Hard undulator radiation in an inverse medium

X-ray radiation from fast electrons in undulators filled with an inverse medium is studied. A formula for the spectral density of the number of photons is derived. The intensity zeroth harmonics, as well as the intensity of radiation in zero undulator field, are described by the Tamm-Frank formula for Cherenkov radiation. It is shown that the spectral density of emitted photons in a wavelength range of λ ? 0.4–2.0 Å in such a medium can be increased by four orders of magnitude as compared to the radiation intensity in a vacuum undulator. The energy of emitted electrons in the former case must be in an interval of 5-2 GeV, while electrons with an energy of 14-6 GeV are required in vacuum undulators.

     

利用康普顿后向散射产生X光源的研究

 利用高能电子对电磁波的康普顿后向散射可以获得波长短、方向性好的X光辐射,这种具有亮度高、发散角小、光子能量可调等特点的辐射,有很好的应用前景。由于电子对电磁场的散射截面很小,要获得较高强度的辐射,不仅要求很强的电磁场作为散射场,而且要求电子束的亮度高;利用光阴极RF腔注入器及30MeV射频加速器产生的30MeV电子束同Nd:YAG激光光腔中的强光场作用,可以获得较高强度的康普顿后向散射,其波长为0.07~0.14nm,发光本领可以达到2.5×10¹¹光子/s。     

The factor of suppression of Cherenkov radiation from electron-positron pairs produced by a hard γ photon

Cherenkov radiation from electron-positron pairs produced by hard γ photons is considered. The radiation yield is shown to be suppressed when the distance between an electron and a positron is less than the wavelength. This effect depends on the γ-photon energy and radiation intensity.     

基于时间相关单光子计数的荧光寿命成像技术

采用时域法中的时间相关单光子计数方法记录荧光寿命,时间相关单光子计数采用多波长通道同时记录荧光光子数,可以提高计数效率和信息量,还可以在稳态图像中分离不同荧光团,形成4维图像。并采用多光子激发技术,利用长波长光源发出的两个或多个光子可以激发出一个短波长的光子。多个光子必须几乎同时到达激发点,才能提供被激发分子足够的能量以产生荧光。多光子激发波长较长,生物组织对其散射减小,因而可以穿透到更深层的组织,从而提高荧光成像深度和空间分辨力,并减少对活体样品的损伤。     

Collective spontaneous emission of dye molecules and lasing

The threshold pump power density for lasing in dye solutions is found to depend on the photon energy of pumping radiation. An increase in the pumping photon energy can significantly lower the threshold pump power of dye lasers. For an ethanol solution of rhodamine 6G with a concentration of 4×10¹⁸ cm^?3, the threshold power density for pumping radiation with a wavelength of 532 nm is 20-fold higher than for pumping radiation with a wavelength of 347 nm. This phenomenon is associated with the competition of collective spontaneous emission, which can lead to the efficient deactivation of excited molecules in femtosecond times, and the dephasing of excited molecules due to the intramolecular nonradiative processes of absorbed-energy conversion. An increase in the dephasing rate with the increasing energy of exciting photons lowers the efficiency of collective spontaneous emission and increases the concentration of dephased excited molecules responsible for lasing.     

MeV- and Sub-MeV-photon Sources Based on Compton Backscattering at Spring-8 and KPSI-JAEA

Recently we have constructed two facilities for generating photon beams in the MeV and sub-MeV energy regions by means of the Compton backscattering with a laser and an electron beam at SPring-8 and at Kansai Photon Science Institute of Japan Atomic Energy Agency(KPSIJAEA).The MeV-photon source at SPring-8 consists of a continuous-wave optically-pumped far infrared laser with a wavelength of 118.8 μm and an 8 GeV stored electron beam.Present MeV-photon flux is estimated to be 1.3×10~3 photons/s.On the other hand,the sub-MeV-photon source at KPSI-JAEA consists of a pulse Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1 064 nm and a 150 MeV electron beam accelerated by microtron.In the first trial of the photon production in this source,backscattered photon flux is estimated to be 20 photons/pulse.Both the Compton backscattered photon sources have possibilities to be used for new tools in various fields such as nuclear physics,materials science,and astronomy.     

