Lp estimates for the wave equation

Let u(x, t) be the solution of u_tt ? Δ_xu = 0 with initial conditions $\text{u(x, 0) = g(x)}\text{and}\text{u}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{(x, 0) = ?;(x)}$. Consider the linear operator $\text{T: ?; → u(x, t)}$. (Here g = 0.) We prove for t fixed the following result. Theorem 1: T is bounded in L^p if and only if . Theorem 2: If the coefficients are variables in C and constant outside of some compact set we get: (a) If n = 2k the result holds for $\text{¦ p}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{? 2}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{¦ < (n ? 1)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$. (b) If n = 2k ? 1, the result is valid for $\text{¦ p}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{? 2}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{¦ ? (n ? 1)}$. This result are sharp in the sense that for p such that $\text{¦ p}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{? 2}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{¦ > (n ? 1)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$ we prove the existence of $\text{?; ? L}{}^{\mathrm{P}}$ in such a way that $\text{T?; ? L}{}^{\mathrm{P}}$. Several applications are given, one of them is to the study of the Klein-Gordon equation, the other to the completion of the study of the family of multipliers $\text{m(ξ) = ψ(ξ) e}{}^{\mathrm{i¦\xi ¦}}\text{¦ ξ ¦}{}^{\mathrm{?b}}$ and finally we get that the convolution against the kernel $\text{K(x) = ?(x)(1 ? ¦ x ¦)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$ is bounded in H¹.     

Abstract equipartition of energy theorems

Let H be a self-adjoint operator on a complex Hilbert space $\text{H}$. The solution of the abstract Schrödinger equation $\text{idu}\text{dt}\text{= Hu}$ is given by u(t) = exp(?itH)u(0). The energy E = ∥u(t)∥² is independent of t. When does the energy break up into different kinds of energy E = ∑_{j = 1}^NE_j(t) which become asymptotically equipartitioned ? (That is, $\text{E}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{(t) →}\text{E}\text{N}\text{as}\text{t → ± ∞}$ for all j and all data u(0).) The “classical” case is the abstract wave equation $\text{d}{}^2\text{v}\text{dt}{}^2\text{+ A}{}^2\text{v = 0}\text{with}\text{A}$ self-adjoint on $\text{H}$₁. This becomes a Schrödinger equation in a Hilbert space $\text{H}$ (essentially $\text{H}$ is two copies of $\text{H}$₁), and there are two kinds of associated energy, viz., kinetic and potential. Two kinds of results are obtained. (1) Equipartition of energy is related to the C¹-algebra approach to quantum field theory and statistical mechanics. (2) Let A₁,…, A_N be commuting self-adjoint operators with N = 2 or 4. Then the equation $\text{Π}{}_{\mathrm{j\; =\; 1}}{}^{\mathrm{N}}\text{(}\text{d}\text{dt}\text{? iA}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{) u(t) = 0}$ admits equipartition of energy if and only if exp(it(A_j ? A_k)) → 0 in the weak operator topology as t → ± ∞ for j ≠ k.     

Singular perturbation problems for systems of partial differential equations of elliptic type

Elliptic boundary value problems for systems of nonlinear partial differential equations of the form $\text{F}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{(x, u}{}_1\text{, u}{}_2\text{,…, u}{}_{\mathrm{N}}\text{,}\text{?u}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{?x}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{, ?}{}^{\mathrm{p}}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{?}{}^2\text{u}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{?x}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{?x}{}_{\mathrm{k}}\text{) = ?}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{(x), x ? R}{}^{\mathrm{n}}$, i = 1(1)N, j, k = 1(1)n, p_i ? 0, ? being a small parameter, with Dirichlet boundary conditions are considered. It is supposed that a formal approximation Z is given which satisfies the boundary conditions and the differential equations upto the order χ(?) = o(1) in some norm. Then, using the theory of differential inequalities, it is shown that under certain conditions the difference between the exact solution u of the boundary value problem and the formal approximation Z, taken in the sense of a suitable norm, can be made small.     

