Maximum Incident Erythemally Effective UV Exposure Received by Construction Workers,in Valencia,Spain

This article analyzes the influence of Ultraviolet Erythematic Radiation (UVER) dose received by construction workers in Valencia highlighting the upper limit of the dose received for a worker in different periods of a year. Building construction usually implies workers to stand for several hours outdoors while working until roof top is finished. In Valencia, construction carried out near the coastline has been very intense in the last few years with the construction of a great amount of summer flats. This article focuses on the maximum values UVER can reach in different seasons of the year for cities with similar latitude to Valencia (39°28′N, 0°22′W), as an important way of warning construction workers about the necessity of taking preventive actions. Viospor dosimeters placed on a mannequin have been used in this study. The measurements took place between 2012 December and 2013 July.     

Erythemal Ultraviolet Exposure of Cyclists in Valencia,Spain

UV exposure is considered to be one of the most important risk factors in skin cancers, mainly in outdoor occupational or recreational activities. Outdoor athletes such as cyclists receive regular and significant solar UV erythemal radiation (UVER). The aim of this work was to quantify UVER exposure of amateur cyclists over the course of several days in their training schedules. To quantify UVER exposure of this group, dosimeters (Viospor) were attached at the top of the helmet in the course of their training. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in June to July 2008 and February to March 2009, and involved a group of five cyclists over a period of 4 days for each period. The mean 2-day personal UV exposure was 32.24 ± 4.14 SED (standard erythema dose) in summer and 11.30 ± 5.36 SED in the winter period. One SED is defined as an effective radiant exposure of 100 J m⁻² when weighted with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) erythemal response function. The mean exposure ratio (ER) of cyclists was 0.37 ± 0.04 in summer and 0.40 ± 0.11 in winter. The cyclists received the highest UVER exposure in the summer period, but in both training periods UVER exposure was in excess of occupational and recreational guidelines, indicating that protective measures are very necessary.     

Seasonal Minimum and Maximum Solar Ultraviolet Exposure Measurements of Classroom Teachers Residing in Tropical North Queensland,Australia

The risk of keratinocyte skin cancer, malignant melanoma and ultraviolet radiation (UVR)‐induced eye disease is disproportionately higher in Australia and New Zealand compared to equivalent northern hemisphere latitudes. While many teachers are aware of the importance of reinforcing sun safety messages to students, many may not be aware of the considerable personal exposure risk while performing outdoor duties in locations experiencing high to extreme ambient UVR year‐round. Personal erythemally effective exposure of classroom teachers in tropical Townsville (19.3°S) was measured to establish seasonal extremes in exposure behavior. Mean daily personal exposure was higher in winter (91.2 J m^‐2, 0.91 Standard Erythema Dose [SED]) than summer (63.3 J m^?2, 0.63 SED). The range of exposures represents personal exposures that approximate current national guidelines for Australian workers at the study latitude of approximately 1.2 SED (30 J m^?2 effective to the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection). Similar proportions of teachers spent more than 1 h outdoors per day in winter (28.6%) and summer (23.6%) as part of their teaching duties with seasonal differences having little effect on the time of exposure. Personal exposures for teachers peaked during both seasons near school meal break times at 11:00 am and 1:00 pm, respectively.     

UV Index on tilted surfaces

Solar ultraviolet erythemal irradiance (UVER) has been studied on inclined planes with different orientations in Valencia, Spain. To do this a platform was designed that could turn through 90 degrees on its own axis. The radiometers were inclined at an angle close to the latitude of Valencia (39.5 degrees N). Using two timers the platform could be turned through 90 degrees every 5 min. On clear or partially cloudy days, including those with different turbidity values, it was observed that the UVER showed a maximum at 1200 h GMT, very close to solar noon, in the north and south positions, while the maximum for east and west orientations was found at approximately one hour before and one hour after midday respectively. It was also observed how the irradiance for the south orientation was greater and for the north was less than for the horizontal plane, as well as the opposite performances of the east and west orientations, for four days close to the summer and winter solstices and each equinox. Some experimental results were also compared with the results from the SMARTS2.9 model for the same conditions. It was found that the model frequently overestimated the experimental data. With respect to the maximum calculated UV Index in the different planes this was always higher for the south orientation than for the north, while it was similar for east and west orientations throughout the year. Finally the accumulated erythemal dosage for the considered period was obtained as a function of phototype and orientation, confirming that the accumulated erythemal dosage decreased by around 37% in the north orientation compared to the horizontal value, while in the south position it was only 6% less and some 20% and 15% less in the east and west positions, respectively.     