超相对论强度激光与薄膜靶作用中0.4 nm以下X射线阿秒脉冲的产生

用一维粒子模拟程序对功率密度在10²² W/cm²以上的超强激光驱动薄膜靶产生的相对论电子层及其经过汤姆孙散射产生的阿秒X射线进行了研究. 结果表明, 在超相对论强度范围下增大驱动激光强度, 相应减小等离子体密度及厚度可使电子层获得更高纵向动量, 使汤姆孙散射光明显向更短波长移动. 优化相关参数得到了波长为 1.168 nm的阿秒脉冲. 经过对倍频探测光方案与驱动光以及薄膜靶参数进行综合考虑和优化, 得到的X射线相干辐射波长有效减小到0.4 nm以下, 产生的光子能量达到2 keV以上. 关键词： 超相对论强度激光 阿秒X射线 相对论电子层 汤姆孙后向散射     

OSL efficiency for BeO OSL dosimeters

In the course of this work, the experimental energy dependence of the OSL material beryllium oxide was determined for different radiation qualities. With the help of the radiation transport program AMOS the experimental setup was simulated. The calculated energy response differs from the experimental energy response. There is an underestimation for low energy photons caused by local saturation effects. For radiation with higher LET local structures of the detector can be saturated. The deposited energy doesn't contribute to the OSL effect. The detected dose is lower. The ratio between experimental and simulated energy response is called OSL efficiency. Subsequently the results were used to generate a model of local saturation for calculating the efficiency for different irradiation conditions. With the help of the model predictions for the detection efficiency for photons and electrons in the common energy range for personal and environmental dosimetry, reaching from 10 keV up to some MeV, are possible. The efficiency for electrons decreases with falling energy continuously. Photons show a similar effect, but for energies ranging from 40 to 80 keV the efficiency increases with decreasing energy. This can be explained by the interaction effects of the photons with the detector material. The experimental and modeled detection efficiencies can be used to calculate the readout of a BeO-OSL detector from dose values determined with radiation transport programs.     

反射式GaN光电阴极表面势垒对量子效率衰减的影响

针对反射式GaN光电阴极长波段量子效率衰减较大, 短波段量子效率衰减较小的实验现象, 在考虑谷间散射的情况下, 利用玻尓兹曼分布和基于Airy函数的传递矩阵法, 计算了发射电子能量分布, 分析了表面势垒变化对量子效率衰减的影响, 理论与实验符合较好. 激活层有效偶极子数的减少使表面势垒宽度和高度增加, 引起长波光子激发产生的发射电子能量分布衰减较大, 短波光子激发产生的发射电子能量分布衰减较小, 这是量子效率在长波段衰减较大, 短波段衰减较小的根本原因.     

激光诱导Al等离子体中连续辐射波长分布

用Ar作环境气体,压强固定在100 kPa,激光脉冲能量145 mJ/pulse,利 用时空分辨技术,采集激光烧蚀Al靶产生的等离子体辐射的时间分辨谱。分析了Al等离子体 连续辐射特征。根据连续辐射强度的时间分布,简要讨论了激光诱导等离子体连续辐射的产 生机理。根据连续辐射强度的波长分布,提出了原子对激光诱导等离子体连续辐射共振吸收 机理。认为：Al原子吸收能量的主要机制是原子实吸收连续辐射光子,原子实吸收光子的方 式是与价电子构成极性振子对连续辐射共振吸收。     

Characterization of a Two-Photon Quantum Battery: Initial Conditions,Stability and Work Extraction

We consider a quantum battery that is based on a two-level system coupled with a cavity radiation by means of a two-photon interaction. Various figures of merit, such as stored energy, average charging power, energy fluctuations, and extractable work are investigated, considering, as possible initial conditions for the cavity, a Fock state, a coherent state, and a squeezed state. We show that the first state leads to better performances for the battery. However, a coherent state with the same average number of photons, even if it is affected by stronger fluctuations in the stored energy, results in quite interesting performance, in particular since it allows for almost completely extracting the stored energy as usable work at short enough times.     