On Lp estimates for the wave equation

New and more elementary proofs are given of two results due to W. Littman: (1) Let $\text{n ? 2, p ?}\text{2n}\text{(n ? 1)}$. The estimate $\text{∫∫ (¦▽u¦}{}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{+ ¦u}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{¦}{}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{) dx dt ? C ∫∫ ¦□u¦}{}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{dx dt}$ cannot hold for all u?C₀^∞(Q), Q a cube in $\text{R}{}^{\mathrm{<mi\; mathvariant="italic"\; is="true">n</mi>}}\text{× R}$, some constant C. (2) Let n ? 2, p ≠ 2. The estimate $\text{∫ (¦▽(t)¦}{}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{+ ¦u}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{(t)¦}{}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{) dx ? C(t) ∫ (¦▽u(0)¦}{}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{+ ¦u}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{(0)¦}{}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{) dx}$ cannot hold for all C^∞ solutions of the wave equation □u = 0 in $\text{R}{}^{\mathrm{n}}\text{x R}$; all t ?$\text{R}$; some function C: $\text{R}$ → $\text{R}$.     

Square roots of elliptic operators

Consider an elliptic sesquilinear form defined on $\text{V}$ × $\text{V}$ by $\text{J[u, v] = ∫}{}_{\mathrm{\Omega }}\text{a}{}_{\mathrm{jk}}\text{?u}\text{?x}{}_{\mathrm{k}}\text{}\text{?}\text{t6v}\text{?x}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{+ a}{}_{\mathrm{k}}\text{?u}\text{?x}{}_{\mathrm{k}}\text{v}\text{?}\text{+ α}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{u}\text{}\text{?}\text{t6v}\text{?x}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{+ au}\text{v}\text{?}\text{dx}$, where $\text{V}$ is a closed subspace of $\text{H}{}^1\text{(Ω)}$ which contains $\text{C}{}_0{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{(Ω)}$, Ω is a bounded Lipschitz domain in $\text{R}$ⁿ, $\text{a}{}_{\mathrm{jk}}\text{, a}{}_{\mathrm{k}}\text{, α}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{, a ? L}{}_{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{(Ω),}\text{and Re}\text{a}{}_{\mathrm{jk}}\text{ζ}{}_{\mathrm{k}}\text{ζ}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{? κ > 0}$ for all ζ?$\text{C}$ⁿ with ¦ζ¦ = 1. Let L be the operator with largest domain satisfying J[u, v] = (Lu, v) for all υ∈$\text{V}$. Then L + λI is a maximal accretive operator in $\text{L}{}_2\text{(Ω)}$ for λ a sufficiently large real number. It is proved that $\text{(L + λI)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ is a bounded operator from $\text{V}$ to $\text{L}{}_2\text{(Ω)}$ provided mild regularity of the coefficients is assumed. In addition it is shown that if the coefficients depend differentiably on a parameter t in an appropriate sense, then the corresponding square root operators also depend differentiably on t. The latter result is new even when the forms J are hermitian.     

Unitary interpolants,factorization indices and infinite Hankel block matrices

The existence, uniqueness, and construction of unitary n × n matrix valued functions $\text{?(ζ) = ∑}{}_{\mathrm{j\; =\; ?\infty }}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{ζ}{}^{\mathrm{j}}$ in Wiener-like algebras on the circle with prescribed matrix Fourier coefficients $\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{= γ}{}_{\mathrm{j}}$ for j ? 0 are studied. In particular, if $\text{Σ ¦γ}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{¦ < ∞}$, then such an ? exists with $\text{Σ ¦?}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{¦ < ∞}$ if and only if ∥Γ₀∥ ? 1, where Γ_v, denotes the infinite block Hankel matrix (γ_{j + k + v}), j, k = 0, 1,…, acting in the sequence space l_n². One of the main results is that the nonnegative factorization indices of every such ? are uniquely determined by the given data in terms of the dimensions of the kernels of $\text{I ? Γ}{}_{\mathrm{v}}{}^1\text{Γ}{}_{\mathrm{v}}$, whereas the negative factorization indices are arbitrary. It is also shown that there is a unique such ? if and only if the data forces all the factorization indices to be nonnegative and simple conditions for that and a formula for ? in terms of certain Schmidt pairs of Γ₀ are given. The results depend upon a fine analysis of the structure of the kernels of $\text{I ? Γ}{}_{\mathrm{v}}{}^1\text{Γ}{}_{\mathrm{v}}$ and of the one step extension problem of Adamjan, Arov, and Krein (Funct. Anal. Appl.2 (1968), 1–18). Isometric interpolants for the nonsquare case are also considered.     