Erythemal Ultraviolet Exposure in Two Groups of Outdoor Workers in Valencia, Spain

UVexposure is considered to be one of the most important risk factors in skin cancers, mainly in outdoor occupational activities. Outdoor workers receive regular and significant solar UV erythemal radiation (UVER). To quantify the UVER exposure of certain groups of workers, dosimeters are used to measure the biologically effective UV radiation received in the course of their daily work. Two groups of outdoor workers, composed of gardeners and lifeguards, were measured for UVER exposure using sensitive spore-film filter-type personal dosimeters (Viospor). The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in June and July 2008, and involved one group of four gardeners and another of five beach lifeguards for a period of 4 and 6 days, respectively. The gardeners' mean UV exposure was 4.13 ± 0.60 SED day⁻¹, where 1 SED is defined as effective 100 J m⁻² when weighted with the CIE erythemal response function, whereas the lifeguards received 11.43 ± 2.15 SED day⁻¹. The mean exposure ratio (ER) relative to ambient of gardeners was 0.09 ± 0.01 and for lifeguards was 0.27 ± 0.05. ER is defined as the ratio between the personal dose on a selected anatomical site and the corresponding ambient dose on a horizontal plane during the same exposure period. The lifeguards received the highest UVER exposure, although both groups had measured UVER exposure in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures are necessary.     

Analysis of Two Kinds of Tree as Physical Barriers Against Erythemal UVB Radiation Received

Differences between global radiation UVER (erythemal ultraviolet solar radiation) received under full sun and diffuse radiation received under the shadow of two types of tree are analyzed to check the importance of these components on human exposure to UV radiation. Blue Line spores dosimeters of VioSpor were used for measurement of erythemal dose of UV radiation (able to produce erythema in human skin.) The response profile of these devices is extremely similar to human skin, thus they are suitable to determine and predict the interactions between UV erythema and human skin. Measurements were obtained in relatively clear days from February to December 2009 between 9:30 and 15:30 h. Three dosimeters were placed on a horizontal surface: one in full sun and the other two under the shadow of each tree. Values of UVER in both cases, in full sun and under the shadow of pine and Sauce, were obtained. In addition, the comparison was made between values of dose received in each case and the exposure limits recommended by the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Finally, average daily irradiance received under the shadow of each tree in comparison with those received in full sun, was also analyzed using two PMA2100 radiometers situated on a horizontal surface.     

HOST CELL REACTIVATION AND UV-ENHANCED REACTIVATION IN SYNCHRONIZED MAMMALIAN CELLS

Abstract— Does host cell reactivation (HCR) or UV-enhanced reactivation (UVER) of UV-irradiated Herpes simplex virus (UV-HSV) vary during the host mammalian cell cycle? The answer could be useful for interpreting UVER and/or the two-component nature of the UV-HSV survival curve. Procedures were developed for infection of mitotically-synchronized CV-1 monkey kidney cells. All virus survival curves determined at different cell cycle stages had two components with similar D₀'s and intercepts of the second components. Thus, no single stage of the host cell cycle was responsible for the second component of the virus survival curve. When the cells were UV-irradiated immediately prior to infection, enhanced survival of UV-HSV occurred for cell irradiation and virus infection initiated during late G₁/early S phase or late S/early G₂ phase but not during early G₁ phase. For infection delayed by 24 h after cell irradiation, UVER was found at all investigated times. These results indicate that: (1) HCR is similar at all stages of the host cell cycle; and (2) the “induction” of UVER is not as rapid for cell-irradiation in early G₁ phase. This latter observation may be one reason why normal, contact-inhibited cells do not express UVER as rapidly as faster growing, less contact-inhibited cells.     