在BEPC上建造γ束线站的分析

考虑电子的反冲并利用康普顿散射,研究了激光同步辐射光源(LSS)辐射的光子波长、光子能量。结果表明,对于不同的γ,LSS辐射的光子波长和能量有不同的近似公式。当γ<<λ1/4λe时,LSS辐射的光子波长λ2≈λ1/4γ2,能量(εc2≈4γ2εc1;当γ>>λ1/4λe时,LSS辐射的光子波长λ2≈λe/γ,能量cε2≈m0γc2;结果表明,LSS辐射的条件是种子激光的波长λ1大于电子的物质波波长λm;LSS辐射的极值波长是λ2m ax=h/m0γv,极值能量是cε2m ax=βeε;本文后半部分提出了利用北京正负电子对撞机的强流高亮度电子束与激光的康普顿背散射产生单色γ射线的建议。     

On possibility of measurement of the electron beam energy using absorption of radiation by electrons in magnetic field

A possibility of precise measurement of the electron beam energy using absorption of radiation by electrons in a homogeneous magnetic field for electrons of high energy in the range up to a few hundred GeV, was considered earlier. In this paper, with the purpose of experimental checking of this method in the range of several tens MeV of electrons energies, a possibility of measurement of absolute energy of the electron beam with a relative accuracy up to 10^?4, is considered. We take into account influence of the laser beam diffraction, of the spread of electrons over energies, and of the length of formation of radiation absorption in the process of electron beam energy measurement. The laser wavelength and the length of the magnet are chosen depending on the length of photon absorption formation. It is found that the kinematical restrictions on the photon absorption process lead to the selection in angles of propagation of photons, which can be absorbed by the beam electrons. It is shown that parameters of the electron beam will noticeably not vary during the measurement of the energy.     

Cherenkov radiation by particles traversing the background radiation

High-energy particles traversing the Universe through cosmic microwave background radiation can, in principle, emit Cherenkov radiation. It is shown that the energy threshold for this radiation is extremely high and its intensity would be too low due to the low density of the “relic photons gas” and very weak interaction of two photons.     

Gepulste UV-Strahlungsquelle zur Erzeugung eines hoch ionisierten Ausgangsplasmas niedriger Dichte

A 100 kV Z-pinch, pulse-filled with high-density xenon gas, is used as radiation source for photoionizing hydrogen or rare gases at filling pressures of 1–10 mtorr. This produces a homogeneous, magnetic field free, highly ionized (degree of ionization ≈10% in H₂ and ≈ 20% in Ar) plasma suitable for example, for collisionless shock wave experiments. Experimental and theoretical investigations have yielded information on the conversion of the stored electrical energy into radiation energy. As a result of fast magnetic compression and ohmic heating (the relatively low temperature of max. 6 eV due to multiple ionization of the xenon atoms being favourable) the xenon pinch absorbs 30% of the stored electrical energy. Investigation of the matching of the external circuit to theZ-pinch by means of the snowplow model shows that the energy transmission efficiency could be increased about 50% if the current half-cycle is made equal to the compression time. The suitability of the xenon pinch as a radiation source is due on the one hand, to the almost complete conversion of the absorbed energy into radiation and, in particular, to the spectral distribution of the radiation, which is favourable for the ionization of hydrogen. It is found that the radiation is mainly emitted in lines with maximum intensity at the same wavelength λ ≈ 700 Å as the maximum of the photoionization cross section owing to the low temperature of the xenon plasma.     