Algebras containing a divisible unimodular sequence with dense self adjoint span

We characterize the uniform algebras A on a compact Hausdorff space X which contain a sequence {u_j}_{j = 0}^∞ of unimodular elements with $\text{u}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{u}{}_{\mathrm{j\; ?\; 1}}\text{? A}$ and closed span $\text{{u}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{u}\text{}}{}_{\mathrm{j\; =\; 0}}{}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{= C(X)}$ in terms of the maximal ideal space of A. Roughly, the essential set of A looks like (at most) countably many copies of the boundary of the unit disk, and A looks like the disk algebra on each.     

On an inequality of Tosio Kato for degenerate-elliptic operators

Let Ω be a domain in Rⁿ and T = ∑_{j,k = 1}ⁿ(?_j ? ib_j(x)) a_jk(x)(?_k ? ib_k(x)), where the a_jk and the b_j are real valued functions in $\text{C}{}^1\text{(Ω)}$, and the matrix (a_jk(x)) is symmetric and positive definite for every $\text{x ? Ω}$. If T₀ is the same as T but with b_j = 0, j = 1,…, n, and if u and Tu are in $\text{L}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>loc</mtext>}}{}^1\text{(Ω)}$, then T. Kato has established the distributional inequality $\text{T}{}_0\text{¦ u ¦ ?}\text{Re[(sign}$ ū) Tu]. He then used this result to obtain selfadjointness results for perturbed operators of the form T ? q on Rⁿ. In this paper we shall obtain Kato's inequality for degenerate-elliptic operators with real coefficients. We then use this to get selfadjointness results for second order degenerate-elliptic operators on Rⁿ.     

Periodic solutions of a quasilinear parabolic differential equation

This paper treats the quasilinear, parabolic boundary value problem $\text{u}{}_{\mathrm{xx}}\text{? u}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{= ??(x, t, u)}$u(0, t) = ?₁(t); u(l, t) = ?₂(t) on an infinite strip $\text{{(x, t) ¦ 0 < x < l, ?∞ < t < ∞}}$ with the functions $\text{?(x, t, u), ?}{}_1\text{(t), ?}{}_2\text{(t)}$ being periodic in t. The major theorem of the paper gives sufficient conditions on $\text{?(x, t, u)}$ for this problem to have a periodic solution u(x, t) which may be constructed by successive approximations with an integral operator. Some corollaries to this theorem offer more explicit conditions on $\text{?(x, t, u)}$ and indicate a method for determining the initial estimate at which the iteration may begin.     

A decomposition theorem for an analytic function

Let f(z), an analytic function with radius of convergence R (0 < R < ∞) be represented by the gap series ∑_{k = 0}^∞c_kz^λ_k. Set and define the growth constants ?, λ, T, t by

$\text{?}\text{λ}\text{=}\text{lim sup}\text{r→R}\text{inf}\text{{}\text{log}\text{[Rr /(R?r)]}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{log}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{log}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{M(r)}}$

, and if 0 < ? < ∞,

$\text{T}\text{t}\text{=}\text{lim sup}\text{r→R}\text{inf}\text{{[Rr /(R?r)]}{}^{\mathrm{??}}\text{log}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{M(r)}}$

. Then, assuming 0 < t < T < ∞, we obtain a decomposition theorem for f(z).     

Concrete model theory for a class of operators with unitary part

Let m and v_t, 0 ? t ? 2π be measures on T = [0, 2π] with m smooth. Consider the direct integral $\text{H}$ = ⊕L²(v^t) dm(t) and the operator $\text{(L?)(t, λ) = e}{}^{\mathrm{?i\lambda }}\text{?(t, λ) ? 2e}{}^{\mathrm{?i\lambda }}\text{∫}{}_{\mathrm{t}}{}^{\mathrm{2\pi }}\text{∫}{}_{\mathrm{T}}\text{?(s, x) e(s, t) dv}{}_{\mathrm{s}}\text{(x) dm(s)}$ on $\text{H}$, where e(s, t) = exp ∫_s^t ∫_Tdv_λ(θ) dm(λ). Let μ_t be the measure defined by $\text{∫}{}_{\mathrm{T}}\text{?(x) dμ}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{(x) = ∫}{}_0{}^{\mathrm{t}}\text{∫}{}_{\mathrm{T}}\text{?(x) dv}{}_{\mathrm{s}}\text{dm(s)}$ for all continuous ?, and let ?_t(z) = exp[?∫ (e^iθ + z)(e^iθ ? z)^?1dμ_t(gq)]. Call {v_t} regular iff for all $\text{t, ¦?}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{(e}{}^{\mathrm{i\theta }}\text{)¦ = ¦?}{}_{\mathrm{2\pi }}\text{(e}{}^{\mathrm{i\theta }}\text{)¦}$ for 1 a.e.     