Golf ball-assisted electrospray ionization of mass spectrometry for the determination of trace amino acids in complex samples

During the electrospray ionization (ESI) process, ions move through a heated capillary aperture to be detected on arrival at a mass analyzer. However, the ESI process creates an ion plume, which expands into an ion cloud with an area larger than that of the heated capillary aperture, significantly contributing to an ion loss of 50% due to coulombic repulsion. The use of DC and RF fields to focus ions from the ion source into the vacuum chamber has been proposed in the literature, but the improvement of ion transmission efficiency is limited. To improve ion transmission, in this study we propose a novel method using a home-made golf ball positioned between the ion source and the inlet of the mass analyzer to hydrodynamically focus the ions passing through the golf ball. The ion plume produced by the ESI process passes through the golf ball will reduce the size of the ion cloud then be focused and most of them flowed into the mass analyzer. Therefore, the sensitivity will be improved, the aim of this investigation is to study the enhancing of the signal using golf ball-assisted electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine 20 trace amino acids in complex samples, including tea, urine and serum. The results showed that the analytical performance of the determination of the 20 amino acids in tea, urine and serum samples using the home-made golf ball-assisted ESI source is better than that of a commercial ESI source. The signal intensities of the 20 amino acids were enhanced by factors of 2–2700, 11–2525, and 31–342680 in oolong tea, urine and serum analyses, respectively. The precision of the proposed method ranged from 1–9%, 0.4–9% and 0.4–8% at low, medium and high concentration levels of amino acids, respectively. The home-made golf ball-assisted ESI source effectively increased the signal intensity and enhanced the ion transmission efficiency and is also an easy, convenient and economical device. This technique can be applied to the analysis of trace compounds in complex matrices.     

Development of an O-ring from NR/EPDM filled silica/CB hybrid filler for use in a solid oxide fuel cell testing system

This research presents the effects of oxygen pressure and ambient temperatures on the crack behavior of O-rings from a semi-EV of NR/EPDM rubber with silica/CB filler, exposed to the inlet flow and outflow oxygen pressure in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) environment. Blends of NR/EPDM were prepared with various ratios of silica/CB filler at 00/60, 10/50, 20/40, 30/30, 40/20, 50/10, and 60/00 phr. The fabricated O-ring complied with the standard for O-rings (TIS 2728-2559), with a minimum hardness of 65–75 Shore A, minimum tensile strength of 9 MPa, minimum elongation at break of 200%, and a minimum 100% modulus of 2.7 MPa. The mechanical properties of the compounds were tested, and the appropriate compound was chosen to make the O-rings to test in SOFC. The crack morphology of the fabricated O-rings was investigated and compared with a commercial O-ring after testing in the SOFC. As a result, the compound with silica/CB of 40:20 ratio provided the optimum mechanical properties, and passed the criteria standard of TIS 2728-2559. The mechanical properties of the prepared and commercial O-rings were similar (P-value of commercial with 60/00 = 0.273, 50/10 = 0.273, 40/20 = 0.144, 30/30 = 0.465, 20/40 = 0.465, 10/50 = 1.000 and 00/60 = 0.273; all > 0.05) and and both could still be continued to be used in SOFC despite some inner cracks after 24 h. The price of the prepared O-ring is cheaper than the commercial O-rings due to the low price of NR used in its formulation. Therefore, a prepared O-ring can be used in a SOFC, or other applications due to their mechanical properties and their reasonable price.     

Determination of organophosphate flame retardants in soil and fish using ultrasound‐assisted extraction,solid‐phase clean‐up,and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

A solid–liquid extraction method in combination with high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was developed and optimized for extraction and analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants in soil and fish. Methanol was chosen as the optimum extraction solvent, not only in terms of extraction efficiency, but also for its broader analyte coverage. The subsequent clean‐up by solid‐phase extraction is required to eliminate matrix coextractives and reduce matrix effects. Recoveries of the optimized method were 50–121% for soil and 47–123% for biota, both with high precision (RSDs <12% in soil and <23% in biota). The method limits of detection ranged from 0.06 to 0.20 ng/g dry weight and between 0.02 and 0.30 ng/g wet weight for soil and biota samples, respectively. However, samples with a high lipid content produce several problems as solid‐phase extraction cartridge clogging that increase variability and analysis time. The method was successfully applied for the determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in soil and fish from L'Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain). Target compounds were detected in all soil and fish samples with values varying from 13.8 to 89.7 ng/g dry weight and from 3.3 to 53.0 ng/g wet weight, respectively.     