周期极化铌酸锂中通信波段纠缠双光子的波长管理方法

理论研究了周期极化铌酸锂晶体中通过自发参量下转换产生的纠缠双光子的波长管理方法.简并自发参量下转换产生的单色偏振纠缠双光子的波长,可以通过调整晶体的极化周期或工作温度自由地调节,特别是在加工好的晶体中极化周期是确定的,因而调整晶体的工作温度更加便捷.对于双色偏振纠缠双光子来说,不需改变入射的泵浦光以及晶体的极化结构,仅通过调节晶体的工作温度就可以实现o光光子和e光光子波长的严格交换.     

Dependence of cooperative emission spectra of complex organic molecules on exciting photon energy

The dependences of cooperative emission, superfluorescence, and lasing spectra on the wavelength of pumping radiation were studied for highly concentrated ethanol solutions of organic dye molecules. The relative intensity of cooperative emission was found to decrease, while the intensities of superfluorescence and lasing were found to increase with the energy of exciting photons. The increase in the dephasing rate of quantum states is supposed to be primarily responsible for the change in proportion between these intensities. On increasing the dephasing rate, with all other factors being the same, the concentration of the excited molecules with the phased quantum states decreases, while that with the dephased states increases. The ratio between the cooperative emission and dephasing rates determines the proportion between the intensities of cooperative emission, superfluorescence, and lasing. The onset of lasing at high concentrations (above >10¹⁹ cm^?3) in the case of pumping by high-energy photons occurs due to the high dephasing rates of quantum states resulting from a more rapid redistribution of vibrational energy.     

The Rydberg matter laser: excitation, delays and mode effects in the laser cavity medium

Temporal and temperature effects are studied in Rydberg matter (RM) formed from K atoms and N₂ molecules as the active medium in a cavity. The function of this setup as a laser was recently described. Temperature-variation studies show that the photons re-exciting the RM clusters usually have a longer wavelength than the photons emitted in the stimulated emission process in the cavity. The deficit is probably covered by background photons. Very long time constants observed after emitter temperature changes indicate that long-wavelength photon energy is accumulated in the RM clusters. Long-wavelength modes are located farther from the RM emitter. The modal structure can be TEM₀₁ or TEM₀₀, as observed clearly by the spatial structure in rapid pulsing experiments. The in-cavity chopped beam signal is delayed by approximately 50 μs. The initial growth rate of the signal during chopping is temperature dependent. Tailing is also observed by chopping, but rapid pulsing of the beam with a spinning mirror does not show any delay of the start of the lasing. The conclusion is that delays exist in the stimulated emission process. The broad intense band appearing at 11 000 nm is shown to be formed partly by light in the range 3500–5000 nm, probably by standing wave interaction at the grating surface (grating bands).     

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通过红外可见内窥镜诊断系统对EAST等离子体芯部逃逸电子的同步辐射功率谱进行了分析,得出低能段逃逸电子同步辐射主要在红外波段,随着逃逸电子能量的增加,同步辐射向短波方向移动进入可见光波段。在欧姆放电条件下,对逃逸电子同步辐射所产生的的红外可见光进行了成像分析,同时研究了EAST等离子体在低杂波和中性束注入加热条件下的逃逸电子行为。实验结果显示,低杂波和 NBI 的投入总体抑制电子的逃逸,但低杂波投入初期产生的快电子对逃逸电子的产生具有促进作用。     

EAST 装置等离子体逃逸电子同步辐射行为的实验研究

通过红外可见内窥镜诊断系统对EAST 等离子体芯部逃逸电子的同步辐射功率谱进行了分析,得出低能段逃逸电子同步辐射主要在红外波段,随着逃逸电子能量的增加,同步辐射向短波方向移动进入可见光波段。在欧姆放电条件下,对逃逸电子同步辐射所产生的的红外可见光进行了成像分析,同时研究了EAST 等离子体在低杂波和中性束注入加热条件下的逃逸电子行为。实验结果显示,低杂波和NBI 的投入总体抑制电子的逃逸,但低杂波投入初期产生的快电子对逃逸电子的产生具有促进作用。