Adiabatic invariants for linear Hamiltonian systems

n independent adiabatic invariants in involution are found for a slowly varying Hamiltonian system of order 2n × 2n. The Hamiltonian system considered is $\text{?}\text{u}\text{?}\text{= A(t)u}\text{as}\text{? → 0}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, where A(t) is a 2n × 2n real matrix with distinct, pure imaginary eigen values for each t? [?∞, ∞], and $\text{d}{}^{\mathrm{(j)}}\text{A}\text{dt}{}^{\mathrm{(j)}}\text{? L}{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{(?∞, ∞)}$, for all j > 0. The adiabatic invariants I_s(u, t), s = 1,…, n are expressed in terms of the eigen vectors of A(t). Approximate solutions for the system to arbitrary order of ? are obtained uniformly for t? [?∞, ∞].     

Superexponential decay of solutions of a semilinear wave equation

Consider a smooth solution of $\text{u}{}_{\mathrm{tt}}\text{? Δu + q(x) ¦ u ¦}{}^{\mathrm{p?1}}\text{u = 0 x ? R}{}^3\text{, q ? 0}$ and is C¹, and 1 < p < 5. Assume that the initial data decay sufficiently rapidly at infinity, $\text{q(x) ? a}\text{exp}\text{(?b ¦ x ¦}{}^{\mathrm{c}}\text{), a, b > 0, c > 1}$, and for simplicity, q_r ? 0. Then the local energy decays faster than exponentially.     

Étude d'une équation de Monge-Ampère sur les variétés kählériennes compactes

On a compact Kähler manifold of complex dimension m ? 2, let us consider the change of Kähler metric $\text{g′}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>\lambda </mtext><mtext>\backslash </mtext><mtext>?</mtext><mtext>gm</mtext>}}\text{= g}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>\lambda </mtext><mtext>\backslash </mtext><mtext>?</mtext><mtext>gm</mtext>}}\text{+ ?}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>\lambda </mtext><mtext>\backslash </mtext><mtext>?</mtext><mtext>gm</mtext>}}\text{φ}$. Let F?C^∞(V × R) be a function everywhere > 0 and v a real number ≠ 0. When $\text{0 < C}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{? F(x, t) ? C(¦t¦}{}^{\mathrm{a}}\text{+ 1)}$ for all (x, t) ?V × ] ?∞, t₀], where C and t₀ are constants and $\text{1 ? a <}\text{m}\text{(m ? 1)}$, one exhibits a function φ?C^∞ (V) such that $\text{¦g′∥g¦}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{= e}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>\nu </mtext><mtext>\backslash </mtext><mtext>?</mtext><mtext>gf</mtext>}}\text{F(x, φ ?}\text{}\text{?}\text{gf) (¦g¦}\text{and}\text{¦g′¦}$ the determinants of the metrics g and $\text{g′,}\text{}\text{?}\text{gf = (}\text{mes}\text{V)}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{∝ φ dV)}$.     

Some asymptotic boundary behavior of solutions of non-linear parabolic initial-boundary value problems

For parabolic initial boundary value problems various results such as $\text{lim}{}_{\mathrm{t\; \downarrow \; 0}}\text{{}\text{(}\text{?u}\text{t6x}\text{)(0, t)}\text{(}\text{?u}{}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}\text{?x}\text{)(0, t)}}\text{= 1}$, where u satisfies $\text{?u}\text{?t}\text{= a(u)(}\text{?}{}^2\text{u}\text{?x}{}^2\text{), 0 < x < 1, 0 < t ? T, u(x, 0) = 0, u(0, t) = |}{}_1\text{(t), 0 < t ? T, u(1, t) = |}{}_2\text{(t), 0 < t ? T, u}{}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}\text{satisfies}\text{(}\text{?u}{}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}\text{?t}\text{) = α(}\text{?}{}^2\text{u}{}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}\text{?x}{}^2\text{), 0 < x < 1, 0 < t ? T, u}{}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}\text{(x, 0) = 0, u}{}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}\text{(0, t) = |}{}_1\text{(t), 0 < t ? T, u}{}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}\text{(1, t) = |}{}_2\text{(t), 0 < t ? T,}\text{and}\text{α = a(0)}$, are demonstrated via the maximum principle and potential theoretic estimates.     