Radiation enhanced reactivation of nuclear replicating mammalian viruses.

Abstract— When CV-1 monkey kidney cells were UV-irradiated (0–18 J/m²) or X-irradiated (0–10krads) before infection with UV-irradiated simian adenovirus 7 (SA7) or simian virus 40 (SV40), increases in the infectivity of these nuclear replicating viruses as measured by plaque formation were observed. These radiation enhanced reactivations, UV enhanced reactivation (UVER) and X-ray enhanced reactivation (X-ray ER), occurred both when virus infection immediately followed irradiation of the cells (except for X-ray ER with SA7) and when virus infection was delayed until 3–5 days after cell irradiation. While there was little difference in the levels of reactivation of UV-irradiated SV40 between immediate and delayed infection, delayed infection resulted in higher levels of reactivation of SA7. X-ray enhanced reactivation of UV-irradiated Herpes simplex virus persisted for several days but did not increase. Thus, X-ray enhanced and UV enhanced reactivations of these mammalian viruses were relatively long-lived effects. Essentially no UVER or X-ray ER was found in CV-1 cells for either immediate or delayed infection with UV-irradiated vaccinia virus or poliovirus, both of which replicate in the cell cytoplasm. These results suggest UVER and X-ray ER in mammalian cells may be restricted to viruses which are replicated in the cell nucleus.     

SPE and LC-MS/MS determination of 14 illicit drugs in surface waters from the Natural Park of L’Albufera (València, Spain)

A simple and robust method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of 14 drugs of abuse and their metabolites (cocainics, amphetamine-like compounds, cannabinoids, and opiates) in surface waters has been developed. Seven SPE adsorbents (Oasis HLB, Oasis MCX, Oasis Wax, Supelselect HLB, Strata-X, Strata-XCW), amount of sorbent bed, water volume, and pH were investigated. The highest recoveries, as well as the simplest protocol, were obtained for Oasis HLB cartridges (6 mL/200 mg) using 250 mL of water. The proposed method was linear in a concentration range from 0.03–6 to 300–60,000 ng/L depending on the compound, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.998. Matrix effects have been studied in surface water samples, and several isotope-labeled internal standards have been evaluated as a way to compensate the signal suppression observed. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.01 to 1.54 ng/L and from 0.03 to 5.13 ng/L, respectively. Recoveries were 71–102% at the LOQ level and 77–104 at 50 ng/L. The intra-day and intermediate precisions were from 1% to 8% and from 2% to 11%, respectively. The present work reports for the first time the occurrence of drugs of abuse residues in surface water samples from the Natural Park of L’Albufera (Valencia, Spain). Codeine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methylester, amphetamine, 3,4-methylendioxy methamphetamine, morphine, and methadone were quantified with median values of 11.10, 0.02, 5.59, 0.08, 0.21, 0.75 and 0.14 ng/L respectively, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was detected in one sample at levels <LOQ.     

Experimental investigation and thermal modelling of box and parabolic type solar cookers for temperature mapping

This investigation examines mathematical modelling and experimental validation of two types of solar cookers: a box type with tilted intercept area equipped with one external reflector, and a parabolic cooker with a new configuration. Experiments were carried out with the cookers filled with two kilograms of water from 08:00 to 15:00 solar time. During the experiments, temperature gain in the box-type solar cooker was recorded at about 69.8 °C and in the parabolic-type solar cooker at 73.6 °C at the stagnation point. Direct normal irradiation in three distinct study areas was observed and found that it varied from 7.6 to 10 kWh m⁻². Cooking pot placed in parabolic cooker was varied between 130 and 132 °C. Centre and south-east regions of study areas where global irradiation varied from 8 to 8.4 kWh m⁻² were found suitable for box-type solar cooker and cooking pot temperature were found in the range of 100 °C to 105 °C. Mathematical modelling was programmed in MATLAB. The theoretical results were consistent with experiential data for both types of solar cookers. The effectiveness of the two cooker types can be deduced from the maps. It is found the use of the cookers in Northern and Southern regions of the country was not identical. Their suitability for cooking depends on the amount of solar radiations received.

