LAND DEVELOPMENT AND WILDERNESS CONSERVATION POLICIES UNDER UNCERTAINTY: A SYNTHESIS

The effects of uncertainty and irreversibility on land management are examined in an infinite horizon Arrow-Fisher-Henry conservation model with non-linear land-use welfare function which accounts for the possible role of breakthrough benefits stemming from the genetic resources of wilderness. The effects of uncertainty on optimality and certainty-equivalent development strategies are examined. Crucially, “jump” decision rules are shown to be generally non-optimal for managing wilderness areas.     

SUSTAINABLE YIELDS IN FISHERIES: UNCERTAINTY,RISK‐AVERSION,AND MEAN‐VARIANCE ANALYSIS

Abstract We consider a model of a fishery in which the dynamics of the unharvested fish population are given by the stochastic logistic growth equation Similar to the classical deterministic analogon, we assume that the fishery harvests the fish population following a constant effort strategy. In the first step, we derive the effort level that leads to maximum expected sustainable yield, which is understood as the expectation of the equilibrium distribution of the stochastic dynamics. This replaces the nonzero fixed point in the classical deterministic setup. In the second step, we assume that the fishery is risk averse and that there is a tradeoff between expected sustainable yield and uncertainty measured in terms of the variance of the equilibrium distribution. We derive the optimal constant effort harvesting strategy for this problem. In the final step, we consider an approach that we call the mean‐variance analysis to sustainable fisheries. Similar as in the now classical mean‐variance analysis in finance, going back to Markowitz [1952] , we study the problem of maximizing expected sustainable yields under variance constraints, and with this, minimizing the variance, e.g., risk, under guaranteed minimum expected sustainable yields. We derive explicit formulas for the optimal fishing effort in all four problems considered and study the effects of uncertainty, risk aversion, and mean reversion speed on fishing efforts.     

凸数列的一个等价条件及其应用,Ⅱ

将涉及控制向量的凸数列的一个等价条件扩展到弱控制的情形，并给出此等价条件在代数、分析、凸体几何、概率论等诸多方面的应用。     

Brown运动关于球的末遇时首出时及停留时的矩

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