Approximate solutions of functional differential equations

The author discusses the best approximate solution of the functional differential equation x′(t) = F(t, x(t), x(h(t))), 0 < t < l satisfying the initial condition x(0) = x₀, where x(t) is an n-dimensional real vector. He shows that, under certain conditions, the above initial value problem has a unique solution y(t) and a unique best approximate solution $\text{p}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{k}}\text{(t)}$ of degree k (cf. [1]) for a given positive integer k. Furthermore, $\text{sup}{}_{\mathrm{0?t?l}}\text{¦}\text{p}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{k}}\text{(t) ? y(t)¦ → 0}\text{as}\text{k → ∞}$, where ¦ · ¦ is any norm in Rⁿ.     

Compositions of singular integral operators

The composition of two Calderón-Zygmund singular integral operators is given explicitly in terms of the kernels of the operators. For φ?L¹(Rⁿ) and ε = 0 or 1 and ∝ φ = 0 if ε = 0, let Ker(φ) be the unique function on R^{n + 1} homogeneous of degree ?n ? 1 of parity ε that equals φ on the hypersurface x₀ = 1. Let Sing(φ, ε) denote the singular integral operator , which exists under suitable growth conditions on ? and φ. Then Sing(φ, ε₁) Sing(ψ, ε₂)f = ?2π²(∝ φ)(∝ ψ)f + Sing(A, ε₁, + ε₂)f, where

(with notation $\text{¦t¦}{}_0{}^{\mathrm{a}}\text{= ¦t¦}{}^{\mathrm{a}}\text{and}\text{¦t¦}{}_1{}^{\mathrm{a}}\text{= ¦t¦}{}^{\mathrm{a}}\text{sgn}\text{t}$). This result is used to show that the mapping ψ → A is a classical pseudo-differential operator of order zero if φ is smooth, with top-order symbol

$\text{ω}{}_0\text{(x,?)=?πiθ(?)∫θ(x?y)}\text{sgn}\text{y·?dy}\text{if}\text{?}{}_1\text{=1}$

,

$\text{=?2θ(?)∫θ(x?y)}\text{log}\text{|y·?|dy}\text{if}\text{?}{}_1\text{=0}$

where θ(ξ) is a cut-off function. These results are generalized to singular integrals with mixed homogeneity.     

Convergence of the Kato approximants for evolution equations involving functional perturbations

The existence of a unique strong solution of the nonlinear abstract functional differential equation $\text{u′(t) + A(t)u(t) = F(t,u}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{), u}{}_0\text{= φεC}{}^1\text{(¦?r,0¦,X),tε¦0, T¦}$, (E) is established. X is a Banach space with uniformly convex dual space and, for $\text{t? ¦0, T¦, A(t)}$ is m-accretive and satisfies a time dependence condition suitable for applications to partial differential equations. The function F satisfies a Lipschitz condition. The novelty of the paper is that the solution u(t) of (E) is shown to be the uniform limit (as n → ∞) of the sequence u_n(t), where the functions u_n(t) are continuously differentiate solutions of approximating equations involving the Yosida approximants. Thus, a straightforward approximation scheme is now available for such equations, in parallel with the approach involving the use of nonlinear evolution operator theory.     

An integral operator connected with the Helmholtz equation

Let Lu be the integral operator defined by $\text{(L}{}_{\mathrm{k?}}\text{)(x, y) = ∝ s ∝ ?(x′, y′)(}\text{e}{}^{\mathrm{ik?}}\text{?}\text{) dx′ dy′, (x, y) ? S}$ where S is the interior of a smooth, closed Jordan curve in the plane, k is a complex number with Re k ? 0, Im k ? 0, and ?² = (x ?x′)² + (y ? y′)². We define $\text{q(x, y) = [}\text{dist}\text{((x, y), ?S)]}\text{1}\text{2}\text{, (x, y) ? S; L}{}_2\text{(q, S) = {? : ∝ s ∝ ¦ ?(x, y)¦}{}^2\text{q(x, y) dx dy < ∞}; W}{}_2{}^1\text{(q, S) = {? : ? ? L}{}_2\text{(q, S),}\text{??}\text{?x}\text{,}\text{?f}\text{?y}\text{? L}{}_2\text{(q, S)}}$, where in the definition of W₂¹(q, S) the derivatives are taken in the sense of distributions. We prove that L_k is a continuous 1-l mapping of L₂(q, S) onto W₂¹(q, S).