Suppose X$X$ is a real q$q$-uniformly smooth Banach space and F,K:X→X$F,K:X\to X$ are bounded strongly accretive maps with D(K)=F(X)=X$D\left(K\right)=F\left(X\right)=X$. Let u^∗$u^{\ast }$ denote the unique solution of the Hammerstein equation u+KFu=0$u+KFu=0$. A new explicit coupled iteration process is shown to converge strongly to u^∗$u^{\ast }$. No invertibility assumption is imposed on K$K$ and the operators K$K$ and F$F$ need not be defined on compact subsets of X$X$. Furthermore, our new technique of proof is of independent interest. Finally, some interesting open questions are included.     

Constructing zeros of accretive operators

We prove a convergence theorem for an implicit iterative scheme and then apply it to an explicit one.     

A novel dual approach to nonlinear semigroups of Lipschitz operators

Lipschitzian semigroup refers to a one-parameter semigroup of Lipschitz operators that is strongly continuous in the parameter. It contains -semigroup, nonlinear semigroup of contractions and uniformly -Lipschitzian semigroup as special cases. In this paper, through developing a series of Lipschitz dual notions, we establish an analysis approach to Lipschitzian semigroup. It is mainly proved that a (nonlinear) Lipschitzian semigroup can be isometrically embedded into a certain -semigroup. As application results, two representation formulas of Lipschitzian semigroup are established, and many asymptotic properties of -semigroup are generalized to Lipschitzian semigroup.

     

A Trotter-Lie formula for compactly generated semigroups of nonlinear operators

A Trotter-Lie type formula for semigroups of nonlinear operators on a Banach space X into itself, which are generated by compact operators, is proved.     

On the range of accretive operators

The solvability of the nonlinear operator equationw=x+Bx, whereB is accretive in a general Banach spaceX is studied by means of discrete approximations. In particular, ifB is continuous and everywhere defined an algorithm is given for solving the equation. Sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No. DAAG29-75-C-0024. Supported in part by NSF grant MCS 76-10227     

Constructing zeros of accretive operators II

In this paper we study a homogenization problem for a time periodic boundary value problem concerning the quasi-stationary Maxwell equations with a non linear monotone magne tic characteristic. The main features of the problem are related to the vanishing of the conductivity inside each period so that the type of the equations is rapidly oscillating. The unknowns are a vector potential and a scalar potential. We show that the first one converges to zero up to terms of second order, while the second one converges to the solution of a suitable homogenized stationary equation (with time as a parameter). We show moreover that when the magnetic characteristic is linear and symmetric the second order terms in the asymptotic expansion of the vector potential can be identified and related to the time derivative of the limit scalar potential.