     

Effect of Protective Measures on Eye Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation

In this study, ocular biologically effective exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVBE) is investigated with six kinds of sun protective measures (spectacle lenses, sunglasses, cap, bonnet, straw hat and under parasol). Ocular UV exposure measurements were performed on manikins during the summer period in Shenyang city (41.64° N, 123.50° E, 66 m a.s.l.), China. The measurements include the ocular UV exposure of an unprotected eye and the ambient UV as a control concurrently. Based on the relative spectral weighting factors of the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the ocular biologically effective UV is calculated and compared with the 8‐h exposure limits of ICNIRP (30 J m^?2). The UV index (UVI) of the measurement days is 0–8, and the 8‐h (8:00–16:00 China Standard Time, CST) cumulated UVBE of the unprotected eye is 452.0 J m^?2. The 8‐h cumulated UVBE of the eye with spectacle lenses, sunglasses, cap, bonnet, straw hat and under parasol are 364.2, 69.1, 51.4, 49.0, 56.8 and 110.2 J m^?2, respectively. Importantly, it should be noted that the eye could be exposed to risk despite protective measures. The 8‐h cumulated UVBE of the eye with protection is ca 1.6–15.1 times the exposure limit, respectively. As indicated in the present study, during summer months, high exposure to the sun for more than 30 min without eye protection and more than 1 h with eye protection is not advisable. The protection measures could effectively reduce the UVBE reaching the eye, yet there is still a high degree of risk when compared with the ICNIRP 8‐h exposure limits.     

The impact of chemical composition on the degradation kinetics of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid copolymers cast films in phosphate buffer solution

We have investigated the in vitro degradation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid copolymer with different lactic to glycolic ratio: 50:50, 65:35, 75:25, 95:05 and 100:00 (mol. %). The degradation studies were performed on solvent cast films of controlled thickness and shape. The samples were incubated at 37 °C in phosphate buffered saline solution. The degradation was followed using potentiometry, light microscopy, gravimetry, size exclusion chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. The same degradation process, as discussed in detail in our previous article for PLGA 50:50 (E. Vey et al., J. of Polym. Deg. and Stab. 2008, 93, 1896-1876), was observed for all the samples investigated, however the time scale over which the different events/degradation steps were observed increased with increasing lactic content of the polymer. The glass transition temperatures of the films increase with lactic content and are thought to have a significant impact on the rate of diffusion of water into the films - the higher the glass transition the slower the diffusion of water - and therefore on the degradation dynamics of the films. Kinetic parameters were extracted from the acid release, molecular weight and mass loss data. In each case linear correlations between the rate constants extracted and the lactic content of the polymer were found. The overall degradation rate of the films was found to decrease with increasing lactic content.     

Using GC × GC-FID profiles to estimate the age of weathered gasoline samples

Predicting the amount of time that a petroleum mixture has been exposed to weathering effects has applications in areas of environmental and other forensic investigations, such as aiding in determining the cause and intent of a fire. Historically, research on the evaporation rates of hydrocarbon mixtures has focused on forensic oil spill identification and predicting if a fresh sample could be weathered to give an observed composition in an aged sample. Relatively little attention has focused on approaching the problem from the other direction: estimating exposure time based on the observed composition of a weathered sample at a given time and assuming a prior composition. Here, we build upon our previous research into the weathering of model mixtures by extending our work to gasoline. Samples of gasoline with varying octane ratings and from several vendors were weathered under controlled conditions and their composition monitored over time by two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC). A variety of chemometric models were explored, including partial least squares (PLS), nonlinear PLS (PolyPLS) and locally weighted regression (LWR). A hierarchical application of multivariate techniques was able to predict the time for which a sample had been exposed to evaporative weathering. Partial least squares discriminant analysis could predict whether a sample was relatively fresh (<12 h exposure time) or highly weathered (>20 h exposure time). Subsequent regression models for these classes were evaluated for accuracy using the root mean square error of prediction. LWR was the most successful, whereby fresh and highly weathered samples were predicted to within 30 min and 5 h of exposure, respectively.     

Bergamot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus bergamia</Emphasis> Risso) fruit extracts and identified components alter expression of interleukin 8 gene in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cell lines

Background  

Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway pathology is a fatal, autosomal, recessive genetic disease characterized by extensive lung inflammation. After induction by TNF-α, elevated concentrations of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-6, IL-1β) and chemokines (i.e. IL-8) are released from airway epithelial cells. In order to reduce the excessive inflammatory response in the airways of CF patients, new therapies have been developed and in this respect, medicinal plant extracts have been studied. In this article we have investigated the possible use of bergamot extracts (Citrus bergamia Risso) and their identified components to alter the expression of IL-8 associated with the cystic fibrosis airway pathology.     

Lower body anatomical distribution of solar ultraviolet radiation on the human form in standing and sitting postures

Humans undertake their daily activities in a number of different postures. This paper aims to compare the anatomical distribution of the solar erythemal UV to human legs for standing and sitting postures. The exposure ratios to the legs (ratio of the UV exposure to a particular anatomical site compared to the ambient) have been measured with UV dosimeters for standing and sitting postures of a manikin. The exposure ratios for the legs ranged from 0 to 0.75 for the different anatomical sites for the sitting posture in summer (December through February) compared to 0.14 to 0.39 for the standing posture. In winter (June through August) the exposure ratios ranged from 0.01 to 0.91 for sitting to 0.17 to 0.81 for standing. For the anterior thigh and shin, the erythemal UV exposures increased by a factor of approximately 3 for sitting compared to standing postures. The exposure ratios to specific anatomical sites have been multiplied by the ambient erythemal UV exposures for each day to calculate the annual exposures. The annual erythemal exposures to the anterior thigh and ankle were predicted to be higher than 800 MED for humans sitting outdoors each day between noon and 13:00 h Australian Eastern Standard Time (EST). For humans standing outdoors during this time, the annual erythemal UV exposure averaged over each leg site was 436 MED, whereas, the averaged annual erythemal UV exposure was 512 MED for the sitting posture. Similarly, the annual erythemal UV exposure averaged over each of the sites was 173 MED for humans standing outdoors between 09:00 h EST and noon each Saturday morning and 205 MED for humans sitting outdoors during this time. These results show that there is increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and malignant melanoma to the lower body if no UV preventative strategies are employed while in a sitting posture compared to a standing posture.     

Self-assembly of tris(2-ureidobenzyl)amines with <Emphasis Type="Italic">C</Emphasis><Subscript>1</Subscript> symmetry

Abstract  

Tris(2-ureidobenzyl)amines bearing three differentially substituted arms have been synthesized. They possess an asymmetric nitrogen atom, the pivotal one, and thus they feature C ₁ symmetry. The self-assembly of these C ₁-symmetric tris(2-ureidobenzyl)amines may potentially lead to multiple regio- and diastereoisomeric capsules coming from the pairing of the four stereoisomeric monomers with configurations (R, P), (S, P), (R, M) and (S, M). The ¹H- and ¹⁹F{¹H}-NMR spectra confirm the presence of dimeric aggregates, as a mixture of several regio- and diastereoisomeric species.     

Impact of an external radiation field on handheld XRF measurements for nuclear forensics applications

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is an attractive technique for nuclear forensics applications. We evaluated a handheld XRF device by applying an external radiation field (10 mR/h–17 R/h) using two types of radiography sources: a ⁶⁰Co radiography camera for high-energy gamma emissions and an ¹⁹²Ir radiography camera for several low-energy gamma (0.604, 0.468, and 0.317 MeV) and decay daughter X-ray emissions. External radiation tests proved that radiation, in general, has a significant effect on the dead time or background at dose rates over 1 R/h for both the ¹⁹²Ir and ⁶⁰Co sources.